ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

UNIT-1 STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES

All substances under suitable conditions of temperature and pressure can exist in one of the three states i.e. solid, liquid or g s! Pur" su#s$ %&" is a homogeneous material that retains its chemical composition even though it undergoes a change in phase during a thermodynamic process. Water is one of the pure substances that exists in all the three phases namely in the solid phase as ice, liquid phase as water and gaseous phase as vapour (Steam).

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

FORMATION

OF

STEAM

AT

CONSTANT

PRESSURE

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

A!.IT

P" e "

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

T- H Di gr ' #t is very important to $now the various properties of steam. %he values of these properties are determined by a steam generation experiment. &onsider 'g of water at ( (& ta$en in a cylinder fitted with a freely moving frictionless piston. A weight is placed over the piston. %he weight of the piston and the weight placed over the piston exert constant pressure )p* on the water. %his condition of water at ((& is represented by the point A on the temperature enthalpy graph. When the water is heated at constant pressure, its temperature rises till the boiling point is reachd.When the boiling point of water is reached, there will be slight increase in the volume of water as shown in fig +.%his temperature is $nown as saturation temperature. %his condition is represented by the point + on the graph. ,eating of water from ((& to %s(& at constant pressure is represented by the inclined line A+ on the graph.

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " %he amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 'g of water from ( (& to

the saturation temperature %s(& at a given constant pressure is defined as the SENSI(LE HEAT and denoted by hf.Sensible heat is also called the E%$) l*+ o, $)" liquid. When the water is heated beyond the saturation temperature, there will be no rise in the temperature, but evaporation ta$es place. Water starts converting in to steam ..oint is represented as & in the graph. &onstant pressure and constant temperature heat addition process is represented by the hori/ontal line +& on the graph. %he amount of heat required to evaporate 'g of water at saturation temperature %s to '0 of dry steam at the saturation temperature at given constant pressure is called 1A%23% ,2A% 45 26A.47A%#43 or 2nthalpy of evaporation and denoted as hfg. #f the heating is further continued at point &, the temperature of the stem increases above the saturation temperature and this temperature is called SUPERHEAT TEMPERATURE. Steam at this condition is called su*"r)" $"d s$" '. %he process of heating dry steam is called Su*"r)" $i%g as shown by the line &8 on the graph. %he amount of heat required to increase the temperature of dry steam from its saturation temperature to any desired higher temperature at the given constant pressure is called 'ou%$ o, su*"r)" $ or "%$) l*+ o, su*"r)" $.

AD-ANTAGES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

. Superheated steam possess more heat energy, hence the capacity to do the wor$ will be higher. !. 8ue to higher temperature, superheated steam gives higher thermal efficiency when used in turbines. ". As there is no moisture content in superheated steam erosion or corrosion of turbine blades are minimi/ed. SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En . A!.IT P" e 9

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " -. Superheating is done in a super heater that obtains heat from waste burnt gases. %his improves the efficiency of the boilers.

DISAD-ANTAGES
. %he high temperature poses problems in the lubrication. !. ,igher depreciation and initial cost.

DIFFERENT STATES OF STEAM

. .ET STAEM/ 8efined as a ! phase mixture containing water molecules and steam formed at the saturation temperature and at a given pressure. !. DRY SATURATED STEAM/ A saturated steam at the saturated temperature corresponding to a given pressure and having no water molecules entrained in it is defined as dry saturated steam or dry steam. ". SUPERHEATED STEAM/ A steam which is heated beyond its dry saturated state to temperatures higher than its saturated temperature at the given pressure.

PROPERTIES OF STEAM/
. DRYNESS FRACTION: 8efined as the ratio of mass of the actual dry steam present in a $nown quantity of wet steam to the total mass of the wet steam 1et mg ; mass of dry steam present in the sample quantity of wet steam <f ; mass of suspended water molecules in the sample quantity of wet steam Dr+%"ss ,r &$io% 0 M ss o, $)" dr+ s$" ' *r"s"%$ i% 1"$ s$" ' To$ l ' ss o, 1"$ s$" ' ENTHALPY OF STEAM: 8efined as the sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure and volume. #t is defined as h.

) 0 U 2 P-

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " ENTHALPY OF DRY SATURATED STEAM/ 8efined as the total amount of heat supplied at a constant pressure to convert and the latent heat of evaporation. 'g of water at ( (& in to 'g of dry saturated steam at its saturation temperature. #t is denoted as hg and equal to sum of sensible heat hf

)g 0 ), 2 ),g
ENTHALPY OF .ET STEAM/ 8efined as the total amount of heat supplied at a constant pressure to convert dryness fraction. 'g of water at ((& in to 'g of wet steam at the specified

) 0 ), 234 5 ),g6
ENTHALPY SUPERHEATED STEAM/ 8efined as the total amount of heat supplied at a constant pressure to convert stated superheated temperature. 'g of water at ( (& in to 'g superheated steam at the

)su* 0 ), 2 ),g2 C*s3 $su* - $s6 &ps; Specific heat of superheated steam tsup ; Superheated temperature ts; Saturated temperature 3Specific ,eat: Amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree &elsius!6
SPECIFIC -OLUME/ is the volume occupied by the unit mass of a substance .#t is expressed in '789g! SPECIFIC -OLUME OF SATURATED .ATER/ 6olume occupied by water at the saturation temperature. 8enoted by 6f. SPECIFIC -OLUME OF DRY SATURATED STEAM/ 6olume occupied by 'g of dry steam at the saturation temperature. 8enoted by 6g. 'g of

