THEORIES: Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs Physiologic Needs: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion. Safety Needs: security of: body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property.

Love and Belonging Needs: friendship, sexual intimacy, family Esteem Needs: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

Self-actualization Needs: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.

Adolf Meyer

Believes in totality of man or the holistic approach to man. Patients could best be understood through consideration of their life situations.

Alfred Adler

Superiority and inferiority complex and birth order. He emphasized that ones birth order as having an influence on the style of life and the strengths and weaknesses in ones psychological make up.

Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer

All persons are caring and nursing is a response to unique social call.

Betty Neuman

She developed the Health Care Systems Model. Nursing is concerned with all the variables affecting an individuals response to stress, which are interpersonal, intrapersonal and extrapersonal in nature.

Carl Jung

Introversion and extroversionpersona

Dorothea Orem

Developed self-care, self-care deficit and nursing systems theory. Nurses have to supply care when the patients cannot provide care to themselves. By measuring the clients deficit relative to self care needs.

Dorothy Johnson

Conceptualized the Behavioral Systems Model. Each person is composed of 7 subsystems namely: ingestive, eliminative, affiliative, aggressive, dependence, achievement and sexual. She also stated that nursing was concerned with man as an integrated whole and this is the specific knowledge of order we require.

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial development of man. Trust vs Mistrust, Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs Guilt, Industry vs Inferiority, Identity vs Role Confusion, Intimacy vs Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs Despair.

Ernestine Wiedenbach

Nurses individual philosophy lends credence to nursing care.

Wiedenbach believed that there were 4 main elements to clinical nursing. They included: a philosophy, a purpose, a practice and the art.

Faye Abdellah

Defined nursing as a service to individuals and families, therefore to society. Identified 21 nursing problems.

To promote good hygiene and physical comfort To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest, and sleep To promote safety through prevention of accidents, injury, or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of infection

To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells To facilitate the maintenance of elimination To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals To create and maintain a therapeutic environment To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs

To accept the optimum possible goals in light of physical and emotional limitations To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness

To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory. Focused on manipulating the environment for the patients recovery.

Pure or fresh air Pure water Sufficient food supplies Efficient drainage Cleanliness Light (especially direct sunlight)

Galen

Four temperaments

sanguine personality is fairly extroverted. melancholic is a person who is a thoughtful ponderer. phlegmatic tends to be self-content and kind. choleric is a do-er.

Harry Stack Sullivan

Interpersonal theory and anxiety occurs due to poor interpersonal relationship.

Hildegard Peplau

Interpersonal model. Nursing is an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between the sick and the nurse

Ida Jean Orlando

Believed that nurses can help patients meet a perceived need that they cannot meet themselves.

Nursing Process theory.

Imogene King

Goal attainment theory Nursing is a helping profession

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development theory Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Jean Watson

Human Caring Model. Nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Three (3) levels of moral development:

Premoral or preconventional Conventional level Postconventional level

Madeleine Leininger

Transcultural nursing. Nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring process.

Margaret Newman

Health as expanding consciousness. Humans are unitary beings in whom disease is a manifestation of the pattern of health.

Martha Rogers

Science of Unitary Human Beings. Human beings are more than and different from the sum of their parts.

Myra Levine

Four conservation principles:

conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity and social integrity

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual theory and Psychoanalytic Theory

Sister Calista Roy

Adaptation model. Each person is a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with changing environment.

Virginia Henderson

Identified 14 basic needs. Nurse functions to assist clients in performing activities contributing to health, recovery, or peaceful death.