Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Edition: V1.0
Released by:
GSM Network Planning & Opti i!ation "ept. Engineering Ser#i$e "i#ision %&E 'orporation
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
Training Materials
Version Introduction
Version V .! V . Date "!!#$!#$! "!!($!"$ ) Writer Wang %in&u &ei Ai*ing Assessor Chen 'i Chen 'i Amendment records 'one Document standardi+ation
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Key words
antenna basics beam width gain tilt angle circumstances selection of antenna types
A!stract
,n this guideboo-. theories of antenna antenna parameters and related concepts and definitions are mainly described. /esides. selection of antenna types under different circumstances and antenna installation specifications are also introduced.
A!!re"iation
'one
#eference
0Antenna 1udiments2 ,nternet 0 3election &low of 435 Antenna Types 2 4uideboo- for 435 'etwor- *lanning 6 7ptimi+ation Dept.. Engineering 3er8ice Di8ision. ZTE Corporation
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Contents
Picture 1-1 Diagram of Relation between Doublet Angle and Radiation Power of Electromagnetic a!e "#################################################################################################################################V
Picture 1-$ %alf-wa!e Di&ole '###################################################################################################################V Picture 1-" %alf-wa!e (olded Di&ole '####################################################################################################V Picture 1-' Diagram of Directional Plate-s)a&ed Antenna A&&earing *################################################V Picture 1-+ Vertically-set ,ine Array (ormed by -e!eral %alf-wa!e Di&ole *######################################V Picture 1-* A&&ly )ori.ontally oriented t)eory by adding baffle-board to one side t)e line array /ta0e t)e line array of double )alf-wa!e di&ole wit) baffle-board as an e1am&le 2 3############################V Picture 1-3 Directional &late-s)a&ed antenna formed wit) se!eral )alf-wa!e di&ole 4########################V Picture 1-4 Directional &late-s)a&ed antenna consisting of se!eral microstri& di&ole 5#######################V Picture 1-5 -tructure of &late-s)a&ed directional antenna array 5#########################################V Picture 1-16 -tructure of Isotro&ic Di&ole Antenna wit) -eries (eed 16###############################################V Picture $-11 Diagram of antenna gain in d7i and d7d 11#######################################################################V Picture $-1$ (ield strengt) diagram of isotro&ic antenna and directional antenna 1$########################V Picture $-1" Diagram of )ori.ontal beam widt) /"d72 of 78- antenna 1"###########################################V Picture $-1' Diagram of 78- antenna co!erage 1'#################################################################################V Picture $-1+ Diagram of 78- antenna !ertical wit) "d7 beam widt) 1'##############################################V Picture $-1* Common &olari.ation mode of 78- antenna 1*#################################################################V Picture $-13 Diagram of dual-&olari.ation 78- antenna 1*###################################################################V Picture $-14 Diagram of 78- antenna down-tilt 13#################################################################################V Picture $-15 Com&arison on 78- antenna down-tilt modes 13#############################################################V Picture $-$6 Diagram of com&arison between 78- antenna wit) or wit)out null fill effect $6##########V This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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Picture "-$1 7loc0 diagram of measurement of antenna gain )alf-&ower beam widt) front-to-bac0 ratio cross &olari.ation discrimination $$##############################################################################################VI Picture "-$$ 7loc0 diagram of V- R measurement $"#########################################################################VI Picture "-$" 7loc0 diagram of antenna isolation $'################################################################################VI Picture "-$' 7loc0 diagram of antenna intermodulation measurement $+#########################################VI Picture *-$+ Dense urban "*######################################################################################################################VI Picture *-$* Urban /towns2 "3###################################################################################################################VI Picture *-$3 -uburb "3###############################################################################################################################VI Picture *-$4 Railways 9 )ig)ways "4#######################################################################################################VI Picture *-$5 -cenery areas "4###############################################################################################################VI Picture 4-"6 -olid diagram and !ertical !iew of antenna '+##################################################################VI 8able 4-1 %ori.ontal di!ersity distance of antenna ''#########################################################################VII 1 O!er!iew of Antenna###################################################################################################################################1 . 4eneral De8elopment of /T3 Antenna Technology............................................................................ ." Theories of Antenna 1adiation..............................................................................................................9 .". Electromagnetic Wa8e 1adiation of Electric Dipole..................................................................9 ."." :alf$wa8e Dipole........................................................................................................................9 .9 ,nternal 3tructure 6 Types of 5obile Communication /T3 Antenna.................................................; .9. *late$shaped Directional Antenna...............................................................................................; .9." ,sotropic Dipole Antenna with 3eries &eed................................................................................