Comparative Evaluation of Single-phase Unity Power Factor

ac-dc Boost Converter Topologies

A Pandey, Non-member
Prof B Singh, Fellow
Prof D P Kothari, Fellow

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of five topologies of single-phase ac-dc boost converters having power
factor correction (PFC). These converter topologies are evaluated on the basis of performance and their salient features
are discussed to analyze their applicability. Operation of these converters and their control schemes are described and
modeled using first-order differential equations. Performance of these converters is simulated and conformity of these
converters is shown to relevant international standards. This work aims to provide an exposure of PFC converters to
researchers and application engineers dealing with power quality issues.

Keywords: ac-dc power converter; PFC; Power quality improvement; Comparative study

INTRODUCTION the input ac voltage. However, the input current in these

Single-phase switch mode ac-dc converters are being used as
front-end rectifiers for a variety of applications due to the
advantages of high efficiency and power density. These
classical converters, however, draw-non-sinusoidal input ac
currents leading to low input power factors and injection of
harmonics into the utility lines1. Research in improved power
quality utility interface has gained importance due to stringent
power quality regulation and strict limits on total harmonic
distortion (THD) of input current placed by standards such as
IEC 61000-3-2 and IEEE 519-19922. This has led to consistent
research in the various techniques for power quality
improvement. Research into passive and active techniques for
input current wave shaping has highlighted their inherent
drawbacks. Passive filters have the demerits of fixed
compensation, large size and resonance whereas the use of
active filters is limited due to added cost and control
complexity3.
Research into switch mode power factor corrected ac-dc
converters has been in two directions namely buck and boost
type topologies1. The advantage of Buck type topology is that
the converter can provide variable output voltage, which is
lower than the input voltage. However, when the
instantaneous input voltage is below the output voltage the
current drops to zero and the results in significant increase in
input current THD4.
Design of input filters for power factor improvement in buck
converters is therefore complex and provides only limited im-
provement in input current quality. On the other hand the
boost type converter generate dc voltage, which is higher than
A Pandey and Prof D P Kothari are with Centre for Energy Studies and
Prof B Singh is with Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi,
Haus Khus, New Delhi 110 016.
This paper (redrafted) was received on July 4, 2003. Written discussion on this
paper will be received until November 30, 2004.
converters flows through the inductor and therefore can easily
be actively wave-shaped with appropriate current mode
control. Moreover, boost converters provide regulated dc
output voltage at unity input power factor and reduced THD
of input ac current. These converters have found widespread
use in various applications due to the advantages of high
efficiency, high power density and inherent power quality
improvement at ac input and dc output.
The preferred power circuit configuration of single-phase
boost converter5-18 is the most popular and economical PFC
converter consisting of diode bridge rectifier with step-up
chopper. Problems like low efficiency and reduced reliability
are addressed in subsequent work19-22. Where the semi-boost
converter topologies offers several advantages over basic boost
topology in terms of reduced input current THD, higher
efficiency and reliability. Half-bridge converter topology23-28
further enhances the efficiency and performance in some
typical applications. Whereas, the single-phase voltage source
converter (VSC) topology with bi-directional power flow
capability29-37 finds application in drives with regenerative
breaking, line interactive uninterruptible power supply (UPS),
static VAR compensator and battery energy storage system.
This paper provides a comparative study of single-phase PFC
topologies for applications where isolation is not required.
Complete mathematical modelling of PFC converters is
carried out. Simulation results are provided for evaluation of
converter performance under steady state and dynamic
conditions and performance of single-phase boost converter is
then experimentally verified. Finally, the converters are
compared on the basis of performance, efficiency, design and
control complexity.
CIRCUIT CONFIGRATIONS
PFC converter topologies considered in this work are
described in this section. The single-phase boost converter

102 IE (I) Journal—EL

with uni-directional power flow shown in Figure 1(a), is is L
realized by cascading single-phase diode bridge rectifier with
Idc
boost chopper topology. Another topology with uni-
directional power flow, semi-boost converter topology is
shown in Figures 1(b) and 1(c). These configurations are vs Cd vdc LOAD
implemented with two semi-conductor switches and two
diodes. The inductor L is on the input side. Figures 1(d) and
1(e) show half-bridge boost converter and voltage source Ü
converter based on half-bridge and full bridge topologies, re-
spectively. These two topologies allow bi-directional power
flow. LP Filter
ien
is Vdc
*
Ls idc i
s
is A
AB/C2 PI
vs Cd Load Vdc*
vdc
B
LP Filter C u(t)

Figure 1(a) Boost converter Figure 1(f) Control scheme of PFC converter

CONTROL SCHEME
idc The objective of the control scheme of the boost converters is
is Ls to regulate the power flow ensuring tight output voltage
vs Cd Load regulation as well as unity input power factor. Cascaded
vdc control structure shown in Figure 1(f) is the most extensively
used control scheme for these converters and essentially
similar control philosophy is applied to all the other
Figure 1(b) Symmetrical semi-boost converter topologies of boost converter. In this scheme, the output of
voltage regulator, limited to a safe value, forms the amplitude
of input reference current. This reference amplitude is then
multiplied to a template of input voltage to synchronize the
idc
reference with input voltage, as required for unity power
is L factor operation. The inductor current is forced to track its
s
vs Cd Load reference current using current controller, which generates
vdc
appropriate gating signals for the active device(s).

