Conservation Voltage Reduction

and Voltage Optimization

Tyler Patton - SAIC

Overview

System statistics and drivers for CVR / VO

What is CVR?
Why does CVR work?
What is VO?
Why implement VO?
Case study
CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on VO = Voltage Op-miza-on

System Statistics
198.8 MW peak
640,620.5 MWh annual energy purchases
603,030.3 MWh annual energy sales
31,200 members
7 distribution substations
2,200 miles of distribution
Distribution is operated at 12.5/7.2 kV
MW = Megawatt

MWh = Megawatt-hour

kV = kilovolt

Potential Drivers for a Utility

New technologies can improve operation, monitoring, and
control
New rates from power supplier
Opportunity to receive grant funding from the power supplier
Support robust SCADA implementation plan
Stewards of our systems
Optimize to improve efficiency and leverage existing assets
Postpone expensive system upgrades or investments
Provide cost-effective solutions for utility and members

SCADA = Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

What Is Conservation Voltage Reduction?

At Substation
End of Feeder

V = 1.5V

Minimum Allowable Voltage on Primary Line

V = Volts

Why Does Conservation Voltage Reduction Work?

Load Types

( )( )
S

Si

k=0
k=1
k=2

Vi

Constant SPQ
Constant I
Constant Z

Source: IEEE Std 399-1980 Recommended Practice for Industrial & Commercial Power System Analysis (Brown Book)c

PU = Per Unit S = Constant Power Si = Constant Power V = Volts Vi = Voltage SPQ= Constant Power
I = Constant Current Z = Constant Impedance IEEE = Ins-tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

What Is Voltage Optimization?

1. Voltage optimization
Combina-on of distribu-on eciency and conserva-on voltage reduc-on

2. Why distribution efficiency?

System improvements reduce losses and aJen voltage prole

More distribu-on systems can take advantage of CVR
Ensures a certain level of distribu-on system stability
Reduces risk of supplying low voltage to customers

CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on

What Is Voltage Optimization?

Volts
126

Average Voltage
Standard Practice

120

Voltage
At Min

Voltage
At Peak
Feeder Length

114

Normal
Voltage
Operation

Normal Voltage Operating Range in Current Practice by Utilities

126

125

124

123

122

121

Conservation Voltage Reduction Lowering the Voltage

Volts
126

Average Voltage
Standard Practice

Average Voltage
CVR

120

114

Feeder Length

CVR Lower
Voltage

Apply Line Drop Compensation:

Changes voltage profile and allows additional voltage reduction

124
126

123
125

123
124

122
123

CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on V = Volts

121
122

120
121

Voltage Optimization
Average Voltage
Standard Practice

Volts
126

Average Voltage CVR

Average Voltage VO Practice

120

V Increased

114

Feeder Length

Voltage
Optimization

Voltage Optimization:
Flattens voltage profile and allows additional voltage reduction
Mitigates/prevents risk of low voltage and customer power quality issues.

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120
124

119
123

118
123

117
122

116
121

CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on V = Volts VO = Voltage Op-miza-on

115
120

Case Study: Substation A

(2) 161-12.47 kV, 25/33.3/41.6-46.7 MVA transformers
(6) 12.5/7.2 kV distribution feeders
300 miles of distribution
4,600 members
19.9 MW peak at 96% Pf (Summer)
20.6 MW peak at 98% Pf (Winter)
Regulated at 126 V
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kV = kilovolts MVA = Megavolt-amperes MW = MegawaJ Pf = Power Factor V = Volts

Case Study: Strategies

Strategies evaluated

Load balancing
Capacitor placement
Reduce voltage with LTC and regulators
Add monitoring points, as needed

Other strategies available

Multi-phasing
Feeder and substation load optimization
Reconductor backbone
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LTC = Load Tap Changer

Goal:
Reduce losses
and flatten
voltage profile

Case Study: Performance Thresholds

1. Phase balancing loss savings > 1 kW
2. Feeder power factor > 99%
3. Voltage at meter > 114 V and < 126 V (ANSI range)
4. Monitoring points for voltages > 115 V
ANSI is a registered trademark of American National Standards Institute in the U.S. and/or other countries.

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MW = MegawaJ V = Volts ANSI = American Na-onal Standards Ins-tute kW = kilowaJ

Case Study: Voltage Reduction Event

Percentage Voltage Reduction 5.0% (T1); 3.5% (T2)

Percentage Demand Reduction Unknown

Used same time period for three days prior to the event to trend change in demand

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Estimated % Demand Reduction 4.47% (T1); 2.09% (T2)

/%
%

CVR Factor =

0.89 (T1); 0.60 (T2)

T1 = Transformer 1 T2 = Transformer 2 CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on

Case Study: Load Mix (Summer)

Transformer 1 CVR Factor = 0.89
%Z = 8
%I = 82
%PQ = 10

Transformer 2 CVR Factor = 0.60

%Z = 7
%I = 53
%PQ = 40

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CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on Z = Constant Impedance I = Constant Current

Case Study: Recommendations

Jena Substation

Change
Phase of
Taps

Regulators
Add

Capacitors

Remove

Add

Remove

Add Monitoring
Points

Transformer 1
Feeder 1
Feeder 2

Feeder 3

Transformer 2
Feeder 1

Feeder 2
Feeder 3

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1
1

Case Study: Analysis Summary

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MW = MegawaJ

Case Study: Analysis Summary

Estimated Reduction with CVR/VO

Demand (MW)

30.0

20.0

CVR/VO
Substation A

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10:00

9:40

9:20

9:00

8:40

8:20

8:00

7:40

7:20

7:00

6:40

6:20

6:00

5:40

5:20

5:00

4:40

4:20

4:00

10.0

CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on VO = Voltage Op-miza-on MW = MegawaJ

Case Study: Analysis Summary

Average
Voltage
Reduction
(V)

Estimated Demand
Savings (1)

Estimated Energy
Savings (2)

(kW)

Annual ($)

(kWh)

Annual ($)

Total Estimated
Annual Savings
($)

Summer Peak

3.5 V (2.78%)

3,505

$28,040

14,020

$701

$28,741

Winter Peak

3.8 V (3.10%)

3,868

$30,944

15,472

$773

$31,717

Annual Total

7,373

$58,984

29,492

$1,475

$60,459

Notes:
1.Assumes CVR event at summer and winter peak at a demand rate of $8/kW
2.Assumes four-hour duration of CVR event for the summer and winter peaks and an energy rate of $0.05/kWh

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V = Volts CVR = Conserva-on Voltage Reduc-on kW = kilowaJ kWh = kilowaJ-hour

Thank You
Tyler Patton
Associate Engineer, Transmission and Distribution Planning and Analysis
131 Saundersille Road, Suite 300 | Hendersonville, TN 37075
Tel: 615.431.3245 | Email: Tyler.M.Patton@saic.com

Visit us at saic.com

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