( $ Conce&ts 9 :eanings of Antenna Parameters#######################################################################################11 ". Antenna 4ain....................................................................................................................................... "." Directional Diagram of 1adiation....................................................................................................... " ".9 /eam Width......................................................................................................................................... " ".9. :ori+ontal /eam Width............................................................................................................. " ".9." Vertical /eam Width................................................................................................................. ; ".; &re<uency /and................................................................................................................................... = This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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".= *olari+ation 5ode............................................................................................................................... = ".) Down$tilt 5ode................................................................................................................................... ) ".# Antenna &ront$to$bac- 1atio............................................................................................................... > ".> Antenna ,nput ,mpedance? Zin@.......................................................................................................... > ".( Antenna V3W1................................................................................................................................... ( ". ! 3ide Aobe 3uppression 6 'ull &ill................................................................................................... ( ". Third$order ,ntermodulation.............................................................................................................."!
". " ,solation between *orts....................................................................................................................."! ". 9 Case..................................................................................................................................................." " :easurement of ;ey Antenna Indicators ;nowledge &oint#############################################################$$ 9. 5easurement of Antenna 4ain ..........................................................................................................."" 9." 5easurement of 9d/ /eam Width 6 &ront$to$bac- 1atio ................................................................"" 9.9 5easurement of Antenna V3W1 ......................................................................................................."9 9.; ,solation 5easurement of Dual$*olari+ed Antenna............................................................................"; 9.= 5easurement of ,ntermodulation........................................................................................................"; ' Antenna Parameters##################################################################################################################################$* ;. Antenna Directional Angle..................................................................................................................") ;." Antenna :eight...................................................................................................................................."# ;.9 Antenna Down$tilt..............................................................................................................................."( + Antenna 8y&es############################################################################################################################################"1 =. Antenna Types.....................................................................................................................................9 * Circumstances of Antenna A&&lication###################################################################################################"+ ). Dense Brban........................................................................................................................................9) )." Brban ?Towns@.....................................................................................................................................9) ).9 3uburb ?Counties@ 6 Villages.............................................................................................................9# ).; 1ailwaysC :ighways ?1oads@..............................................................................................................9# ).= 3cenery Areas......................................................................................................................................9> 3 -election of Antenna 8y&e#########################################################################################################################"5 #. /T3 antenna selection for urban.........................................................................................................9( This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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#." /T3 antenna selection for suburb.......................................................................................................9( #.9 /T3 antenna selection for highway co8erage.....................................................................................;! #.; /T3 antenna selection for mountain area...........................................................................................; 4 Installation 9 :odulation of Antenna####################################################################################################'" >. Antenna installation on *ole................................................................................................................;9 >. . ,nstallation pole must be straight..............................................................................................;9 >. ." Aightening protection................................................................................................................;9 >. .9 Di8ersity reception....................................................................................................................;; >. .; Antenna isolation.......................................................................................................................;= >." Antenna ,nstallation on ,ron Tower ....................................................................................................;= >.9 3ummary.............................................................................................................................................;)
