Siemens Harmonics Best Practice Presentation

Automation and Drives
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives Best Practice Harmonic Mitigation
Harmonics Update
March 2004
Agenda
Introduction and background Overview of requirements inc. regulatory issues Specific G5/4 measures Comparisons of harmonic reduction methods including test results from Nottingham University. Recommended Best Practice procedures The Siemens offer (Products, Services & Solutions) More information Conclusions...
Harmonics Update March 2004 2
Practical Effects Of Harmonic Distortion

Malfunction of electronic equipment. Failure of power factor correction capacitors. Faulty readings on kWh meters. Overheating of transformers. Reduced system efficiency Excess neutral currents. Problems with lighting equipment Erratic operation of protective relays. ..
Regulatory & System Issues
Not exhaustive!
Control At The Product Level EN61800-3 Variable Speed Drives (EMC) EN61000-3-2 low power equipment* EN61000-3-12 16 to 75A (unrestricted distn)
* Affects low power single phase drives require 2% line choke
Control At The Customer/System Level Engineering recommendation G5/4 (U.K.) IEEE519 (USA) No requirements for internal harmonic distortion!! (within a plant) Control At Utility Level EN 50160 System Voltage Requirements
Harmonics Update
March 2004
Requirements For G5/4

Intended to control the harmonic distortion at the PCC Specifies voltage and current limits individual and THD Emphasises principle of compatibility (c/f planning levels) Much more severe than previous G5/3 esp. I5 Requires background harmonic knowledge (survey) Specifies harmonics up to 50th (> 25th = advisory until 2005) Includes bursts and voltage notching effects Effectively a legal requirement for users to comply Every user in the UK should comply.
Harmonics Update
March 2004
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives G5/4 Current Levels Stage 2
Based on 100MVA fault level current levels can be modulated with actual fault level Most VSD systems are assessed under stage 2 limits
Voltage distortion figures are normally not negotiable. Most VSD systems are assessed under stage 2 limits where background levels are < 75% of the planning levels..
Harmonics Update
March 2004
Harmonic Mitigation Techniques

Very strong power supplies! (high fault levels) Parallel passive filtering Serial passive filtering (Block Filter) Increase converter pulse number Clean Power Technology Active filtering Common DC bus solutions...
Harmonics Update
March 2004
Effect Of Power Supplies

1. Fault Level E.g. 132kW VSD 100MVA vs 20MVA VTHD 2.2% vs 2.9% @ 415V bus
Note: For fault levels < 100MVA, the current limitations should be reduced accordingly
2. Transformer Rating E.g. 132kW VSD 1000kVA vs 500kVA VTHD 1.3% vs 2.2% @ 415V bus
Transformers should be designed for converter operation or should be de-rated accordingly e.g. by using K factor approach.
Generally, the higher the fault level the lower the VTHD. Also, the higher the rating of the transformer- relative to the drive rating, the better.
Harmonic Mitigation Measures - Parallel Tuned Filters

VSD P.C.C.
Point of common coupling
Transformer
M
Filter
L5 C5
L7 L11
C7
C11
Needs very careful design System parameters rarely available Introduces capacitive reactive power Can introduce resonance Problems with multi - filter installations Can be expensive....
Not normally recommended due to above constraints

Six Pulse Drives

Diodes IGBT Transistors
3 ph S u p p l y Ud
Cd
M o t o r
Standard drive configuration Compare with 12 pulse
Harmonics Update
March 2004
11
12 Pulse Drive Solution
30 deg phase shift
Requires 30 degree phase shifted supply Requires 2 input bridges Needs special transformers Well accepted in indusrtry May be extended to 18 / 24 pulse.
Characteristic Harmonics Present (n) = p x k +/- 1 p = Converter Pulse Number and k = a positive Integer
Harmonics Update
March 2004
12
Theoretical Results VS Practical Data
Harmonics Update
March 2004
13
Harmonic Mitigation Measures - Harmonic Distortion

