1

ME-203
Fluid Mechanics-I
Kannan Iyer
Kiyer@me.iitb.ac.in
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Why Study Fluid Mechanics
Let us see some connections with
technology
The world is full of fluid
Water and air are indispensable for human
existence
No technology can survive without fluids
It is one of the most widely used subject in
Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Technology
Not just academic requirement, but an engineering necessity
Civil - Dams, Rivers, Canals
Mechanical - Hydraulic machines, Automobiles
Elect/CS - Packaging for cooling
Metallurgy - Blast furnace, Casting
Chemical - Reactors, Distillation
Pharmacy - Blood, Drugs manufacture
Agriculture - Pumps, Irrigation networks
Power - Power plants, Gas handling
Aerospace - Aircrafts, Rockets
No. of Gate:4 Span: 2.0m 1, 20.6m1, 22.15m2
TYPICAL PIPING SYSTEM
TURBULENT JET
2
Dam construction in
order to hold large
body of water
Design of gates and tanks
Wright Brothers - 1903
A GENERAL PIPE NETWORK
GEAR PUMP
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
PELTON TURBINE
3
AIRCRAFT PROPULSION SYSTEM
What is a Fluid
Matter can be divided into Solid and Fluid
Resists Deformation
Strong Cohesive Force
(can resist shear)
Retains Shape
Deforms Easily
Weak Cohesive Force
(cannot resist shear)
Cannot retain Shape
Fluid is one that deforms continuously on application of shear stress.
Solid
Fluid
Liquid and Gas
Weak Cohesive Force
Retains volume
Very Weak Cohesive Force
Cannot retain volume
Liquid Gas
Fluids can be divided into Liquid and Gas
How to Study
Microscopic - Kinetic theory of gases
Keeping track of a large number of
molecules is difficult and impractical
Macroscopic- Continuum methodology
Continuous representation instead of
discreteness
Average properties defined
Empirical closure defined
This course will emphasize this aspect
What is continuum?
Concept of a fluid particle
Validity of Continuum
Molecular mean free path small
It can be expressed in terms of Knudsen Number
01 . 0 Kn For continuum to be valid
Knudsen Number,
L
Kn

=
Mean free path
______________
System Length Scale
For Ideal Gas
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/menfre.html#c1
Refer
4
Consequences of Continuum
...
2
x
) z , y , x (
x
u
x ) z , y , x (
x
u
) z , y , x ( u ) z , y , x x ( u
2
2
2
+

+ = +
Most important are
1. All parameters vary continuously
2. So Taylor series can be applied
...
2
x
) z , y , x (
x
uv
x ) z , y , x (
x
uv
) z , y , x ( uv ) z , y , x x ( uv
2
2
2
+

+ = +
We shall use this concept extensively
Analysis by Continuum
Can be very detailed
Called Differential analysis
Results in Partial Differential Equation
Mostly needs computers except for simple cases
This becomes the basis for CFD
Can be overall
Called Integral analysis
Details of flow distribution not important
Only system analysis is resorted to
Results in Algebraic equations
Lagrangian vs Eulerian
Eulerian
This is control volume analysis
The equations are generated for the
volume
The volume may or may not move
We shall follow this approach
Lagrangian
This is control mass analysis
The equation are generated for the
fixed mass
When mass moves, then you move
with the mass
Dimensions and Units
Systems of Dimensions
[M], [L], [t], and [T]
[F], [L], [t], and [T]
[F],[M], [L], [t], and [T]
Dimensions and Units
Systems of Units
MLtT
SI (kg, m, s, K)
FLtT
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s,
o
R)
FMLtT
English Engineering (lbf, lbm, ft, s,
o
R)
Dimensions and Units
Preferred Systems of Units
SI (kg, m, s, K)
British Gravitational (lbf, ft, s,
o
R)
5
Principle of Dimensional
Homogenity
All additive terms in a physical equation must
have same dimensions
t tan cons gH
2
V
p
2
= +

