SARDAR RAJA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ALANGULAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MICRO LESSON PLAN

SUBJECT NAME SUBJECT CODE SEMESTER YEAR

: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I : EC 2205 : III : II

HANDLED BY

KALIMUTHU V AP/ ECE E-MAILID:v.kalimuthuamutha@gmail.com

EC 2205 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I

LTPC 3104

AIM The aim of this course is to familiarize the student with the analysis and design of basic transistor Amplifier circuits and power supplies. OBJECTIVE On completion of this course the student will understand The methods of biasing transistors Design of simple amplifier circuits Midband analysis of amplifier circuits using small - signal equivalent circuits to determine gain input impedance and output impedance Method of calculating cutoff frequencies and to determine bandwidth Design of power amplifiers Analysis and design of power supplies. 12

UNIT I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY

BJT Need for biasing Stability factor - Fixed bias circuit, Load line and quiescent point. Variation of quiescent point due to FE h variation within manufacturers tolerance Stability factors - Different types of biasing circuits - Method of stabilizing the Q point Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing, Bias compensation Diode, Thermister and Sensistor compensations, Biasing the FET and MOSFET.

UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

12

CE, CB and CC amplifiers - Method of drawing small-signal equivalent circuit - Midband analysis of various types of single stage amplifiers to obtain gain, input impedance and output impedance - Millers theorem - Comparison of CB, CE and CC amplifiers and their uses - Methods of increasing input impedance using Darlington connection and bootstrapping - CS, CG and CD (FET) amplifiers - Multistage amplifiers.Basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit - Bisection theorem. Differential gain CMRR - Use of constant current circuit to improve CMRR - Derivation of transfer characteristic.

UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS

12

General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - Definition of cutoff frequencies and bandwidth - Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to obtain lower cutoff frequency Hybrid equivalent circuit of BJTs - High frequency analysis of BJT amplifiers to obtain upper cutoff frequency Gain Bandwidth Product - High frequency equivalent circuit of FETs High frequency analysis of FET amplifiers - Gain-bandwidth product of FETs - General expression for frequency response of multistage amplifiers - Calculation of overall upper and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifiers - Amplifier rise time and sag and their relation to cutoff frequencies.

UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

12

Classification of amplifiers, Class A large signal amplifiers, second harmonic distortion, higher order harmonic distortion, transformer-coupled class A audio power amplifier efficiency of Class A amplifiers. Class B amplifier efficiency - push-pull amplifier distortion in amplifiers - complementary-symmetry (Class B) push-pull amplifier, Class C, Class D amplifier Class S amplifier MOSFET power amplifier, Thermal stability and heat sink.

UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES

12

Classification of power supplies, Rectifiers - Half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers with resistive load. Analysis for
dc

V and ripple voltage with C, L, LC and CLC filters.

Voltage multipliers, Voltage regulators - Zener diode regulator, principles of obtaining a regulated power supply, regulator with current limiting, Over voltage protection, Switched mode power supply (SMPS), Power control using SCR.

TUTORIAL = 15 TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS 1. Millman J and Halkias .C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 2007. 2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2007. REFERENCES 1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2007. 2. David A. Bell, Electronic Devices & Circuits, 4th Ediion, PHI, 2007 3. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002. 4. I.J. Nagrath, Electronic Devices and Circuits, PHI, 2007. 5. Anwar A. Khan and Kanchan K. Dey, A First Course on Electronics, PHI, 2006. 6. B.P. Singh and Rekha Singh, Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education, 2006. 7. Rashid M, Microelectronics Circuits, Thomson Learning, 2007.

