4.

5
Georgia Performance Standard(s) MM3A2e, MM3A2f

Interpret Graphs of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Goal p Interpret graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions.

VOCABULARY Zeros Average rate of change

Your Notes

Example 1

Analyzing the graph of an exponential function

y Analyze the graph of the function 1 y 5 3x 2 3. (a) Identify the intercepts (1, 0) x 2 of the graph and the zeros of the function, if any. (b) Determine the (0, 22) intervals over which the function is increasing and decreasing. (c) Determine whether the average rate of change is greater between (1, 0) and (2, 6) or (2, 6) and (3, 24).

. a. The graph intersects the x-axis at the point So, the x-intercept is and the zero of the function . The graph intersects the y-axis at the is x 5 point . So, the y-intercept is . as you move b. The graph is moving . So, the function is from over the entire real number line. There are no intervals of . c. The average rate of change between (1, 0) and (2, 6)
2 1 is } 5

y 2y x22 x1

. The average rate of

y 2y x22 x1

2 1 change between (2, 6) and (3, 24) is } 5

5 greater between

. So, the average rate of change is and .

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Your Notes

Example 2

Analyzing the graph of a logarithmic function

y 1 (1, 0) 2 x

Analyze the graph of the function y 5 log4 x. a. Identify the zeros of the function, if any. b. Determine the intervals over which the function is increasing and decreasing. c. Determine whether the average rate of change is greater between (1, 0) and (4, 1) or (4, 1) and (5, 1.161). Solution . a. The graph intersects the x-axis at the point So, the zero of the function is x 5 . as you move b. The graph is moving from . So, the function is over the entire domain, that is, for all x > 0. There are . no intervals of c. The average rate of change between (1, 0) and (4, 1)
2 1 is } 5

y 2y x22 x1

. The average rate of

change between (4, 1) and (5, 1.161) is

y2 2 y1 } 5 x22 x1

. So, the average rate and .

of change is greater between

Checkpoint Complete the following exercise.

1. For the graph at the right, (a) identify any intercepts and zeros, (b) determine the intervals for which the function in increasing and decreasing, and (c) determine whether the average rate of change is greater between points A and B or between C and D.

D (3, 6)

C (2, 2)
1

B (1, 0)
2 x

A(0, 21)

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Your Notes

Example 3

Translate a natural logarithmic graph horizontally

Graph y 5 ln(x 2 1). State the domain and range. 1. Sketch the graph of the parent function . 2. Translate the parent graph . The translated graph passes through , 0), ( , 0.693), ( and ( , 1.099). The graphs . asymptote is The domain is . , and the range is
y 0.5 1 x

Checkpoint Graph the function. State the domain

and range. 2. y 5 ln(x 1 3)

y

0.5 1 x

Example 4

Translate a natural logarithmic graph vertically

Graph y 5 ln x 2 1. State the domain and range. Solution 1. Sketch the graph of the parent function . 2. Translate the parent graph . The translated ), graph passes through (1, (2, ), and (3, ). . The graphs asymptote is x 5 The domain is . , and the range is
1 1 x y

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Your Notes

Example 5

Graph and interpret a natural logarithmic function

Graph y 5 ln(x 1 2) 2 2. State the domain and range and analyze the graph of the function. 1. Sketch the graph of the parent function . 2. Translate the parent graph and . The translated graph , passes through , and The graphs asymptote is x 5 , and the range is
1 1 x y

. . The domain is .

3. Analyze the graph. The graph intersects the x-axis at about the point . So, the x-intercept is about and the zero of the function is x . The graph intersects the y-axis at about the point . So, the y-intercept is . The graph moves as you move from . over the entire So, the function is domain (x > 22). There are no intervals of because the function is . Of the points shown, the average rate of change is greatest and . between the points

Checkpoint Graph the function. State the domain

and range. 3. y 5 ln x 1 4
y

4. y 5 ln(x 2 3) 2 1
y

1 1 1 x

Homework

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Name
LESSON

Date

4.5

Practice
2. y 5 3x 1 2
y

Match the exponential function with its graph.

1. y 5 3x A. 3. y 5 3x 2 2
y 2

B.

C.

(0.631, 0)

1 1 x

(0, 1)
1 x 1

(0, 3)

(0, 21)

Match the logarithmic function with its graph.

4. y 5 ln x A.
y

5. y 5 ln(x 2 3) B.
21 21 y

6. y 5 ln x 2 3 C.
y

(3, 1.099)
1 21

(3, 21.901) x
1

(6, 1.099) (5, 0.693)

1

(2, 0.693) x (1, 0)

(2, 22.307) (1, 23)

(4, 0) x

In Exercises 710, analyze the graph. (a) Identify the intercepts of the graph and the zeros of the function, if any. (b) Determine the intervals for which the function is increasing and decreasing. (c) Determine whether the average rate of change is greater between points A and B or between points C and D.
7.
y

8.

D (3, 125)
1

D (5, 1) C (4, 0.86)

1

25 21

C (2, 25) B (1, 5) x A(0, 1)

B (2, 0.43) x A(1, 0)

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4.5
9.
2

Practice
y

continued
10.
y 1 1

A(0, 21)
1 B (1, 22) x

C (2, 24)

A(1, 0) x B (2, 21) D (4, 22)

C (3, 21.58) D (3, 28)

Graph the function. State the domain and range.

11. y 5 ln x 1 1
y

12. y 5 ln(x 2 2)
y

13. y 5 ln(x 1 1) 2 2
y

1 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 x

14. Ticket Prices The average price p (in dollars) of a professional auto racing ticket t

years after 2000 is shown in the graph. Identify the intercepts and the interval(s) for which the function is increasing and decreasing. Interpret the meaning in the context of the problem.
p 125 100 75 50 25 0

Average price (dollars)

p 5 50(1.1)t

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t Years since 2000

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