Acta Neurochirurgica Supplements Editor: H.-J.

Steiger

Brain Edema XV Edited by Yoichi Katayama, Takeshi Maeda, and Toshihiko Kuroiwa Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 118

Yoichi Katayama Department of Neurological Surgery Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan Takeshi Maeda Departments of Neurological Surgery and Anesthesiology Nihon University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan Toshihiko Kuroiwa Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Namegata District General Hospital Ibaraki, Japan

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Preface

I am delighted to be able to hold and scrutinize this book, the 15th volume in the series of proceedings which covers the ofcial symposia of the International Brain Edema Society. The rst symposium was held in Vienna in 1965 under the auspices of Drs. Igor Klazo and Franz Seitelberger. The 15th symposium (Brain Edema 2011, The XVth International Symposium of Brain Edema and Cellular Injury), on which this volume is based, took place in Tokyo, on 2224 October 2011. During this 46-year period the various proceedings have continued to offer up-to-date information in the eld of brain edema research. Since the eighth symposium, which was held in Bern by Dr. Hans-J Reulen, the proceedings of each symposium have been published as a supplement to Acta Neurochirurgica. The present advisory board decided to continue this tradition. On 11 March 2011, the northwestern part of Japans main island was struck by a massive earthquake and tsunami, which subsequently led to serious problems in the regions nuclear power plants. As a result, Japan and the Japanese people suffered great emotional as well as economic depression. This was not an atmosphere in which we felt able to welcome our expected guests from outside Japan. It thus became very difcult for us, the local organizing committee, to decide whether or not the 15th symposium should be held as planned. However, warm encouragement was given to us by participants from many countries outside Japan, such as Dr. Alexander Baethmann who was our guest of honor for the symposium, and we thank them all for the support. Their unchanged intentions to participate in the symposium led us to decide proceed as planned. The 15th symposium thus took place because of their uninching determination to be there with us. Dr. Anthony Marmarou passed away after the last symposium, which was held in Warsaw by Dr. Zbigniew Czernicki. On the occasion of the 15th symposium, in order to commemorate the works of Dr. Marmarou, Dr. Katsuji Shima was honored to present a lecture named after him, and Dr. Hari Shanker Sharma was elected as recipient of the Anthony Marmarou Award. It is clearly evident that our eld of endeavor has undergone rapid development through close cooperation and association between neurosurgeons and basic scientists. The 15th symposium placed an emphasis on identifying and dening the roles of neurosurgeons within the broad multi-disciplinary spectrum of brain edema research, and on reviewing recent advances across a wide range of surgical and non-surgical techniques that can contribute to improvement of the patients outcome. To facilitate communication and cooperation among neurosurgeons and scientists within the eld of brain edema research, the 15th symposium was supported and co-sponsored by the Japan Neurosurgical Society (JNSS) and organized in conjunction with the 17th annual meeting of the Japan Neuromonitoring Society. We are very grateful for the cooperation provided by these societies. As expected, the 15th symposium provided an excellent opportunity to share knowledge among neurosurgeons and basic scientists. The symposium drew strong attention and interest among neurosurgeons regarding recent progress in the relevant elds of basic sciences, and helped basic scientists to discuss their achievements in the context of a clearer understanding of recent developments in surgical techniques. We would like to express our gratitude to all participants at the 15th symposium and contributors to this volume for providing an excellent opportunity for everyone to interact with each other.
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We greatly acknowledge Dr. Czernicki, who contributed to the International Society of Brain Edema as President during the period 20082011, for his unfailing support so generously given to us in holding the 15th symposium. We also express our acknowledgement to Nihon University and its medical alumni association who granted funds and provided indispensable support for this symposium. Tokyo, January 2013 Tokyo, January 2013 Yoichi Katayama Takeshi Maeda