Idealised harmonic current spectrum
20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
Idealised 6 pulse Characteristic
5th
7th
11th
13th
17th
19th
23rd
25th
n = pk +/- 1
n n= =Harmonic HarmonicOrder Order p = Pulse Number p = Pulse Number kk= =Integer Integer
I.E. No even or triplen harmonics in theory!!
Harmonics Update
March 2004
14
Harmonic Mitigation Measures 12 Pulse

Idealised harmonic current spectrum
20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
Idealised 12 pulse Characteristic
5th
7th
11th
13th
17th
19th
23rd
25th
n = pk +/- 1
n n= =Harmonic HarmonicOrder Order p = Pulse Number p = Pulse Number kk= =Integer Integer
Can extended to 18 or 24 pulse systems Can also phase shift groups of drives
Practical Data Extracts Of Results taken by University Of Nottingham

Dr Keith Bradley Dr James Campbell
Based on 132kW MicroMaster test set up with selectable 6 pulse, 12 pulse, various line reactance, series blocking filter and active filter Weak supply c. 20MVA
Harmonics Update
March 2004
16
6 Pulse Solution Without Additional Reactors

Harmonic Ampitude % - 225A
120
100
Current Amplitude (%)
80
60
40
20
0 DC 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Harmonic Number
6 Pulse Solution With 2% Line Reactor

Harm onic Am pitude %- 225A
120
100
80 Current Am plitude (% )
60
40
20
0 DC 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Harm onic Num ber

12 Pulse Drive Solution Without Additional Reactors

Harmonic Ampitude % - 225A 225A
120
100
Polygonal transformer with inter-bridge reactors
80
60
40
20
12 Pulse Drive Solution With Additional 2% Line Reactors

Harm onic Am pitude %- 225A
120
100
Polygonal transformer with inter-bridge reactors
80 Current Am plitude (% )
60
40
20
0 DC 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Harm onic Num ber

12 Pulse Drive Solution 3 Winding Transformer (6%)

225A Harmonic Ampitude % - 200A
120
100
Isolating transformer without inter-bridge reactors Tests from Notts University
80
60
40
20
Harmonics Update
March 2004
21
Harmonic Mitigation Measures Series Blocking Filters
Harmonics Update
March 2004
22

P.C.C. VSD Transformer
M
Passive Block Filter
Blocks the harmonic currents (band pass designs) Can be more effective than 12 pulse Should be smaller and more cost effective Resonance problems on high impedance supplies? Not currently accepted by the market (open)?? Availability, data and calculation? More work to be done
Harmonics Update
March 2004
23

Harmonic Ampitude % - 225A
120
100 C u rre n t A m p litu d e (% )
80
60
40
20
Harmonics Update
March 2004
24
Series Blocking Filters v. USA Market Leader

On load harmonic testing
Harmonic Current A
Siemens Block Filter

Fundamental current
USA Market Leader
Harmonics Update
March 2004
25
CLEAN POWER TECHNOLOGY

3RD generation AFE Sinusoidal pre-controlled PWM technique The best technical solution in the market
Harmonics Update
March 2004
26
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives Clean Power Technology (CPT)
Fast internal switching together with a special filter ensures a near perfect sinusoidal current waveform is drawn from the supply...
Active Front End MasterDrive
Harmonic distortion is negligible under all conditions Other benefits such as regeneration and ride through power dips etc No complex harmonic filters or 12/24 pulse solutions...
Harmonics Update
March 2004
27
CPT Turned Off (Background Harmonics Only)
5th harmonic current distortion (background)
Harmonics Update
March 2004
28
CPT Turned On Running At 132kW
5th harmonic current distortion (with drive running at full load)
Harmonics Update
March 2004
29
Harmonic Mitigation Measures - Comparisons

