Ingress Protection (IP) ratings are developed by the European Committee for Electro Technical Standardization (CENE EC)

(described IEC!EN "#$%&)' specify the environmental protection an enclosure provides( The IP rating normally has t)o (or three) numbers* +( %( .( Protection from solid ob,ects or materials Protection from li-uids Protection against mechanical impacts (commonly omitted)

Example - IP Rating
/ith the IP rating IP $0' $ describes the level of protection from solid ob,ects and 0 describes the level of protection from li-uids(

IP First number - Protection against solid objects

# No protection(

Protected against solid ob,ects up to $#mm' e(g( accidental touch by hands(

Protected against solid ob,ects up to +%mm' e(g( fingers(

Protected against solid ob,ects over %($mm (tools and )ires)(

Protected against solid ob,ects over +mm (tools' )ire' and small )ires)(

Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful deposit)(

"

Totally protected against dust(

IP Second number - Protection against liquids

# No protection(

Protection against vertically falling drops of )ater e(g( condensation(

Protection against direct sprays of )ater up to +$o from the vertical(

Protected against direct sprays of )ater up to "#o from the vertical(

Protection against )ater sprayed from all directions o limited ingress permitted(

Protected against lo) pressure ,ets of )ater from all directions o limited

ingress(

"

Protected against lo) pressure ,ets of )ater' e(g( for use on ship dec1s 2 limited ingress permitted(

Protected against the effect of immersion bet)een +$cm and +m(

Protects against long periods of immersion under pressure(

IP Third number - Protection against mechanical impacts (commonly omitted)

# No protection(

Protects against impact of #(%%$ ,oule (e(g( +$#g )eight falling from +$cm height)(

Protected against impact of #(.3$ ,oule (e(g( %$#g )eight falling from +$cm height)(

Protected against impact of #($ ,oule (e(g( %$#g )eight falling from %#cm height)(

Protected against impact of %(# ,oule (e(g( $##g )eight falling from 0#cm height)(

Protected against impact of "(# ,oule (e(g( +($1g )eight falling from 0#cm height)(

"

Protected against impact of %#(# ,oule (e(g( $1g )eight falling from 0#cm height)(

CE 5ar1ing' machine ma1ers today are fitting their machines )ith parts that are certified according to E6 (European 6nion) and international standards(
In order to comply )ith stringent re-uirements for

Total electrical po)er consumption depends on real po)er 2 electrical energy consumption' and reactive po)er 2 imaginary po)er consumption' and can be e7pressed as W = Wapplied + Wreactive (1) where W = total power (Kilovolt Amps) Wapplied = true applied power (Kilowatts) Wreactive = apparent reactive power (Kilovolt Amps reactive)

Reactive Power
8eactive Po)er 2 Wreactive 2 is measured in volt2amperes reactive (9:8) and is the po)er stored in and discharged by the inductive motors' transformers or solenoids( 8eactive po)er re-uired by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent po)er 2 measured in 1ilovolt amps (19:) 2 in the distribution system( Increasing the reactive and apparent po)er causes the po)er factor 2 PF - to decrease(

IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) uses eight duty cycle designations to describe an electrical motors operating conditions*

S+ 2 Continuous duty( The motor )or1s at a constant load for enough time to reach temperature e-uilibrium( S% 2 Short2time duty( The motor )or1s at a constant load' but not long enough to reach temperature e-uilibrium( The rest periods are long enough for the motor to reach ambient temperature( S. 2 Intermittent periodic duty( Se-uential' identical run and rest cycles )ith constant load( Temperature e-uilibrium is never reached( Starting current has little effect on temperature rise( S0 2 Intermittent periodic duty )ith starting( Se-uential' identical start' run and rest cycles )ith constant load( Temperature e-uilibrium is not reached' but starting current affects temperature rise( S$ 2 Intermittent periodic duty )ith electric bra1ing( Se-uential' identical cycles of starting' running at constant load and running )ith no load( No rest periods( S" 2 Continuous operation )ith intermittent load( Se-uential' identical cycles of running )ith constant load and running )ith no load( No rest periods( S3 2 Continuous operation )ith electric bra1ing( Se-uential identical cycles of starting' running at constant load and electric bra1ing( No rest periods( S4 2 Continuous operation )ith periodic changes in load and speed( Se-uential' identical duty cycles run at constant load and given speed' then run at other constant loads and speeds( No rest periods(

Insulation systems are rated by standard NE5: (National Electrical 5anufacturers :ssociation) classifications according to ma7imum allo)able operating temperatures as follo)s* :llo)able Temperature 5a7imum ;peration Temperature 8ise at full load :llo)ed +(# service Temperature factor motor +) Tolerance Class :llo)able Temperature 8ise +(+$ service factor motor +)

<

+#$

%%+

"#

3#

+.#

%""

4#

&#

<

+$$

.++

+#$

++$

>

+4#

.$" T(o<) ? @T(oC)A(&!$) B .%

+%$

+)

:llo)able temperature rises are based upon a reference ambient temperature of 0# oC( ;peration temperature is reference temperature B allo)able temperature rise B allo)ance for Chot spotC )inding( E7ample Temperature Tolerance Class <* 0#oC B +#$oC B +#oC ? +$$oC( In general a motor should not operate on temperatures above the ma7imums( Each +# oC rise above the ratings may reduce the motorDs lifetime by one half( Temperature Tolerance Class = is the most common insulation class used on most "# cycle 6S motors( Temperature Tolerance Class < is the most common for international and $# cycle motors(

The service factor 2 SF 2 is a measure of periodically overload capacity at )hich a motor can operate )ithout overload or damage( The NE5: (National Electrical 5anufacturers :ssociation) standard service factor for totally enclosed motors is +(#(

: motor operating continuously at a service factor greater than + )ill have a reduced life e7pectancy compared to operating at at its rated nameplate horsepo)er( NE5: Service <actor at Synchronous Speed (8P5) for drip proof motors* Synchronous Speed (8P5) Po)er (>P) ."## +4## +%## &##

+!"' +!0' +!.

+(.$

+(.$

+(.$

+(.$

+!"

+(%$

+(%$

+(%$

+(%$

.!0

+(%$

+(%$

+(+$

+(+$

+(%$

+(+$

+(+$

+(+$

+ +!% and up

+(++$

+(+$

+(+$

+(+$

Example - Ser ice Factor

: + >P motor )ith a +(+$ SF can operate at 1 HP 1!1" = 1!1" HP

)ithout overheating or other)ise damaging the motor if rated voltage and fre-uency are supplied to the motor( Insulation life and bearings life are reduced by the service factor load(