Anthony Marmarou, PhD, 19342010

Dr. Anthony Marmarou was born on 15 March 1934 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He attended Drexel University, receiving a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering. He continued his education at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his Masters in Control Engineering, and nally, Temple University School of Medicine, where he completed an NIH Special Research Fellowship and a PhD. in Biomedical Engineering. His scientic exploration of intracranial pressure (ICP) dynamics in traumatic brain injury (TBI) began at Albert Einstein Medical in the Bronx, New York, and was continued during his 27 years with the Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Department of Neurosurgery in Richmond, Virginia. Well known for his commitment to research on TBI and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), Dr. Marmarou was considered a world authority on uid dynamics within the brain and spinal cord. His tireless efforts to communicate the results of his scientic studies on a global stage earned him an international reputation as an outstanding scholar and scientist. Dr. Marmarou, in collaboration with his long-standing research partner, Dr. Harold Young, Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at VCU, led an international team in developing the rst clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic NPH. Their tireless efforts have resulted in our current standard of care for patients with NPH. Dr. Marmarous statement that Patients should explore all their options because there is always hope has earned him the unerring devotion of these patients and his staff. Dr. Marmarou was one of those unique researchers who could bring basic laboratory research directly to the bedside to improve patient care and treatment. Also noteworthy were his collaborative basic research studies targeting mechanisms of cellular injury following TBI and stroke in collaboration with Dr. John Povlishock, Professor and Chairman of Anatomy and Neurobiology at VCU, and Dr. Ross Bullock, Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Miami. Their efforts on the experimental front have led the way to novel therapies currently being evaluated to attenuate the devastating effects of human head injury. Dr. Marmarou was a leader in the scientic community and was honored for his work by the Brazilian, English, French, German, Greek,

Dr. Anthony Marmarou in his laboratory.

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Anthony Marmarou, PhD, 19342010

Dr. Marmarou in discussion with Dr. Povlishock.

Japanese, and Turkish Neurosurgical Societies. In particular, his collaborative efforts with Dr. Katsuji Shima, Professor and Chairman of Neurosurgery at the National Defense Institute in Japan, established global standards for the care and management of ICP following TBI. His scientic legacy remains assured, since it will live on through the dedication of over 200 neurosurgical fellows he has trained throughout his scientic career. We will miss his wisdom and humanity as well as his tireless devotion to scientic advancement for patients.

Acknowledgments

The editors would like to express their sincere thanks to those who made the 15th International Symposium of Brain Edema possible. We give thanks especially to the Executive and Emeritus Board Member of the International Brain Edema Society. Executive Board Member of the International Brain Edema Society (21 October 2011) R. Bullock Z. Czernicki Y. Katayama O. Kempski T. Kuroiwa D. Mendelow N. Plesnila R. Suzuki G. Xi J. Zhang Emeritus Board Member A. Baethmann U. Ito