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF PFC

Figure 1(c) Asymmetrical semi-boost converter
CONVERTERS
The proposed PFC converter system comprises single-phase
ac supply, power converter circuit, and control scheme. In this
idc
section modelling equations of various components of the
is Ls C1 converter system are formulated separately to develop a
vs Cd Load comprehensive model for their performance simulation.
vdc
C2 Supply System
Under normal operating conditions the supply system can be
Figure 1(d) Half bridge converter
modeled as a sinusoidal voltage source of amplitude Vm and
frequency fs . The instantaneous voltage is given as:

idc vs (t) = V m sin ωt (1)

is Ls
vs
where ω = 2 π f s t electrical rad/s and t is instantaneous time.
Cd Load
vdc From sensed supply voltage, a template u(t) is estimated for
converter topologies with ac side inductor.
Figure 1(e) VSC converter u( t )= v s ( t ) / V m (2)

Vol 85, September 2004 103

u(t) for converter topologies with dc side inductor is obtained p iL = ( v d − v p ) / L − r ( iL / L ) (7)
from:

u (t ) = v s (t ) /Vm (3) p v dc = ( i p − v dc / R ) / C d (8)

where p is the differential operator (d/dt); r, the resistance of
DC Voltage Controller the inductor L; vd , the rectified line voltage at diode rectifier
The objective of dc voltage controller is described earlier. A output; R, the resistance of the load and vp is the PWM voltage
proportional integral (PI) voltage controller is selected for across the switch and is defined as
voltage loop for tight regulation of the output voltage. The dc vp = vdc (1 – S) (9)
voltage vdc is sensed and compared with set reference voltage
v *dc . The resulting voltage error v at nth sampling instant is: ip is the current through the boost diode and is defined as
e(n)
ip = iL (1 – S) (10)
ve(n) = v *dc
− v dc ( n ) (4) where S is the switching signal obtained from current regula-
Output of PI voltage regulator v0(n) at nth sampling instant is: tion loop. Its value is 1 (ON) or 0 (OFF) depending upon the
state of the switch.
v0(n) = v 0( n − 1) + K p ( v e ( n ) − v e ( n − 1 ) ) + K i v e ( n ) (5) Single-phase Semi-boost Converter
where K p and K i are the proportional and integral gain Two variants of semi-boost converter topologies are
constants. ve (n – 1) is the error at the (n – 1)th sampling instant. considered, ie, symmetrical and asymmetrical. Both types
The output of the controller v0(n) after limiting to a safe have identical characteristics. The variations lead to simplified
permissible value is taken as amplitude of reference supply current regulation in the symmetrical variant. The converter
current A. is described by two differential equations for inductor current
iL and dc link voltage across capacitor vdc .
PWM Current Regulator
p iL = ( v s − v p − r iL ) / L (11)
Current regulation loop is required for active wave shaping of
input current to achieve unity input power factor and reduced p v dc = ( i p − v dc / R ) / C d (12)
harmonics.
where PWM voltage and current are as:
Reference Supply Current Generation
vp = v dc ( S1 − S 2 ) (13)
The input voltage template B obtained from sensed supply
voltage is multiplied with the amplitude of reference source i p = i L ( S1 − S 2 ) (14)
current A in the multiplier-divider circuit. Moreover, a
component of input voltage feedforward C is also added to respectively;
improve the dynamic response of the converter system to line where S1 and S2 are switching states of switches S1 and S2,
disturbances (Figure 1(f)). The resulting signal forms the respectively.
reference for input current. The instantaneous value of the
Single-phase Half-bridge Converter
reference current is given as:
There are three modelling equations describing the model of
is* = AB / C 2 (6) the converter as:
Active Wave-shaping of Input Current p iL = ( v s + v p1 − v p 2 − r i L ) / L ; (15)
The inductor current error is the difference of reference
pv C 1 = − {i p1 + ( v dc / R )} / C 1 ; (16)
supply current and inductor current ( ien = i s* − is ) . This error
signal is amplified and compared to fixed frequency carrier pv C 2 = {i p 2 − ( v dc / R )}/ C 2 ; (17)
wave to generate gating signals for power devices of the
dc link voltage is as:
converter. PWM switching algorithm is selected depending on
the converter topology. vdc = ( v C 1 + v C 2 ) (18)

Modelling of PFC Converters and the PWM voltages and current are as
The converters are modelled using first order non-linear i p 1 = S1 i L (19)
differential equations. The number of equations is equal to the
number of energy storage components in the system. i p 2 = S 2 iL (20)
Single-phase Boost PFC Converter vp1 = S1 v C 1 (21)
The boost converter is modelled using two differential
equations for inductor current iL and dc link capacitor voltage vp2 = S 2 v C 2 (22)
vdc . here S1 and S2 are switching states of respective switches.