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Diagram Contents
Picture 1-1 Diagram of Relation between Doublet Angle and Radiation Power of Electromagnetic a!e " Picture 1-$ %alf-wa!e Di&ole #########################################################################################################################' Picture 1-" %alf-wa!e (olded Di&ole ##########################################################################################################' Picture 1-' Diagram of Directional Plate-s)a&ed Antenna A&&earing######################################################* Picture 1-+ Vertically-set ,ine Array (ormed by -e!eral %alf-wa!e Di&ole############################################* Picture 1-* A&&ly )ori.ontally oriented t)eory by adding baffle-board to one side t)e line array /ta0e t)e line array of double )alf-wa!e di&ole wit) baffle-board as an e1am&le 2 ################################3 Picture 1-3 Directional &late-s)a&ed antenna formed wit) se!eral )alf-wa!e di&ole##############################4 Picture 1-4 Directional &late-s)a&ed antenna consisting of se!eral microstri& di&ole############################5 Picture 1-5 -tructure of &late-s)a&ed directional antenna array###############################################5 Picture 1-16 -tructure of Isotro&ic Di&ole Antenna wit) -eries (eed#####################################################16 Picture $-11 Diagram of antenna gain in d7i and d7d #############################################################################11 Picture $-1$ (ield strengt) diagram of isotro&ic antenna and directional antenna##############################1$ Picture $-1" Diagram of )ori.ontal beam widt) /"d72 of 78- antenna#################################################1" Picture $-1' Diagram of 78- antenna co!erage#######################################################################################1' Picture $-1+ Diagram of 78- antenna !ertical wit) "d7 beam widt)####################################################1' Picture $-1* Common &olari.ation mode of 78- antenna#######################################################################1* Picture $-13 Diagram of dual-&olari.ation 78- antenna#########################################################################1* Picture $-14 Diagram of 78- antenna down-tilt #######################################################################################13 Picture $-15 Com&arison on 78- antenna down-tilt modes ###################################################################13 Picture $-$6 Diagram of com&arison between 78- antenna wit) or wit)out null fill effect################$6 This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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8able Contents
8able 4-1 %ori.ontal di!ersity distance of antenna ##################################################################################''
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VII
$ O"er"iew of Antenna
Dnowledge *oint ,n this chapter. the radiation theory of /T3 antenna and its structure types are described. ,n addition. antenna technology and its de8elopment trend are introduced.
*icture $ Diagram of Relation between Doublet Angle and Radiation Power of Electromagnetic Wa8e
There is another -ind of half$wa8e dipole. which can be obtained by forming a full$ wa8e doublet into a slender rectangular with the two ends of the doublet o8erlapped. The slender rectangular is called folded dipole. the length of which is also C" wa8e length. so it is also referred as half$wa8e folded dipole.
*icture $9 Half-wave
olded Dipole
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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*icture $) Appl& %ori*ontall& oriented t%eor& b& adding baffle-board to one $ide t%e line arra& +ta,e t%e line arra& of double %alf-wave dipole wit% baffle-board a$ an e-ample .
Currently. almost all antenna manufacturers adopt plate$shaped dipole array structure in designing /T3 directional antennas. Two types of dipole are adopted. $%-%$%( Balanced &ipole ,t is standard half$wa8e balanced dipole ?add one additional dipole to lower the dipoleGs ground clearance. and reduce the thic-ness of antenna@.
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Microstrip &ipole ,t is a 8ariant of half$wa8e dipole. ,t uses transmission line of C; wa8e length to form radiation.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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Meanings
o(
)ntenna
This chapter mainly introduces the concepts of /T3 antenna technology parameters and their significant application in networ- planning.
*icture "$
Currently. antennas with gains ranging from !d/i to "!d/i are used in both domestic and foreign /T3s. 4ain of antenna used for indoor micro cellular co8erage usually ranges from ! to > d/iE that of antenna on outdoor /T3 is from (d/i ?isotropic 456789:;<=6=>=?9@ABC:;DEFGH=I
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The gain of antenna with "!or 9! hori+ontal beam width is higher. which is usually used in co8ering strip areas and highwaysE antenna with )= beam width is used in the co8erage for the typical three$sector sites in dense urban areaE antenna with (! beam width is used in the co8erage of the three$sector of typical site in suburb areaE antenna with != beam width is used in the co8erage of the three$sector of typical site in the 8ast and less populated area. 3ee *icture " $ ;. Antenna with "! >!beam width is used to co8er the special$shaped sectors with extremely wide angles.