Harmonic Voltage Distortion - Example
6,0%
5,0%
Primary 500V 3,5MVA fault rating Transformer 350kVA 500V:400V, 6% Load 400V, Master Drive, 132kW Inverter with 132kW load 2% reactor for 6 and 12 pulse systems
Harmonic Voltage Level
4,0%
3,0%
Clean Power Tech 12 pulse 6 pulse
2,0%
1,0%
0,0% 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 9 11 14 18 10 12 13 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Harmonic Order
Harmonics Update
March 2004
30
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives Harmonic Mitigation Measures - Active Filtering
Active Filter
Sized against harmonic current rating Programmable compensation Single filter compensates many drives Not subject to passive filter problems Can be retro fitted..
Network
Harmonics Update
March 2004
31
Active Filtering - Measurements

Network current iN
Filter current
iS
Load current
iL
Line-to-neutral voltage
Harmonics Update
March 2004
32
Harmonics Update
March 2004
33

MEASURE
6 Pulse No Choke 6 Pulse 2% Choke 6 Pulse 4% Choke 12 Pulse Auto/IBR No Choke 12 Pulse Auto/IBR + 2%Choke 12 Pulse Isolation transformer Siemens Block Filter USA Series Filter Clean Power Technology ABB AFE
ITHD @ 415V
45% 36% 28% 13% 12% 12% 8% 23% 0.1% 4%*
*ABB claimed figure
Examples only actual values depend on product design and system characteristics Active filters selected according to requirements!!!!
System Analysis Process Establish background distortion levels (survey) Calculate effects of new equipment (Siemens) Calculate new distortion levels under specified load Compare with G5/4 regulations Define any necessary filtering etc After installation, repeat survey to confirm compliance
Harmonics Update
March 2004
35
The Siemens Offer System design consultation. Site survey 7 day G5/4 measurement Harmonic calculation for additional product Evaluation of optimum harmonic solution cost & size System responsibility inc. active filtering where needed Complete product range..
Harmonics Update
March 2004
36
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives Harmonics - Methodology

Identify and characterise possible harmonic sources Determine system response characteristics
Calculate distortion levels in the system -pc based tools
Any harmonic problems
yes
Possible to control harmonic sources
no Design filters..
Active or Passive
no
No action needed
yes
Individual source control e.g. 12 Pulse, Clean Power
Harmonics Update
Confirm Action
March 2004
37
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives Further information:
Free pdf download from www.gambica.org.uk
Harmonics Update
March 2004
38
Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives Conclusions

Variable speed drives can offer significant application benefits All non linear equipment produces supply harmonics Harmonics disturbances can cause practical problems Need to observe regulatory requirements such as G5/4 Traditional solutions include 12 pulse drives and passive filters Consider innovative solutions such as CPT and active filtering Systematic solution based on site specific parameters..
Harmonics Update
March 2004
39
Harmonics Update
March 2004
40

Siemens Harmonics Best Practice Presentation

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Siemens Harmonics Best Practice Presentation

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Practical Effects Of Harmonic Distortion

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Regulatory & System Issues

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Requirements For G5/4

Automation and Drives

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Harmonic Mitigation Techniques

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Effect Of Power Supplies

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Harmonic Mitigation Measures - Parallel Tuned Filters

Not normally recommended due to above constraints

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Six Pulse Drives

Standard drive configuration Compare with 12 pulse

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

12 Pulse Drive Solution

30 deg phase shift

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Theoretical Results VS Practical Data

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Harmonic Mitigation Measures - Harmonic Distortion

Idealised 6 pulse Characteristic

I.E. No even or triplen harmonics in theory!!

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Harmonic Mitigation Measures 12 Pulse

Idealised 12 pulse Characteristic

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

Practical Data Extracts Of Results taken by University Of Nottingham

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

6 Pulse Solution Without Additional Reactors

Current Amplitude (%)

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

6 Pulse Solution With 2% Line Reactor

0 DC 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Harm onic Num ber

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives

12 Pulse Drive Solution Without Additional Reactors

Polygonal transformer with inter-bridge reactors

Current Amplitude (%)

Automation and Drives

Power Frequency Harmonics & Variable Speed Drives