Sl.No

WEEK NO UNIT I

TOPICS

T/ R BOOK NO

PAGE NO

A/ V CLASS

TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY T2 T2 180 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 181 185 193 193 213 149 174 181 yes

01 02 03 04 I

BJT Need for biasing Stability factor Fixed bias circuit, Load line and quiescent point Variation of quiescent point due to hFE variation within manufacturers tolerance, Stability factors Different types of biasing circuits, Method of stabilizing the Q point Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing Bias compensation Diode, Thermister and Sensistor compensations Biasing the FET and MOSFET Tutorial

05 06 07 08 09 10 II

yes

UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 11 12 13 III 14 15 16 CE, CB and CC amplifiers Method of drawing small-signal equivalent circuit , Midband analysis of various types of single stage amplifiers to obtain gain, input impedance and output impedance Millers theorem Comparison of CB, CE and CC amplifiers and their uses Methods of increasing input impedance using Darlington connection and bootstrapping CS, (FET) amplifiers. CG(FET) amplifiers CD(FET) amplifiers Multistage amplifiers Basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit - Bisection theorem Differential gain CMRR - Use of constant current circuit to improve CMRR - Derivation of transfer characteristic Tutorial T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 251 308 279 284 284 yes

17 18 19 20 21 22

IV

313 313 313 313 323 325

yes

T2

23

UNIT III 24 V

25

26

27 28 VI 29

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - Definition of cutoff T2 frequencies and bandwidth Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to obtain lower cutoff frequency Hybrid, T2 equivalent circuit of BJTs High frequency analysis of BJT amplifiers to obtain upper cutoff T2 frequency Gain Bandwidth Product High frequency equivalent circuit of T2 FETs High frequency analysis of FET amplifiers - Gain-bandwidth product of T2 FETs General expression for frequency T2 response of multistage amplifiers Calculation of overall upper and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifiers

389

397 403

412 417

349

30

351 T2 351

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Amplifier rise time and sag and their relation to cutoff frequencies VII Tutorial UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS Classification of amplifiers, Class A large signal amplifiers VII second harmonic distortion, higher order harmonic distortion transformer-coupled class A audio power amplifier efficiency of Class A amplifiers VIII Class B amplifier efficiency push-pull amplifier - distortion in amplifiers Preamplifiers, Error Sources Receiver Configuration complementary-symmetry (Class B) push-pull amplifier IX Class C, amplifier Class D amplifier Class S amplifier Class S amplifier MOSFET power amplifier, Thermal stability and heat sink Tutorial X

T2

T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2

428 428 429 432 434 436 438 438 438 442 443 443 443 445 446

yes

UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES 49 50 51 52 XI 53 54 55 56 X Classification of power supplies Rectifiers - Half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers with resistive load Analysis for Vdc and ripple voltage with C, L, LC and CLC filters Voltage multipliers Voltage regulators Zener diode regulator, principles of obtaining a regulated power supply, regulator with current limiting Over voltage protection Switched mode power supply (SMPS) Power control using SCR Tutorial T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 617 619 619 628 637 639

yes

57 58 59 60

XII

T2 T2

643 654

yes

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS
UNIT I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY PART A (2 Marks) 1. Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline? 2. Name the two techniques used in the stability of the q point ,explain. 3. Why is the operating point selected at the Centre of the active region? 4. List out the different types of biasing. 5. What do you meant by thermal runway? 6.Why is the transistor called a current controlled device? 7. Define current amplification factor? 8. What are the requirements for biasing circuits? 9. When does a transistor act as a switch? 10. What is biasing? 11. What is operating point? 12. What is stability factor? 13. What is d.c load line? 14. What are the advantages of fixed bias circuit? 15. Explain about the various regions in a transistor? 16. Explain about the characteristics of a transistor? 17. What is the necessary of the coupling capacitor? 18. What is reverse saturation current? 19. Calculate the value of feedback resistor (Rs) required to self bias an N-channel JFET with IDSS = 40 mA, Vp = -10 v and VGSQ = -5V 20. Draw the fixed bias single stage transistor circuit.