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*icture "$ = Diagram of 3J( antenna verti#al wit% 9d/ beam widt%
The 9d/ 8ertical beam width is closely related to the antenna gain and the 9d/ hori+ontal beam width. The 9d/ 8ertical beam width is about ! . 4enerally. in the antenna with same gain and same antenna designing s-ills. the wider the hori+ontal beam width is. the narrower the 8ertical beam width will be. The narrower 9d/ 8ertical beam width will create larger shade area. as shown in *icture " $ =. 7f the two sets of antennas with the same height and without down$tilt. the shadow area created by the wider 8ertical beam width is 7IGG ?red area@. which is smaller than that created by the narrower 8ertical beam width 7I ?blue area@. When selecting antenna types. with the same antenna gain. weGd better select those with wider 9d/ 8ertical beam width. so as to ensure the co8erage of the ser8ing area and reduce shadow area. This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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There are se8eral modes of antenna down$tiltK mechanical down$tilt. settled electrical down$tilt. adFustable electrical down$tilt. remote$adFustable electrical down$tilt. As for mechanical. it is Fust set slant during installationE it is often used in antenna with down$ tilt angle within !. When the down$tilt is further expanded. the right ahead of the co8erage will appear sun-en. and the two edges appear s<uashed. the directional diagram becomes deformed. and in the mean time interference to the adFacent /T3s becomes stronger. as shown in *icture " $ (. Another defect of mechanical down$tilt is that the bac- lobe of antenna will upwarp. which can result in interference to the adFacent sectors and call drop to 53 on upper layer of adFacent cells.
The angle of electrical down$tilt antenna is relati8ely wide ?can be wider than ! @E the directional diagram is not apparently out of shapeE the bac- lobe declines in the mean timeE there is no interference to 53 on adFacent high buildings.
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VSWR =
U max .! U min
Bmaxthe anti$node 8oltage on feeder Bminthe wa8e node 8oltage on feeder /ecause the input wa8e can not be absorbed completely when itGs deli8ered to the input end / of antenna. and reflection wa8e occurs and o8erlays. V3W1 will form. The larger V3W1 is. the larger the reflection will be. and the worse the matching will be. What bad effects can be resulted from bad V3W1P What is the acceptable V3W1P An appropriate V3W1 shall be the balance between the <uantity of energy lost and the generating cost. ? @ V3W1 V . it means that some of the power input into the antenna is reflected. and the radiation power is reducedW ?"@ The feed loss is increased. Aoss rate of #C> Xcable is ;d/C !!m. which is the result based on the condition of V3W1M ?perfectly$matched@E energy loss is increased due to the reflection of power. thus the input power from feed to antenna is reduced.
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*icture "$"! Diagram of comparison between /T3 antenna with or without null fill effect
'ull fill M ?8ertical first lower null fill 8alueC radiation direction maximum@H M "!log ?8ertical first lower null fill 8alueC radiation direction maximum@d/ 3trictly spea-ing. antennas without features of side lobe suppression and null fill shall not be used. so as to ensure good co8erage o8er the ser8ing area.
(%$- 0ase
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*icture 9$"
?"@ Direct datum gain antenna to the direction of central lobe of the source antenna. then ta-e down the recei8ing le8el of datum gain antenna * ?d/m@E ?9@ Direct the measured antenna to the direction of central lobe of the source antenna. ta-e down the recei8ing le8el of datum gain antenna *"?d/m@E ?;@ Calculate and get the gain of the measured antennaK 4M P gain of datum antenna 4!TN?*"K* @E ?=@ ,n order to show the gain feature of antenna in the gi8en fre<uency band. at least measure three fre<uency points in high CmediumClow fre<uency band.
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instruments and meters according to *icture 9 $" E ?"@ Direct the measured antenna to the direction of central lobe of the source antenna. then start the rotating floor to ma-e the measured antenna rotate hori+ontally. and ta-e down the recei8ing le8el of the measured antenna according to the function of angles of rotation. then from the function cur8e get the half$wa8e beam width and front$to$bacratio of the measured antennaE ?9@ Deep the measured antenna aflat with its top pointing at the direction of central lobe of source antenna. then start the rotating floor to ma-e the measured antenna rotate hori+ontally. and ta-e down the recei8ing le8el of the measured antenna according to the function of angles of rotation. then get the 8ertical half$wa8e beam width of the measured antenna from the function cur8eE ?;@ ,n order to show the gain feature of antenna in the gi8en fre<uency band. at least measure three fre<uency points in high CmediumClow fre<uency band.