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Historical Review International Brain Edema Symposia 19672011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toshihiko Kuroiwa Ischemia & Hemorrhage Brain Edema and BloodBrain Barrier Opening After Photothrombotic Ischemia in Rat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toshihiko Kuroiwa, Guohua Xi, Ya Hua, Tavarekere N. Nagaraja, Joseph D. Fenstermacher, and Richard F. Keep Cerebral Ischemia Model Using Mongolian GerbilsComparison Between Unilateral and Bilateral Carotid Occlusion Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Umeo Ito, Yoji Hakamata, Takekane Yamaguchi, and Kikuo Ohno Astrocytic Involvement in the Maturation Phenomenon After Temporary Cerebral Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Umeo Ito, Yoji Hakamata, Kazuhiko Watabe, and Kiyomitsu Oyanagi High-Mobility Group Box 1: An Amplier of Stem and Progenitor Cell Activity After Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kazuhide Hayakawa, Loc-Duyen D. Pham, Ken Arai, and Eng H. Lo Geldanamycin Treatment During Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Attenuates p44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation and Tissue Damage . . . . . . . Murat Karabiyikoglu, Ya Hua, Richard F. Keep, and Guohua Xi Evaluation of the Stage of Hemorrhage Using Optical Diffuse Reectance Spectroscopy: An In Vivo Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Satoko Kawauchi, Shunichi Sato, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Kimihiro Nagatani, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Naoki Otani, Hideo Osada, Kojiro Wada, and Katsuji Shima Establishment and Characterization of Primary Adult Microglial Culture in Mice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hirokazu Ohtaki, Tomomi Tsumuraya, Dandan Song, Atsushi Sato, Kenji Ohara, Kazuyuki Miyamoto, Hiroyasu Nakano, Keisuke Kiriyama, Kenji Dohi, Yutaka Hiraizumi, Masaji Matsunaga, and Seiji Shioda Expression and Distribution of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor in Reactive Astrocytes Induced by Global Brain Ischemia in Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tomoya Nakamachi, Jozsef Farkas, Nobuyuki Kagami, Yoshihiro Wada, Motohide Hori, Daisuke Tsuchikawa, Masashi Tsuchida, Akira Yoshikawa, Nori Imai, Tomohiko Hosono, Satoru Atrata, and Seiji Shioda 1

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The Effect of Hydrogen Gas on a Mouse Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kimihiro Nagatani, Satoru Takeuchi, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Naoki Otani, Kojiro Wada, Masanori Fujita, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Shoichi Tachibana, and Katsuji Shima Simultaneous Measurement of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Ca2+ During Ischemia in Mice Whole-Brain Slice Preparation and Its Application to Drug Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Takahisa Nishiyama, Erika Hasegawa, Shigeru Yanagi, Yoshihisa Kudo, Ryuta Hamada, Noriko Matsumura, Mikiko Tomino, Yukio Muromachi, Kiyoshi Hatakeyama, and Hiroyuki Uchino Repetitive Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements Using Laser Speckle Imaging in a Transient Cerebral Ischemic Mouse Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michihiro Murozono, Morika Suzuki, Aiko Kubota, Chihiro Ando, Kazuto Miyata, Toshimi Arai, Takahisa Nishiyama, and Kiyoshi Hatakeyama Trauma (Experimental) Preoperative-Induced Mild Hypothermia Attenuates Neuronal Damage in a Rat Subdural Hematoma Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shoji Yokobori, Ross Bullock, Shyam Gajavelli, Stephen Burks, Stefania Mondello, Jixiang Mo, Kevin K.W. Wang, Ronald L. Hayes, Helen Bramlett, and Dalton Dietrich Cerebral Hemorrhage, Brain Edema, and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression After Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shuichi Okubo, Guohua Xi, Richard F. Keep, Karin M. Muraszko, and Ya Hua A Selective Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist Ameliorated Hyperlocomotion in an Animal Model of Lateral Fluid Percussion Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saad Habib-E-Rasul Mullah, Motoki Inaji, Tadashi Nariai, Satoru Ishibashi, and Kikuo Ohno Cortical Spreading Depression Dynamics Can Be Studied Using Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging in Gyrencephalic Animal Cortex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Edgar Santos, Michael Schll, Renan Sanchez-Porras, Modar Kentar, Berk Orakcioglu, Andreas Unterberg, Hartmut Dickhaus, and Oliver W. Sakowitz A Better Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Model in the Rat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Shunichi Sato, Satoko Kawauchi, Kimihiro Nagatani, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Naoki Otani, Hideo Osada, Kojiro Wada, and Katsuji Shima Edaravone Increases Regional Cerebral Blood Flow After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kazuyuki Miyamoto, Hirokazu Ohtaki, Kenji Dohi, Tomomi Tsumuraya, Hiroyasu Nakano, Keisuke Kiriyama, Dandan Song, Tohru Aruga, and Seiji Shioda Adiponectin and Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Kojiro Wada, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Yoichi Uozumi, Naoki Otani, Hideo Osada, Kimihiro Nagatani, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Takamoto Suzuki, and Katsuji Shima