PART B 1. Explain the need for biasing , Stability factor and Fixed bias circuit (16) 2. Explain in detail different types of biasing circuits (16) 3. Explain the advantage of self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing.(16) 4. Explain the various types of bias compensation techniques. (16) 5. i) Explain biasing of FET (8) ii) Explain biasing of MOSFET (8) 6. (1) Explain the fixed bias method and derive an expression for the stability factor.(8) (2) Discuss the operation of thermistor compensation. (8) 7. Explain the circuit which uses a diode to compensate for changes in VBE and in ICO.(16)

UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS PART A (2 Marks) 1. What is an amplifier? 2. How are amplifiers classified according to the input? 3. How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration? 4. What is the different analysis available to analyze a transistor? 5. How can a DC equivalent circuit of an amplifier be obtained? 6. How can a AC equivalent circuit of a amplifier be obtained? 7. What is small signal amplifier? 8. Draw the small signal equivalent model or h-parameter model of a transistor. 9. What are the advantages of h-parameter equivalent circuit? 10. Tabulate the h-parameters for all the 3 configurations. 11. What are the steps involved in midband analysis of single stage amplifiers? 12. What is the need to go for simplified hybrid model? 13.What are the techniques available to improve the input impedances? 14. Define CMRR 15. State Millers theorem. 16. What is the coupling schemes used in multistage amplifiers? PART B ( 16 Marks) 1. Explain the AC and DC Analysis of Common Emitter amplifier . (16) 2. Explain the AC and DC Analysis Common Base Amplifier. (16) 3. Explain the AC and DC Analysis Common collector Amplifier. (16) 4. Draw the circuit of a common source FET amplifier & explain its operation? (16) 5. Briefly explain the operation of a Darlington emitter follower and also derive an expression for its performance measures? (16) 6. What is a differential amplifier? Explain its working in common mode operation. Obtain its AC equivalent circuit & drive the expression for voltage gain? (16) 7. Draw the circuit diagram of a differential amplifier. Explain the operation in difference mode and common mode? (16)

8. What are the methods to improve the CMRR of differential amplifier? Detail any two of them. (16) 9. i) Explain with circuit diagram the boot strapped Darlington emitter follower. (8) ii) Draw the circuit diagram of self-bias circuit using CE configuration and explain how it stabilizes operating point. (8) 10.Draw the small signal hybrid model of CE amplifier and derive the expression for its AI.AV,RI and RO. (16)

UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS PART A (2 Marks) 1. Draw the general shape of the Frequency response of amplifiers. 2. Define bandwidth. 3. Draw the hybrid _ equivalent circuit of BJTs. 4. Define base spreading resistance (rbb). 5. Define rise time 6. Give the relationship between rise time and bandwidth. 7. What are high frequency effects? 8. What is the difference in bandwidth between single stage and multistage amplifiers? 9. Give the expressions for gain bandwidth product for voltage and current. 10. What do you mean by amplifier rise time? 11. What results in a sag? PARTB( 16 Marks) 1. Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high frequency (16) 2. i)What is the effect of Cbe on the input circuit of a BJT amplifier at High frequencies? (8) ii)Derive the equation for gm which gives the relation between gm, Ic and temperature. (8) 3. Draw the high frequency hybrid _ model for a transistor in the CE configuration and explain the significance of each component. Define alpha cut off frequency. (16) 4. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of FET amplifier and derive all the parameters related to its frequency response. (16) 5. Using hybrid _ model for CE amplifier derive the expression for its short circuit current gain. (16) 6.i) Define the frequency response of multistage amplifier and derive its upper and lower cut-off frequencies. (8) ii) How does Rise and Sag time related to cut-off frequencies and prove the same. (8) 7.Discuss the low frequency response and the high frequency response of an amplifier. (16) 1. Explain the operation of high frequency common source FET amplifier with neat diagram. Derive the expression for (i) voltage gain (ii) input admittance (iii) input capacitance (iv) output admittance. (16)

UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS PART A (2 Marks) 1. Define Large signal amplifier. 2. What are applications of power amplifier? 3. What are the features of large signal amplifiers? 4. What are the classification of large signal amplifiers? 5. What is class A amplifier? 6. What is class A amplifier? 7. What is class C amplifier? 8. What is class AB amplifier? 9. What is the construction of a class D amplifier? 10. What are the classification of Class A amplifier? 11. What are the advantages of directly coupled class A amplifier? 12. What are the advantages of transformer coupled class A amplifier? 13. What is frequency distortion? 14. Define heat sink. 15. What is theoretical maximum conversion efficiency of class A power amplifier. 16. What is distortion in power amplifiers. PART B 1. With neat circuit diagram explain the working principle of complementary symmetry class-B amplifier and (16) 2. Explain and obtain the efficiency of transformer coupled class A power amplifier. 3.Prove that the maximum efficiency of Push Pull class B amplifier is 78.5%. (16) 4. i) Compare class A, class B and class C power amplifier based on their performance characteristics (8) ii) Explain the significance of heat sinks for thermal stability. (8) 5. What is the difference between a voltage amplifier and a power amplifier? (16) 6. Differentiate Class S from Class D amplifier and derive the efficiency of Class D amplifier. (16) 7. (i) Explain the operation of the transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier.(12) (ii) Explain the terms conversion efficiency and maximum value of efficiency used in audio power amplifiers.(4) 8. Explain the operation of the class-B push pull power amplifier with neat diagram and list its advantages. UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES PART A (2 Marks) Compare the halfwave and fullwave rectifiers What are the advantages of SMPS Differentiate between voltage multipliers and voltage regulator What is the need for voltage regulators What is the need for over voltage protection What is PIV rating of full wave bridge rectifier What is line regulation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. Derive form factor and peak factor 9. Draw the circuit diagram of LC filter 10. Define TUF 11. Define voltage regulation 12. What is meant by ripple factor 13. Write the advantages of linear voltage regulator PART B 1. Explain the circuit of voltage regulator and also discuss the short circuit protection mechanism. 2. Explain the power control method using SCR.(8) 3. Design zener regulator for following specification Vin=8v to 12v; Vo=10v, RL=10kO. Assume that zener diode is ideal. (8) 4. Explain how zener diode acts as a regulator (6) 5. Draw the ripple factor for FWR with capacitor filter. 6. Draw and explain the working principles of a SMPS circuit with its output waveforms. (16) 7. Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF for full wave and bridge rectifier. 8. Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF for half wave and bridge rectifier. 9. Explain the operation of Voltage multiplier.

ASSIGNMENT TOPICS ASSIGNMENT-1 1. Explain the AC and DC Analysis of Common Emitter amplifier with emitter Feed back resistance and by pass capacitance. (1)Basic Common Emitter amplifier explanation with diagram (2)Ac and dc analysis with equivalent circuits (3)Ac and dc analysis with emitter feed back resistance (4)Ac and dc analysis with by pass capacitance (5)All the parameters in the analysis are to be given with a relation. 2. Determine Vce and Ic in the Voltage divider Biased Transistor circuit of fig 1

ASSIGNMENT-II (1) Discuss the working of a basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit (2) Compare CB, CE and CC amplifiers. (3) Draw the small signal hybrid model of CE amplifier and derive the expression for its AI.AV,RI and RO. (4) What are the methods to improve the CMRR of differential amplifier? Detail any two of them. (16)

ASSIGNMENT-III (1) How does Rise and Sag time related to cut-off frequencies and prove the same (2) Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high frequency (3) Explain the operation of high frequency common source FET amplifier with neat diagram. Derive the expression for (i) voltage gain (ii) input admittance (iii) input capacitance (iv) output admittance. (4) . Using hybrid _ model for CE amplifier derive the expression for its short circuit current gain ASSIGNMENT-IV (1). Explain the operation of the transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier. (2). Explain the terms conversion efficiency and maximum value of efficiency used in audio power amplifiers. (3). Explain the operation of the class-B push pull power amplifier with neat diagram and list its advantages (4). Compare class A, class B and class C power amplifier based on their performance characteristics

ASSIGNMENT-V (1). Design zener regulator for following specification Vin=8v to 12v; Vo=10v, RL=10kO. Assume that zener diode is ideal. (2) Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF for half wave and bridge rectifier. (3) Explain the power control method using SCR