?"@ At the calibration port. fine$tune the meters and instruments with a short circuit de8ice or a open circuit instead of the measured antennaE ?9@ Connect the calibration port with the measured antenna. read the V3W1 of the measured antenna. This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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?"@ 3hort$circuit the two feeds to the measured dual$polari+ed antenna. reset the meters to !d/E ?9@ Connect the meter feeds with the measured antenna. read the worst isolation of the measured dual$polari+ed antenna.
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?"@ ,n the operating fre<uency band. choose two appropriate fre<uencies f h and f"h . ma-e the intermodulation product f9M"f"$f ?or f9M"f $f"@. which is also re<uired to be within the operating fre<uency bandE ?9@ & and f" input "!W indi8idual tone power to the antenna simultaneouslyE ?;@ With f9 recei8er. read the le8el of three$order intermodulation product.
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2 Antenna Parameters
Dnowledge point This chapter mainly introduces the engineering parameters of antenna in networplanning and their influences on co8erage. and how to impro8e networ- performance with changes in engineering parameters.
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three cells in the current 435 system ?mainly with E1,C337' e<uipment@K Cell AK a+imuth angle !R. antenna pointing to due northE Cell /K a+imuth angle "!R. antenna pointing to southeastE Cell CK a+imuth angle ";!. antenna pointing to southwest.
,n 435 networ- construction and planning. we install and adFust antenna a+imuth angle strictly according to the rules abo8e. which is one of the installation specifications. De8iation in the setting of a+imuth angle can result in unreasonable discrepancy between the real co8erage and the designed co8erage and some unexpected co$channel or adFacent channel interference. ,n the real 435 networ-. specific landforms li-e high buildings mountains and water face. etc. can cause signal refraction and reflection. which can result in big discrepancy between the real co8erage and the ideal model. thus some areas enFoy stronger signals. while some suffer from wea-er ones. ,n this case. we shall appropriately adFust the antenna a+imuth angle according to the real networ- situation. so as to ensure the signal strength in the wea- areas and achie8e the goal of networ- optimi+ation. /esides. the discrepancy in real population density of different areas can cause call traffic unbalance in cells under the antennasG co8erage. Again we can adFust the antenna a+imuth angle to ma-e traffic balanced. Certainly. we usually donGt recommend adFustment in antenna a+imuth angle. because interference in system may be resulted to some degree. While in some special circumstances. li-e some emergent meetings or large$scale public acti8ities. the traffic concentrates in come cells. we can ma-e adFustment in antenna a+imuth angle for the occasion. in order to balance the traffic and optimi+e the networ-. WhatGs more. as for the signal blind +one or wea+one in suburb. we can also achie8e networ- optimi+ation through adFustment in antenna a+imuth angleE but remember to test the signal in around area with field strength test 8ehicles. so as to ensure the networ- operation <uality.
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,nterference from landforms and ground obFects. *arameters at transmitting and recei8ing terminals includeK transmitting power antenna gain feed loss antenna height operating fre<uency. and the distance between transmitting terminal and recei8ing terminal. ,nterference from landforms and ground obFects is caused by landform fluctuations and ground obFectsG screening of signals. All transmission models are related to the height of antennas. therefore antenna height has great influence on path loss. The co8erage distance between transmitting terminal and recei8ing terminal can approximately be expressed with the following formulaK
Pt D P r
( hr ht )
"
TGr Gt S
( L )
Pr recei8ing power
Pt transmitting power
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co8erage and being co8ered by the /T3 with too large co8erage. thus it can not function well and unbalanced traffic will be caused. ?"@ ,nterference within system. 78er high antenna can cause cross$/T3 interference ?mainly including co$channel interference and adFacent channel interference@ call drop cross tal- and too much stray noise. thus the <uality of the whole radio communication networ- will decrease. ?9@ ,sland effect. ,t is about /T3 co8erage problem. When the /T3 is co8ering special landforms li-e 8ast water face or mountainous areas. though the original co8erage distance remains the same. an Uexcla8e areaV will appear in the far distance. because of the reflection from water face or mountainsE while the adFacent /T3s ha8ing hando8er relation with the /T3 can not be co8ered due to obstruction of the landforms. Therefore. hando8er relation between the Uexcla8e areaV and the adFacent /T3s does not exist. and the Uexcla8e areaV becomes an island. When a 53 uses the signal in the Uexcla8e areaV. it can easily suffer from call drop due to lac- of hando8er relation.