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Trauma (Clinical) Metabolomic Analysis of Cerebral Spinal Fluid from Patients with Severe Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thomas C. Glenn, Daniel Hirt, Gustavo Mendez, David L. McArthur, Rachael Sturtevant, Stephanie Wolahan, Farbod Fazlollahi, Matthew Ordon, Arzu Bilgin-Freiert, Ben Ellingson, Paul Vespa, David A. Hovda, and Neil A. Martin Cortical Damage Following Traumatic Brain Injury Evaluated by Iomazenil SPECT and In Vivo Microdialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hiroyasu Koizumi, Hirosuke Fujisawa, Eiichi Suehiro, Hideyuki Iwanaga, Jyoji Nakagawara, and Michiyasu Suzuki Decompressive Craniectomy in Trauma: When to Perform, What Can Be Achieved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piotr Jasielski, Mariusz Gowacki, and Zbigniew Czernicki Surgical Brain Injury and Edema Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prativa Sherchan, Cherine H. Kim, and John H. Zhang Traumatic Hematoma of the Posterior Fossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Kojiro Wada, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka, Takanori Hayakawa, Hiroshi Yatsushige, Keigo Shigeta, Toshiya Momose, Naoki Otani, Hiroshi Nawashiro, and Katsuji Shima Traumatic Basal Ganglia Hematomas: An Analysis of 20 Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka, Takanori Hayakawa, Hiroshi Yatsushige, Keigo Shigeta, Naoki Otani, Kojiro Wada, Hiroshi Nawashiro, and Katsuji Shima Subacute Subdural Hematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Yoshio Takasato, Naoki Otani, Hiroki Miyawaki, Hiroyuki Masaoka, Takanori Hayakawa, Hiroshi Yatsushige, and Keigo Shigeta A Case of Traumatic Hematoma in the Basal Ganglia That Showed Deterioration After Arrival at the Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Takashi Moriya, Rumi Tagami, Makoto Furukawa, Atsushi Sakurai, Kosaku Kinoshita, and Katsuhisa Tanjoh Cerebral Hemorrhage T2 and T2* Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences Predict Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hang Jin, Gang Wu, Shukun Hu, Ya Hua, Richard F. Keep, Jiang Wu, and Guohua Xi Brain Edema Formation and Complement Activation in a Rat Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chao Zhang, Jin-Yul Lee, Richard F. Keep, Aditya Pandey, Neeraj Chaudhary, Ya Hua, and Guohua Xi Early Changes in GMRP1 After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Involvement in Brain Damage and Cell Apoptosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xuanchun Wang, Ye Gong, Mingzhe Zheng, Qing Xie, Hailiang Tang, Daijun Wang, and Xiancheng Chen