104 IE (I) Journal—EL

Single-phase Voltage Source Converter Table 2 Summery of topology/efficiency evaluation

The converter is described by two differential equations for Rectifier Number of Number of Number of Power Flow
inductor current iL and dc link voltage across capacitor vdc . Power Diodes Voltage
p iL = ( v s − v p − r i L ) / L (23) Switches Drop
Across
p v dc = ( i p − v dc / R ) / C d (24) Semi-
conductor
where PWM voltage and current are Devices
vp = v dc ( Sa − Sb ) (25)
Boost 1 5 3 unidirectional
i p = iL ( Sa − Sb ) (26)
Semi-boost 2 4 2 unidirectional
respectively;
Half Bridge 2 2 1 bi-directional
where
Sa = 1 if switches S1 and S4 are ON, otherwise Sa = 0. VSC 4 4 2 bi-directional

Sb = 1 if switches S2 and S3 are ON, otherwise Sb = 0.

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 200

Voltage, V
Input
Performance simulation of converters modelled and described 0
in the previous section is carried out for different loading – 200
conditions at 100-kHz switching frequency. The values of 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
inductor and capacitor are calculated for desired input current 10
Current, A
Input

ripple and output voltage ripple. A summery of performance 0

evaluation and topology features is presented in Tables 1 and – 10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
2, respectively. 450
Voltage, V
Output

Steady-State and Dynamic Performance 400

350
All five topologies considered in this work provide smooth dc 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
voltage at a power factor close to unity and show excellent 5
Current, A
Output

steady state and dynamic characteristics (Figures 2-5). Input

current THD is well below the limits stipulated by IEC61000- 0
3-2 and other standards. These converters exhibit satisfactory 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
voltage regulation at load variations from 325 W to 1625 W of Time, s
nominal. This makes these converters suitable for applications Figure 2(a) Dynamic performance of single-phase boost converter
with significant load variation. Half-bridge converter and
voltage source converter exhibit best characteristics in terms
of dc voltage regulation and input current THD. Input current
distortion at zero crossovers is also non-existent in these
converters.
2
Table 1 Summery of performance evaluation

Rectifier THD, % Power Factor Rise/Dip Settling 1.5

Magnitude, A

Heavy Light Heavy Light in Output Time

Load Load Load Load Voltage, Load
% Applica-
1
tion/
removal,
ms
0.5
Boost 0.3917 1.0572 1.000 0.999 2.41/3 47/47

Semi-
boost 0.4789 1.8680 1.000 0.999 2.41/3 47/47 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Half-
Harmonic Order
bridge 0.4394 1.8137 1.000 0.999 2.8/3.4 27/37
Figure 2(b) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase boost
VSC 0.4699 1.9093 1.000 0.999 2.41/3 37/27
converter at light load (325 W)

Vol 85, September 2004 105

 10 10
9 9

8 8

7 7
Magnitude, A

6 6

Magnitude, A
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Harmonic Order Harmonic Order
Figure 2(c) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase boost Figure 3(c) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase semi-
converter at heavy load (1625 W) boost converter at heavy load (1625 W)
Voltage, V

200
Voltage, V 200
Input

0
Input

0
– 200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 – 200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
10
Current, A

10
Current, A

0
Input

0
Input

– 10
– 10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
450
720
Voltage, V

Voltage, V
Output

400
Output

700
350 680
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
5 5
Current, A

Current, A
Output

Output

0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time, s Time, s

Figure 3(a) Dynamic performance of single-phase semi-boost converter Figure 4(a) Dynamic performance of single-phase half-bridge converter

2 2

1.5 1.5
Magnitude, A

Magnitude, A

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Harmonic Order Harmonic Order

Figure 3(b) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase Figure 4(b) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase half-
semi-boost converter at light load (325 W) bridge converter at light load (325 W)

106 IE (I) Journal—EL

 10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7
Magnitude, A

Magnitude, A
6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 10 20
30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Harmonic Order Harmonic Order
Figure 4(c) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase Figure 5(c) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase voltage
half-bridge converter at heavy load (1625 W) source converter at heavy load (1625 W)
200
Voltage, V

