Design for Evaporator :

We have, feed = 848.856 kg/hr Feed = Water evaporated + Thick liquor 848.856 = Water evaporated + 553.798 Therefore, water evaporated = Mv = 295.058 kg/hr Ms = mass flow rate of steam in kg/hr Mf = 848.856 kg/hr Specific heat of feed = Cp mix AvgCp mix = Xi Cpi =0..6394*1.72 + 0.2207*1.34 + 0.1516*4.19 =2.03071 KJ/kg K Therefore, Cpf = 2.03071 KJ/kg K Ts = saturation temp of steam = 373 K T = boiling point of solution = 300 K s= latent heat of cond`ensation of steam = 1715 KJ/kg = latent heat of vaporization of water = 2256 KJ/kg Energy balance over the evaporator Ms*s= F*Cp (T - Tf) + Mv* Ms* 2202 = 848.856*2.03(373-300) +295.058*2256 Ms = 386.69kg/hr Steam recovery =water evaporated / steam consumed = 295.058 / 386.69 = 0.76 Q = Ms*s =386.69 * 1715 =1181739.32 KJ/hr =328260.92 W

U = 1987.405 W/m2k Q = U*A*T A = 328260.92 / (1987.405*184.97) =1.1 m2 Therefore, heat transfer area = 1.053 m2

Material of construction Evaporator : Carbon steel Tubes : brass Permissible strss for carbon steel = 98 N/mm2 Modulus of elasticity : Carbon steel = 19.0*104 N/mm2 Brass = 9.5*104 N/mm2 Steam pressure =3.97 N/mm2 Conical head at bottom and top = cone angle =120 Poisson ratio = 0.3 Tubes & tube layout Tubes of following dimensions were selected Tube diameter (outside)= 40 mm Tube thickness = 1.5 mm Tube length = 500 mm Effective tube length = 466 mm Tube layout: triangular pitch (St) = 125 mm Therefore, number of tubes (n) = heat transfer area / tube area = 1.05 * 106 / *40*466 =17.7518

Area occupied by tubes A = n * 0.866 * St2 =18*0.866*(125)2 =0.243 m2 Proportionality factor, = 0.9

A= 0.243 / 0.9 =0.270 m2 The area occupied by central downtake (downcomer) is considered to be 40% of the cross sectional area of tube tubes. Tube inside diameter = 40 2*t = 40- 2*1.5 =37 mm The area occupied by downcomer = (0.4*no of tubes)*(cross sectional flow area of a single tube) =0.4*18*(/4)*372 =0.00163 m2 The inside diameter of the downtake Di = 4*(A/) =4*(0.00163/) =0.00137 m =10.67mm The minimum thickness is 10 mm. And hence outside diameter = 10.67 + (2*10) =41.67 mm The area of downtake based on outside diameter = (/4) *41.672 =1363.7566mm2 = 0.00136 m2 Total area occupied by downtake and tubes = area of tubes + area of downtake = 0.270 + 0.00136 =0.271 m2 0.3 m2 Diameter of tubesheet (Dt) = 3* (0.3/) =0.1653 m = 165.39 mm 170 mm The calendria sheet thickness Steam pressure = 0.39 N/mm2

Therefore, design pressure = 1.1 * 0.39 =0.42N/mm2 Sheet thickness (ts) = ((P*D)/(2*F*(J-P)) + C =((0.42*170)/2*98*(0.85-0.42)) =0.79 +1.5 =2.29mm But minimum thickness is 10 mm. So the calendria sheet thickness is 10 mm. The tube sheet thickness (t) = F*G* 0.25P/f Where, t = effective thickness of tube sheet P= design pressure f = allowable stress at appropriate temp G = mean diameter of gasket For tube side pressure, F = (2+K)/(2+3K) For shell side pressure, F = (K)/(2+3K) Where, K = Es*Ts*(Do-Ts) / Et*n*(do-Tt)*Tt Es = elastic modulus of shell = 19*104 N/mm2 Et = elastic modulus of tube = 9.5*102 N/mm2 Do = outside diameter of shell = 170 mm Do = outside diameter of tube = 40 mm Ts = shell thickness = 10 mm Tt = tube wall thickness = 1.5 mm N = number of tubes in shell = 18 K = 19*104*10*(170-10) / 9.5*104*18*1.5*(40-1.5) = 3.07 For tube side pressure F =(2+K)/(2+3K) =(2+3.07)/(2+(3*3.07))

=0.200 for shell side pressure F = (K)/(2+3K) = 3.07/(2+(3*3.07)) = 0.156 Take which is greater. So, F = 0.200 G= 170 + (25+25)/2 =195 mm T= 0.2*195* (0.25*0.42)/98 =1.25mm 5mm So we can take thickness 5 mm including corrosion allowance. .