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Alteration of Intracellular Calcium and Its Modulator SLC24A6 After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mingzhe Zheng, Ye Gong, Xuanchun Wang, Qing Xie, Hailiang Tang, Daijun Wang, and Xiancheng Chen Usefulness of Intraoperative Computed Tomography for the Evacuation of Lobar Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mutsuo Fujisawa, Shiro Yamashita, and Ryosuke Katagi Early CT Signs of Hypoxia in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Presenting with Cardiac Arrest: Early CT Signs in SAH Patients Presenting with CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Joji Inamasu, Masashi Nakatsukasa, Takuro Hayashi, Yoko Kato, and Yuichi Hirose Tumor Decrease in the Apparent Diffusion Coefcient in Peritumoral Edema for the Assessment of Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated by Bevacizumab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shingo Takano, Hidehiro Kimu, Kyoji Tsuda, Satoru Osuka, Kei Nakai, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Eiichi Ishikawa, Hiroyoshi Akutsu, Masahide Matsuda, and Akira Matsumura Protease Activated Receptor-1 and Brain Edema Formation in Glioma Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qing Xie, Guohua Xi, Ye Gong, Richard Keep, Karin Muraszko, and Ya Hua An Analysis of T2 Mapping on Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kanji Nakai, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Katsuji Shima, and Tatsumi Kaji Hydrocephalus & Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Substance P Antagonists as a Novel Intervention for Brain Edema and Raised Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Levon Gabrielian, Stephen C. Helps, Emma Thornton, Rene J. Turner, Anna V. Leonard, and Robert Vink Microvascular Shunts in the Pathogenesis of High Intracranial Pressure . . . . . . . . Edwin M. Nemoto, Denis Bragin, Martina Stippler, Suguna Pappu, Jessica Kraynik, Tracey Berlin, and Howard Yonas The Frontal and Temporal Horn Ratio to Assess Dimension of Paediatric Hydrocephalus: A Comparative Volumetric Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sebastian Antes, Melanie Schmitt, Michael Kiefer, Mareike Glser, Heiko Krner, and Regina Eymann Cerebrospinal Fluid Congestion in the Perioptic Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Kojiro Wada, Hideo Osada, Naoki Otani, Kimihiro Nagatani, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Takamoto Suzuki, and Katsuji Shima Assessment of Brain Compliance Using ICP Waveform Analysis in Water Intoxication Rat Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kotaro Oshio, Hidetaka Onodera, Masashi Uchida, Yuichiro Tanaka, and Takuo Hashimoto

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Neuromonitoring & Neuroimaging Neuromonitoring with Microdialysis in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jose J. Sanchez, Carlos J. Bidot, Kristine OPhelan, Shyam Gajavelli, Shoji Yokobori, Stephen Olvey, Jonathan Jagid, Jose Alberto Garcia, Zsuzsanna Nemeth, and Ross Bullock Monitoring of Brain Tissue Perfusion Utilizing a Transducer Holder for Transcranial Color Duplex Sonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toshiyuki Shiogai, Mari Koyama, Mayumi Yamamoto, Hifumi Hashimoto, Kenji Yoshikawa, and Masanori Nakagawa Computed Tomography After Decompressive Craniectomy for Head Injury . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Yoshio Takasato, Go Suzuki, Takuya Maeda, Hiroyuki Masaoka, Takanori Hayakawa, Naoki Otani, Hiroshi Yatsushige, Keigo Shigeta, and Toshiya Momose Use of Preoperative 3D CT/MR Fusion Images and Intraoperative CT to Detect Lesions That Spread onto the Brain Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shiro Yamashita, Mutsuo Fujisawa, Kazuaki Kodama, Motonori Ishikawa, and Ryosuke Katagi Cortical Neuron Loss in Post-Traumatic Higher Brain Dysfunction Using 123I-Iomazenil SPECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jyoji Nakagawara, Kenji Kamiyama, Masaaki Takahashi, and Hirohiko Nakamura PET Molecular Imaging to Investigate Higher Brain Dysfunction in Patients with Neurotrauma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tadashi Nariai, Motoki Inaji, Yoji Tanaka, Mikio Hiura, Chihiro Hosoda, Kenji Ishii, and Kikuo Ohno Evaluation of Cerebral Function Using Iomazenil SPECT for Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yasushi Shibata and Kiyoshi Endo Early Cerebral Circulation Disturbance in Patients Suffering from Different Types of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Xenon CT and Perfusion CT Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mitsuru Honda, Shigeru Sase, Kyosuke Yokota, Ryo Ichibayashi, Katsunori Yoshihara, Hiroyuki Masuda, Hiroyuki Uekusa, Jun Nomoto, Nobuo Sugo, Taichi Kishi, and Yoshikatsu Seiki Application of Transcranial Color-Coded Sonography in Severe Brain Injury . . . Radovan Turek, Petr Linzer, Michal Filip, Filip mal, and Patrik Jurek Treatments Surgical Results After Primary Decompressive Craniectomy in Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Naoki Otani, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Kojiro Wada, Kimihiro Nagatani, Satoru Takeuchi, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Hideo Osada, Takamoto Suzuki, and Katsuji Shima