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co8erage rim. The formula of down$tilt is shown bellowK WM arctg?:CA@ XP >!CYTNPZC"T[\e ,n the abo8e formulas. W is the initial mechanical tilt of the antenna. expressed in degreeE : represents the effecti8e height of the /T3. which is the difference between the fixed location of antenna and the a8erage height of the area co8ered. expressed in meterE A represents the distance from the /T3 antenna to the sectorGs rim needed to be co8ered. expressed in meterE Z represents 8ertical beam width of the antenna. expressed in degreeE \e represents down$tilt of the antenna. expressed in degree.
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5 Antenna Types
Dnowledge point ,n this chapter. weGll get to -now the classification methods of antenna. the basic classification of /T3 antennaE and through examples of typical antennas. get to -now the 8alue range of antenna and the exterior appearance of different types of antennas.
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We set up different types of /T3s according to re<uirements of networ- constructionE and different types of /T3s use different types of antennas according to their needs. The basis for using different antennas is the technical parameters mentioned abo8e. ,sotropic /T3 adopts isotropic antenna with same antenna gain in all hori+ontal directionsE and directional /T3 adopts directional antenna with changing antenna gain in a particular hori+ontal direction. Bsually antenna with hori+ontal beam width /M)=R is used in urban areaE and antenna with hori+ontal beam width /M)=R (!R or "!R is often used in suburb ?based on the /T3 type and the local landforms@E while in 8illages. the application of isotropic antenna with large co8erage is the most economic. :ec)anically-ad=ustable antenna The so called mechanically$adFustable antenna is a -ind of antenna whose down$tilt can be adFusted mechanically. After mechanically$adFustable antenna is 8ertically installed. position of the brac-et at the bac- of it can be adFusted. if there is need in networ- optimi+ation. During the adFustment of brac-et. there is ob8ious change in the co8erage distance of the principal lobe. but the amplitudes of 8ertical component and hori+ontal component remain the same. thus the antenna pattern is easy to be out of shape. *ractice has pro8ed that the best down$tilt range is R K=R. When the down$tilt changes from =R to !R. the antenna pattern deforms a little bit. When it changes from !R to =R. the antenna pattern deforms to a larger extent. When it is larger than =R. there is big change on the antenna pattern. which changes from a pear$shaped one to a spindle$shaped oneE now the co8erage distance of principal lobe is ob8iously shortened. but not all parts of the antenna pattern are within the /T3 sector. which means that signal from this /T3 can be recei8ed in the adFacent /T3 sector. thus serious interference in the system will be caused. /esides. if itGs needed to adFust the down$tilt of this -ind of antenna in the daily maintenance. the whole system shall be shut down. We can not -eep monitoring networ- indicators while adFusting the down$tilt. ,t is 8ery troublesome to adFust the down$tilt. because it needs maintenance staff to climb to where the antenna is located. The down$tilt angle is a theoretical 8alue obtained from the calculation of computer analog analysis software. which is a little de8iated from the actual best down$tilt. The stepping degree for adFusting down$tilt is indicator is $ "!d/c. Electrical antenna 456789:;<=6=>=?9@ABC:;DEFGH=I
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The so called electrical antenna is a -ind of antenna. which features in electrical down$ tilt. The theory of electrical down$tilt is to change the amplitudes of 8ertical component and hori+ontal component and the field strength of compound component. so as to ma-e 8ertical pattern of the antenna decline. /ecause the antenna field strength increases and decreases at the same time in different directions. the antenna pattern wonGt change too much after down$tilt adFustment. the co8erage distance of principal lobe will be reduced. and in the mean time the antenna pattern will reduce its co8erage o8er the ser8ing sector without producing any interference. *ractice