Efficiency
Input

0
– 200 Voltage drops across semi-conductor devices can have
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 significant effect on the overall efficiency of the converters.
10 Number of voltage drops across single-phase boost converter
Current, A

0 is three, whereas it’s reduced to two in semi-boost and voltage

Input

– 10 source topologies. In half-bridge topology its further reduced

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 to one thereby improving the efficiency considerably.
450
Voltage, V

However, this improvement in efficiency is achieved at

Output

400
increased cost of additional active switches and fast recovery
350 diodes. Low efficiency of half-bridge converters in
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
5 applications requiring bi-directional power flow cannot be
avoided as the capacitors are discharged into supply.
Current, A
Output

0 APPLICATION POTENTIAL OF PFC CONVERTERS

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Boost Converter is most economical and optimal converter in
Time, s
terms of performance and efficiency and provides
Figure 5(a) Dynamic performance of single-phase voltage source
unidirectional power flow. This converter is used as power
converter
factor pre-regulators for power supplies, electronic ballast and
low power drive applications where bi-directional power flow
is not required.
2
Semi-boost topologies are used in applications where
efficiency is critical. These converters provide increased
efficiency at the cost of added design and control complexity.
1.5 These converters are however, identical to boost converter in
Magnitude, A

terms of performance. Half bridge toplogy is used for drives/

on-line UPS applications. This converter provides a step up
1 ratio of 2 2 at very high efficiency and excellent dynamic
characteristics.
Single-phase voltage source converter is used for applications
0.5 where bi-directional power flow is required. This converter
has found use in traction drives, UPS etc. It has excellent
dynamic characteristics and operates at high efficiency.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF SINGLE-PHASE
Harmonic Order BOOST CONVERTER
Figure 5(b) Harmonic spectrum of input current for single-phase voltage Performance of single-phase boost converter is experimentally
source converter at light load (325 W) tested to identify the numerous non-topological factors that

Vol 85, September 2004 107

can impact the quality of current drawn by these converter as
well as to develop greater confidence in the simulation studies
carried out in the paper. A Texas Instrument IC-UC3854A
power factor controller based implementation is carried out for a
500 W, universal line (80 V-270 V) single-phase boost
converter. The power circuit is fabricated with IRFP460
MOSFET and MUR460 fast recovery diode with Ls = 1.1 mH
and C d = 560 µF . The converter is fed from ac lines via an
autotransformer followed by an isolation transformer to
provide variable input voltage and protection, respectively.
Figure 6 shows the distortion in the input voltage caused by
distorted current when the system is operated as an
uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier. Harmonic current
interacting with the source impedance, primarily due to
utility lines and transformers, causes this distortion. This
distortion is corrected by triggering the power factor
controller and waveshaping the input current into desired
sinusoid as shown in Figure 7(a). The input current and
voltage waveforms shown in Figure 7 matches with the
simulation results shown in Figure 2. This validates the mathe-
matical model as well as simulation tools used in the
comparative evaluation.
The input current THD of the boost converter is slightly
lower under simulated conditions as several factors like non-
linearity in multiplier, source impedance, deviation of input
voltage from desired sinusoidal shape, addition of EMI filter,
tolerances in passive components and limited bandwidth and
non-linearity in sensor circuits were neglected in developing
the mathematical model of the converter for performance
simulation. These factors have a very local influence and can
vary significantly in different systems as well as utility
Figure 6 Input current and voltage waveforms of diode rectifier
Figure 7(a) Input voltage and current waveforms of single-phase boost
converter
108
Figure 7(b) Output voltage waveform of single-phase boost converter
connections. Moreover, incorporating these factors in
mathematical model can complicate analysis and simulation.
CONCLUSION
Modelling and simulation of PFC converters are carried out
and single phase boost converter is experimentally tested to
verify the simulation results and identify the numerous
reasons impacting PFC converters in general. Performance
and applicability of these converters are presented on the basis
of simulated results under identical line and load conditions. A
comprehensive summery of performance indices and
topological features are provided. From the study it can be
inferred that single-phase boost topology is optimal in terms of
performance, efficiency, cost and power density and is
therefore suitable for most applications. Half-bridge toplogy is
the most efficient topology with excellent performance. Its
application is however limited due to restriction on minimum
step-up ratio of 2 2 and low efficiency during inverter mode.
Semi-boost topologies provide excellent performance and high
efficiency for power factor pre-regulator applications for
switched power supplies and drives systems albeit at higher
cost of implementation and control. Voltage source converters
offer bi-directional power flow at high efficiency and variable
power factor. The potential applications of VSC can be UPS,
static VAR compansator, and battery charging.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First named author expresses sincere thanks to the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research for the financial assistance
provided under Award No 9/86(456)/2000-EMR-I to carry
out this research.
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