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Endovascular Treatment for Ruptured Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysms at the Acute Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Takeshi Suma, Tadashi Shibuya, Nobuo Kutsuna, Yoshiyuki Takada, Toshinori Matsuzaki, Shin Nakamura, Teruyasu Hirayama, and Yoichi Katayama Decompressive Craniectomy with Hematoma Evacuation for Large Hemispheric Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka, Takanori Hayakawa, Hiroshi Yatsushige, Keigo Shigeta, Kimihiro Nagatani, Naoki Otani, Hiroshi Nawashiro, and Katsuji Shima Is Decompressive Craniectomy a Risk Factor for Ventriculomegaly? . . . . . . . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Kimihiro Nagatani, Kojiro Wada, Hiroshi Nawashiro, Naoki Otani, Hideo Osada, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Takamoto Suzuki, and Katsuji Shima A Suitable Formula for Estimating the Volume Gained by Decompressive Craniectomy in Malignant Hemispheric Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kimihiro Nagatani, Kojiro Wada, Satoru Takeuchi, Hiroaki Kobayashi, Terushige Toyooka, Naoki Otani, Hideo Osada, Takamoto Suzuki, Hiroshi Nawashiro, and Katsuji Shima Hydrocephalus Following Decompressive Craniectomy for Ischemic Stroke . . . . . Satoru Takeuchi, Yoshio Takasato, Hiroyuki Masaoka, Takanori Hayakawa, Hiroshi Yatsushige, Keigo Shigeta, Kimihiro Nagatani, Naoki Otani, Kojiro Wada, Hiroshi Nawashiro, and Katsuji Shima Treatment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury by Epidural Saline and Oxygen Injection: Report of Two Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kiyoshi Takagi, Kazuyoshi Kato, and Yoko Kato Blood Brain Barrier, Miscellaneous BloodBrain Barrier Transport of an Essential Amino Acid After Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Toyofumi Suzuki, Yumiko Miyazaki, Aya Ohmuro, Masaki Watanabe, Takayuki Furuishi, Toshiro Fukami, and Kazuo Tomono The Effect of an NK1 Receptor Antagonist on Blood Spinal Cord Barrier Permeability Following Balloon Compression-Induced Spinal Cord Injury . . . . . . Anna V. Leonard and Robert Vink Hypnotic Effect of Volatile Anesthetics Is Mediated by PKC-g Dynamics . . . . . . . . Akiko Takeda, Ayano Okita, Kouki Kaneko, Takeo Nagura, Naoto Iwase, Shusuke Sekine, Takayasu Kakinuma, Masashi Noguchi, and Kiyoshi Hatakeyama Cyclophilin-D Inhibition in Neuroprotection: Dawn of a New Era of Mitochondrial Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hiroyuki Uchino, Kiyoshi Hatakeyama, Saori Morota, Tadashi Tanoue, Takahisa Nishiyama, Daiki Usui, Chisato Taguchi, Morika Suzuki, Magnus J. Hansson, and Eskil Elmr

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Cytokine Marker Measurement in Human Neuroblastoma Cells with Supersensitive and Multiplex Assay: MUSTag Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ryoichi Miyashita, Li Chen, Yoshihito Morizane, Yuji Takeshita, Hidekimi Fukui, Taku Ishizaki, Kiyoshi Hatakeyama, Kiyoshige Ohseto, Futoshi Shibasaki, and Hiroyuki Uchino Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Associated with Micro-Abscesses: Case Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wataru Katayama, Keishi Fujita, Kuniyuki Onuma, Takao Kamezaki, Shingo Sakashita, and Shintarou Sugita Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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