has pro8ed that when the down$tilt of electrical antenna changes from R to =R. the antenna pattern is roughly the same as that of mechanically$adFustable antenna. When the down$tilt changes from =R to !R. the antenna pattern is impro8ed a little compared with that of mechanically$adFustable antenna. When down$tilt changes within !R and =R. the antenna pattern changes greatly. When the down$tilt is larger than =R. the antenna pattern is ob8iously different from that of mechanically$adFustable antenna. its shape isnGt changed much. but the co8erage distance of principal lobe is ob8iously reduced. and the whole antenna pattern is within the /T3 sectorE we can increase down$tilt to reduce the sector co8erage without any interference. This is the expected ideal antenna pattern. ,tGs pro8ed that adoption of electrical antenna can reduce call loss and interference. WhatGs more. electrical antenna allows down$tilt adFustment without shutting down the system. which -eeps the monitoring on adFustment effects. The stepping precision is relati8ely higher ?!. R@. thus we can ma-e fine adFustment on the networ-. The third$ order intermodulation indicator for electrical antenna is $ =!d/cE there is a difference of 9!d/c compared with that of mechanically$adFustable antenna. This is in fa8or of eliminating adFacent$channel interference and stray interference. Dual-&olari.ed antenna Dual$polari+ed antenna uses new technology. ,t combines two sets of antennas with mutually orthogonal polari+ation directions ?N;=R and $;=R@ and wor-s in the duplex model of transmitting and recei8ing signals in the mean time. Therefore. its outstanding ad8antage is that it sa8es antennas for directional /T3. 'ormally the directional /T3 ?three$sector@ of 435 digital mobile communication networ- needs to use ( antennasE each of its sectors uses 9 ?for space di8ersity. one for transmitting. two for recei8ing This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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signals@. ,f dual$polari+ed antenna is adopted. each sector needs only one antenna. ,n the mean time. the orthogonality of ];=R polari+ation can ensure that the isolation between the two sets of antennas ?N;=R and $;=R@ meets the re<uirement from intermodulation P ^ 9!d/ T . therefore the space inter8al between dual$polari+ed antenna is Fust "!$9!cm. /esides. dual$polari+ed antenna also possesses ad8antages li-e reducing call loss and interference and impro8ing the whole networ- <uality. which are the same as those of electrical antenna. WhatGs more. there is no specific re<uirement for installing dual$polari+ed antenna and no need to ac<uire land for building antenna tower. WhatGs needed is Fust a metal pole with "!cm diameter. and then fix the antenna on the pole in the corresponding co8erage direction. ,n this way. basic construction cost is sa8ed. and layout of /T3 is more reasonable. and itGs much easier to selection /T3 location.
As for the selection of antenna type. we should select the antenna which meets the needs of the local mobile networ- according to specific situations li-e networco8erage. call traffic 8olume. interference and networ- ser8ice <uality. $$$ in dense /T3 area with high traffic 8olume. use dual$polari+ed antenna and electrical antennaE $$$ in suburb area with fewer /T3 and low traffic. where larger co8erage is re<uired. use the traditional mechanically$adFustable antenna. Currently in area with dense traffic. the networ- call loss is high and interference is big. 7ne important reason is that the down$tilt of mechanically$adFustable antenna is too large. which causes serious deformation of antenna pattern. ,n order to sol8e the off$capacity problem we must shorten the distance between /T3s and enlarge down$ tilt. While if mechanically$adFustable antenna is used. antenna pattern starts to deform when the down$tilt is larger than =RE when itGs larger than !R. antenna pattern will be seriously out of shape. Therefore. the problems can not be sol8ed by using mechanically$adFustable antenna. ,t is recommended to use electrical antenna or dual$ polari+ed antenna instead of mechanically$adFustable antenna in dense traffic area. The replaced mechanically$adFustable antennas can be used in areas with less traffic. li-e 8illages and suburb.