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " SPECIFIC -OLUME OF .ET STEAM/ Specific volume will be equal to the sum of the volume occupied by the dried up portion of the steam in 'g of wet steam and the volume occupied by the entrained water molecules in the same 'g of wet steam. #f )? )is the dryness fraction of the steam, then mass of the water molecules will be equal to ( @ ?) 'g. 1et A be the specific volume of wet steam

A ; ? 6g B ( @?) 6f
SPECIFIC -OLUME OF SUPERHEATED STEAM/ 6olume occupied by superheated steam at the superheated temperature. 8enoted by 6sup. 5rom &harles law 6 C % 'g of

-g8$s 0 -su*8$su* 6g ; Specific volume of dry steam at pressure . tsup ; Superheated temperature ts; Saturated temperature 6sup ; Specific volume of superheated steam at pressure . E4TERNAL .OR9 OF E-APORATION/ When water at saturation
temperature is heated at constant pressure, it gets converted in to steam by absorbing the latent heat. A part of this latent heat is used to move the piston due to increase in volume of steam during evaporation. %he friction of the latent heat of vapori/ation which does an external wor$ is called external wor$ of evaporation. 2xternal wor$ of evaporation per 'g of dry saturated steam 0 P 3-g - -, 6

9:

At low pressure -, is very small %d neglected. %herefore, 2xternal wor$ of evaporation per 'g of dry saturated steam

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " 0 P 3-g6 9: 3*0 *r"ssur" i% 9* 6 0 1;; 5 P 3-g6 9: 3*0 *r"ssur" i% ( r6 2xternal wor$ of evaporation per 'g of wet steam ; 0 P 4 3-g6 9: 2xternal wor$ of evaporation per 'g of Superheated steam 0 P 4 3-g6 9: 3*0 *r"ssur" i% 9* 6 0 P 4 3-g6 9: 3*0 *r"ssur" i% ( r6

INTERNAL LATENT HEAT/ 2nergy required to change the phase is called internal latent heat. #nternal latent heat is obtained by subtracting external wor$ of evaporation from the latent heat of evaporation. #nternal ,eat of dry saturated steam; ),g < P =g 9:89g

INTERNAL ENERGY OF STEAM/ #s defined as the difference between the enthalpy of the steam and the external wor$ of evaporation. #nternal energy of dry steam ; )g < P =g 9:89g 3*0 *r"ssur" i% 9* 6 0 )g < 1;; 5P =g #nternal energy of wet steam ; )g 2 4 ),g < P 4 =g 9:89g 3*0 *r"ssur" i% 9* 6 9:89g 3*0 *r"ssur" i% ( r6

0 )g 2 4 ),g < 1;; 5 P 4 =g 9:89g 3*0 *r"ssur" i% ( r6

#nternal energy of superheated steam

0 )su* < P =su* 9:89g

3 *0 *r"ssur" i% 9* 6

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y "

0 )su* < 1;; 5 P =su* 9:89g 3*0 *r"ssur" i% ( r6

DENSITY OF STEAM/ #t is the mass of steam per unit volume of steam at the given pressure and temperature. #t is the reciprocal of specific volume.

> 0 18- 9g8 '7

8ensity of Wet steam ; 184 -g 9g8 '7 8ensity of 8ry steam ; 18 -g 9g8 '7

?u"s$io% ( %@ . 8raw the temperature enthalpy diagram (% F,) or (%@S) diagram of formation of steam and represent the following on it. a. Saturation temperature c. 1atent ,eat ". 8efine b.sensible heat d. Superheat

!. What are the advantages and disadvantages of superheated steamG .8ryness fraction !. Specific volume ". 2nthalpy of Superheated steam -. #nternal energy c. 1atent ,eat 9. 2nthalpy of wet steam =. 2nthalpy of dry steam. -. What are the different states of steamG 2xplain each one. 9. With the help of a temperature F enthalpy diagram, explain the <echanism of the formation of steam.

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

II SEMESTER ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-13

SUB: ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sub Code : 10EME24

St !!: SRINI"AS Y " .roblems: . +y actual measurement, the enthalpy of saturated steam at E( o& is !9(( 'HI'g.what is the quality of steamG #f 9(( ' of heat is added at constant pressure, what is the final state of the steamG Also determie its final temperature. !. 5ind the specific volume and enthalpy of 8ryness fraction is (.E and b) %he steam is superheated to a temperature of "(( o& %he specific heat of superheated steam is !.!9 'HI'g ' ". 8etermine the density of $g of steam initially at a pressure of ( bar. ,aving a dryness fraction of (.>D. #f 9(( $g of heat is added at constant pressure, determine the condition and internal energy for the final state of steam. Specific heat of superheated steam ; !. 'HI'g -. What is the enthalpy of 9 'g of steam under the following conditionsG a) (.D bar and E(J dry b)!( bar and at "(( o& $g of steam at (.D<pa when a)

SRINIVAS Y V. Asst. Prof. Dept. of AUTO. En

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