+
Experimentalists sometimes derive empirical
equations that are not dimensionally consistent
2
1
3
2
S R 49 . 1 V =
V (ft/s)=Average velocity, R=Hydraulic Radius (ft), S=slope
Mannings Equation for open
channel flow
Principle of Dimensional
Homogenity
2
1
3
2
S R 49 . 1 V =
[ ]
49 . 1
S ) ft ( R
) s / ft ( V
2
1
3
2
=
Let us look at the dimensions of the constant 1.49
1.49 is not dimensionless but has units of (ft
1/3
/s)
Therefore if you measure in another system of Units
say SI, the value of 1.49 would not be the same. If we
convert into SI, 1.49 (ft
1/3
/s) becomes 1.00(m
1/3
/s)
2
1
3
2
S ) m ( R 00 . 1 ) s / m ( V =
Scalar, Vector and Tensor - I
Certain propoerties like mass, temperature
have only magnitude and they are called
scalars
Certain other characteristics, such as
velocity, Force, etc., have directional effects.
Hence we need to specify magnitude and
direction. The parameter can be decomposed
into its components V = V
x
i + V
y
j + V
z
k
Scalar, Vector and Tensor - II
A tensor has magnitude
and two or more directions
associated with it
Velocity Field - I
V = u i + v j + w k
where i, j and k are the unit vectors in x, y
and z directions.
Velocity is a vector quantity
Since velocity can continuously vary it is
called a velocity field
In general V (x,y,z,t)
Velocity Field - II
In stationary Eulerian context, Steady state
implies that local velocity does not change
with time or V (x,y,z)
Mathematically 0
t
=

V
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Dimensionality of a problem
The number of dimensions required to
specify the variations of properties of a
system is the dimensionality
The dimensionality can be reduced by
intelligently choosing a coordinate system
Examples to be discussed
Time, Path, Stream and Streak Lines
Path line is the path traced by a fluid
particle in a flow field
Streak line is the locus of all the particles
that have passed through a given point
Stream line is line whose tangent at a point
defines the velocity direction at that point
Time line is the locus of all points that
originated from a line
Examples to be discussed
Property Review
Density( ) =
Velocity(V) =
Pressure(p) =
Momentum = Mass X Velocity

0 d
d
dM

0 dt
dt
dS

Area
Force
For ideal gas where, T (K), R = R
u
/M
RT
p
=
Equations for Ideal Gas
=
v
p
c
c

For ideal gas where, T (K), R = R

u
/M
RT
p
=
R = c
p
- c
v
R
u
= 8314 J/k-mol-K (Universal Gas Constant)
For Monoatomic gas = 1.67
For Diatomic Gas = 1.4
= 1.33
For gases having more
than two atoms

Concept of Distortion - I Concept of Distortion - II

7
Fluid Distortion
As the top plate is
moved, the top layer
moves with plate and
the time line looks
like what has been
shown
FLUID
F
to
t1
t2
t2 > t1 > to
Strain Rate
b
a
Tan

=
t U a =
b
t U
=
t
Lt
0 t

=

&
dy
du
b
U
= = &
Newtonian Fluid
dy
du
=
SI Unit : Pa-s or N-s/m
2
CGS Unit : dyne-s/cm
2
(called Poise) = 0.1 Pa.s
&
dy
du

Many fluids follow a linear relationship between
shear stress and strain rate
or
Dynamic Viscosity
For one dimensional flow
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Special fluids (e.g., most biological fluids,
toothpaste, some paints, etc.)
Non-linear fluids
Behavior of Fluids
Viscosity Decreases with
temperature for liquids
This is because force of
cohesion decreases
Viscosity increases with
temperature for gases
This is because force of
molecular kinetic energy
increases
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Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity =

=
SI Unit : m
2
/s
CGS Unit : cm
2
/s (called Stoke) = 0.0001 m
2
/s
Surface Tension -I
A
B
Liquid
C
D
Free surface
Cohesion - force of attraction
between molecules of a liquid
Adhesion force of attraction
between two unlike molecules
In the interface surface tension
arises due to
Surface Tension -II
R
p p p
e i
2
= == = = == =
e i
p p > >> >
2 R = p R
2
Adhesion >> Cohesion
Cohesion >> Adhesion
= cos R 2 g h R
2
Force balance implies
gR
cos 2
h

=
Contact Angle
Gives indication of
Wettability (ability to
stick to surfaces)
Fully-wetting
Absolutely Non-
wetting
0 =
180 =
Wetting < 90
o
Non-wetting > 90
o
Error Analysis
ma F = ) a , m ( F F =
m m m = and a a a = What is uncertainty in F
2 / 1
2 2
a
a
F
m
m
F
F
(
(

\
|

+ |

\
|

=
This procedure can be applied to any functional form