Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Vin(s)
Filter
Vout(s)
T( s )
a1s b1s c1 2 a2 s b2 s c2
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Zeros = values that make numerator equal zero, i.e., the roots of the numerator. Makes amplitude response rolloff 6 dB/oct. Shifts phase +90/zero (+45 @ fc) Poles = values that make denominator equal zero, i.e., the roots of the denominator. Makes amplitude response rise 6 dB/oct. Shifts phase 90/zero (45 @ fc)
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
The impedance of an inductor is twice when frequency doubles, i.e., XL = sL = 2fL Twice or Half Impedance = 6 dB change Twice or Half Frequency = One Octave change
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Why 2nd-Order?
Maximum phase shift is 180 degrees Guarantees circuit is unconditionally stable No oscillation problems under any conditions Get higher order circuits by cascading 2nd-order sections or Design 4th-order section to mathematically emulate two cascaded 2nd-order (Ranes L-R)
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Low-Pass (LP) =
(2 poles)
1 s 1
Amplitude
Frequency
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
s s 1
1 pole = -6 dB/oct
Amplitude
Bohn 6-03
High-Pass (HP)
(2 zeros, 2 poles)
s s
2
s 1
LP =
K o 2 s o Q
Butterworth: maximally flat passband s2 + 1.414s + 1 Chebyshev: steeper rolloff w/magnitude ripples s2 + 1.43s + 1.51 Bessel: best step response, but gentle rolloff s2 + 3 s + 3
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Response Comparison
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Q Effects
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Step Responses
Butterworth
Bohn 6-03
Bessel
Rane Corporation
Active or Passive?
There exists no sound quality attributable to active or passive circuits per se. TF determines the overshoot, ringing and phase shift regardless of implementation. A transfer function is a transfer function is a transfer function no matter how it is implemented -- all produce the same fundamental results as long as the circuit stays linear: same magnitude response, same phase response, same time response; however there are secondary differences.
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Passive
Less noise No power supply More reliable Less EMI susceptible Better at RF frequency No oscillations No on/off transients No hard clipping Handles large V & I
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Creating An Equalizer
In BP
Out
Input Signal
1
BP Filter
fc
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
1 + BP 1
fc
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Cut = Reciprocal
In
+ BP
Out
Cut (Dip) 1
1 1+BP
fc
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Input
High Out
HP2
LP2
Mid Out
LP1
Bohn 6-03
Low Out
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Linkwitz-Riley Crossover
Two Cascaded Butterworth Filters Outputs Down 6 dB at Crossover Frequency Both Outputs Always in Phase No Peaking or Lobing Error at Crossover Frequency
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
High Out
BW-LP
BW-LP
Low Out
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Linkwitz-Riley Crossovers
LR-4
LR-2
LR-8
Bohn 6-03 Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Successfully Crossing-Over
Must know the exact amplitude and phase characteristics of the loudspeakers. Driver response strongly interacts with active crossover response. True response = loudspeaker + crossover DSP multiprocessors la Drag Net allow custom tailoring the total response.
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Why low-cut and high-cut filters are a must for sound system bandwidth control; or, Why cutting the end sliders on your EQ doesnt do diddly-squat.
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Digital
Very complex filters Full adjustability Precision vs. cost Arbitrary magnitude Total linear phase EMI & magnetic noise immunity Stability (temp & time) Repeatability
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
DEQ 60 Features
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation
DEQ 60 Performance
Bohn 6-03
Rane Corporation