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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ta-e into consideration around areas of the /T3 which need to be co8ered. when we ma-e antenna selection. *rinciples for antenna selectionK ? @ 3election of antenna patternK if the /T3 is re<uired to co8er the around area without particular directi8ity. and call traffic is scattered. it is suggested that isotropic antenna be used. We should note that co8erage of isotropic antenna is not as far as that of directional antenna due to its smaller antenna gainE and pay attention to the tower bodyGs influence on co8erageE and the antenna shall be -ept 8ertical to ground. ,f farther co8erage distance is re<uired by customers. then directional antenna shall be adoptedE normally. hori+ontal half$power directional antennas with beam width of (! R. != R. "! R are recommendedE ?"@ 3election of antenna gainK based on co8erage re<uirement. it is recommended to adopt directional antenna with higher gain P )$ >d/i T or isotropic antenna with gain of (K d/i in suburb area or 8illagesE ?9@ 3election of down$tiltK adFustment on antenna down$tilt is seldom needed in suburb area. and re<uirement on adFustment range is not high. it is suggested that mechanically$adFustable antenna be usedE meanwhile. if antenna height is abo8e =! meters and there is re<uest for co8erage of proximal area. we can use antenna with null$fill antenna to a8oid blind +one under the tower.
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When selecting antenna at the initial planning stage. we should try to select antenna with high gain and 8ast co8erage. *rinciples for antenna selectionK ? @ 3election of antenna patternK for /T3s to co8er areas along railways and highways. we can adopt directional antenna with narrow beam width and high antenna gain. /esides. we can flexibly choose antenna type according to factors li-e landforms and turnings on railways and highwaysE ?"@ 3election of antenna gainK we can choose directional antenna with #d/i K ""d/i gainE as for isotropic antenna. d/iE
?9@ 3election of down$tiltK usually there is no need to set down$tilt for co8erage of highways. so it is recommended to use mechanically$adFustable antenna which is less expensi8e. ,f antenna height is abo8e =! meters and there is re<uest for co8erage of proximal area. we can use antenna with null fill P 2 =H T to a8oid blind +one under the tower. ?;@ 3election of front$to$bac- ratioK since most subscribers within antenna co8erage on highway mo8e fast. the front$to$bac- ratio shall not be too large. so as to ensure smooth hando8ers.
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re<uest for co8erage of around areaE both directional antenna and isotropic antenna are optional. As for /T3s on mountains. if the area to be co8ered is relati8ely low. we should choose antenna pattern with larger 8ertical half$power angle to meet the co8erage needs in hori+ontal directionE ?"@ 3election of antenna gainK use antennas with medium gain according to co8erage distance re<uiredE isotropic antenna P($ d/iT. directional antenna P =$ >d/iTE ?9@ 3election of down$tiltK when we set up /T3 on mountains and mountain foot area needs to be co8ered. choose antenna with null fill or preset down$tilt. Amplitude of the preset down$tilt is decided based on the relati8e height between the /T3 and the area to be co8ered. The larger the relati8e height is. the bigger the antenna preset down$tilt should be.
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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9. well$designed down leadE ;. good e<uipotential bonding to a8oid high 8oltage counterpunchE =. ability to a8oid high 8oltage surge caused by lightening. 1adio antenna should be installed within angle of protection of lightening rod ?;=R@. Aightening rod and down lead should be connected by welding. 5aterial of down lead should be gal8ani+ed flat steel ?;!mmX;mm@. The distance between the Foint of down lead to ground net and the Foint of ground lead to ground net shall be no less than !m.
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Therefore. antenna shall be installed on edges or corners. and the distance between antenna and all parts of the tower shall be longer than L. ?9@ 5ulti$antennas sharing towerK try as much as possible to reduce coupling effect and cross influence between antennas of multi$bands during transmitting and recei8ing signals. Try to increase isolation between different antennasE the best way is to increase distance between them. When multi$antennas share a tower. 8ertical installation shall be adopted.
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The distance from antenna to tower platformK 5E 3pacing inter8al between di8ersity reception antennas of the same cellK 295. :ori+ontal spacing inter8al between isotropic antennasK 2;5D :ori+ontal pacing inter8al between directional antennasZ2".=5D Vertical spacing inter8al between antennas on different platformsK 2 5. Transmitting and recei8ing antennas shall not be installed upside down unless there is specific direction. Antenna shall be within the range of lightening protection. Antenna bearingK for directional antenna. the first sector to direction of north by east )!R. the second sector to direction of due south. the third sector to north by west )!R. Antenna down$tiltK ma-e sure that the actual down$tilt meets the re<uirement of 3E planningE error difference shall be less than "R. Antenna perpendicularityK ma-e sure itGs no bigger than "R. except for /T3 with antenna down$tilt.
This document contains proprietary information of ZTE Corporation and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
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