Researchpaper06/09/2009 GENDERINEQUALITY IN NORTHERNIRELAND

1.

Introduction

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ThisfirsteditionpaperhasbeencreatedforusebyRealfathersForJusticeforuseinmeetingwithandnamelythe GenderandEqualityUnitwithintheOFMDFMwhichcoversequalitybetweenmenandwomen,peoplewithand withoutdependants,peopleofdifferentmaritalstatus,andpeopleofdifferentsexualorientation. "...itsaddensmethatweevenhavetohaveawomen'smovementandamen'smovementbutreallytherewasnochoice. Icouldn'tstopthefeministmovementfromhijackingmyworkinLondonatmyrefugeinChiswick.Theywanted fundingandmywork,twentyfiveyearsagoasthefirstrefugeintheworldseemedheavensentforthem.Nomatter thatItoldthemthatoutofthefirsthundredwomenthatcameintoChiswicksixtytwowereasviolentasthementhey left.Icouldn'tgetanycoverageforthetruth.'Allmenarebastardsandrapists'istheonlytruththatthewomen's movementwerepreparedtohear....Now,withthehelpofthisevilmovementfather'sroleinfamilylifeseemstobe irrelevant....."ErinPizzey. WithinNorthernIrelandsection75equalitylawsitisstatedthatthereshouldbedueregardtotheneedtopromote equalityofopportunity betweenpersonsofdifferentreligiousbelief,politicalopinion,racialgroup,age,maritalstatusorsexual orientation betweenmenandwomengenerally betweenpersonswithadisabilityandpersonswithout betweenpersonswithdependantsandpersonwithout

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5. 6.

Thispaperreviewsrecentresearchanddatarelatingtomenandboys,thegeneralpatternorpapersofthistypewill usuallyportrayasubjectiveimagethatisdevoidofobjectivefactsinrelationtogenderinequality.Researchofthistype ismerelyhighlightingthefactthatwhilethereistheneedforequalitybetweenmenandwomenitshouldbenotedthat theinequalitiesfacebymenandtoanextentgirlsandboysallcomesecondplacetowomensrights Fromresearchthereisalsotheneednowtodefineacodeofrightsandethicsintermsofmotherandfather.Whenfaced withparenthoodthescopeofwhatisclassedasrightsneedfurtherdevelopment,theuseofoutdatedsocialstereotypes cannotbeusedinfuturepolicymakinginNorthernIreland. Equalitybetweengendershashighlightedfromresearchingdevelopedcountriesthattherightsofwomensupersedethe rightsofmothers,men,fathers,andchildren.

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EqualitybetweenwomenandmeninNorthernIreland Theequalitydebatecanbedividedintoanumberofkeyareas familylaw matrimoniallaw domesticviolenceandallotherviolence

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criminallaw labourmarketrepresentation povertyandsocialsecurity education mortalityandmorbidity

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Familylaw:Withindomesticlawthereareseveralareasthataredevoidofgenderequalitybetweenachildsbiological mother(woman)andbiologicalfather(man)

3.1Parentalresponsibility E1061/09EN,Mr.Barrot,onbehalfoftheCommission,16/04/2009Theregulation(Councilregulation(EC) No2201/2003)doesnotusethetermsofdefinitionsoffatherormother,butonlythetermofholderof parentalresponsibility,therebyunderliningtheEuropeanlegislatorswilltodrawnodistinctionbetweenthe parentsandtotreatthemequally Parentalresponsibilityisonlyautomaticallygainedbybiologicalfathersiftheyaremarriedtothebiologicalmother Parentalresponsibilityisonlygainedforunmarriedbiologicalfathersifthebiologicalmotherallowssaidfatherto signthebirthcertificate Parentalresponsibilityallowancesthatareaffordedtobiologicalfathersmayhavetobeorderedthroughjudicial order,e.g.,educationandhealthissuesthataffectthechild Parentalresponsibilityinallrealtermsisonlyenforceableintermsoffinance,thesamemeasuresthataretakento enforcefinanceagainstfathersshouldbeusedagainstmothersintermsofthesocialaspectsofparental responsibility 3.2Contact Achildhasnopresumptionindomesticlawtohavecontactwithitsbiologicalfatherandabiologicalmothercanat anytimestopachildfromseeingitsbiologicalfather.Thisrunsagainstparliamentsintentionswhentheywere creatingthechildrensactandsubsequentactsandordersthatwereinstalledinNorthernIrelandinwhere parliamentstatedthatthebestinterestsofachildarebestservedbyretainingtheloveandcareofbothitsparents. LawsthatconsiderchildcontactwithitsbiologicalfatherinNorthernIrelandarenotcomplianttotheEuropean humanrighttofamilylifearticle8,andarticle7oftheUNconventionoftherightsofchildreninwhereachild shouldhavetherighttoknowandwherepossiblehavethecareofbothitsparents Socialservicescurrentlydonothavethepowertoenforcecontactbetweenachildanditsbiologicalparent,nordo theyhavetrainingandguidanceontheemotionalstateofchildrenaffectedbyperiodsofnocontactwithoneor moreofitsparents. WheretheylawstatesthatdelaywillprejudiceachildswelfareinNorthernIrelandtheprocessforabiological fathertogaincontactofhischildcanbeaprocessthattakes7monthsonwards.Thisprocessformsthebasison inequalityinfamilylawtowardsthebiologicalfatherandaprocessthatcanbemanipulatedbybiologicalmothers tofurtherfrustratecontact. Contactisincreasinglybeinggiventofathersinchildcontactcentresbecauseofthedelayinvolvedincaseshas emotionallydamagedthechildbutasofyetnorecognitionoftheemotionalchildabusethatisperpetratedby mothersintheseinstanceshasbeenrecordedoractedon InthefamilylawcourtsintheUKjudgesareallowedtoviolateabiologicalfathersEuropeanrighttofamilylife ergoUKcourtsviolateabiologicalfathersEuropeanhumanrighttoafairtrial,bothviolationarealsoinflictedupon thechildandsubstantiatesthefactthattherightsofwomensupersedetherightsoffathers,menandchildren. Contactorderscanbeviolatedbymotherswithoutpunishmentanyotherjudicialorderthatisgiveninthefamily lawcourtstofatherswillbepunished.Ithasbeenstatedbythehomeofficethatitisnotinthebestinterestsofthe childtopunishthemother,thatsaidmothersarepunishedforexampleparkingticketsandhighlightsthe discriminationthattakesplaceinfamilylawcourts. E1061/09EN,Mr.Barrot,onbehalfoftheCommission,16/04/2009theregulation(Councilregulation (EC)No2201/2003)providesforjudgmentsonaccessrightstobedirectlyrecognizedandenforceablein allMemberStates,whenaccompaniedbyacertificateissuedbythejudgewhogavetherulingwithout anyintermediateprocedure(exequatur)required 3.3Residence

InnorthernIreland10%ofloneparentsarebiologicalfathers,biologicalfathersinthemajorityofcasesareadvised

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eventhoughitisinthebestinterestsofthechildforthemtoresidewiththeirfathernottoapplyforresidenceofa childastheprocessofgainingresidenceofachildforafatherhasbeenmadenearimpossibleaseventhough instancesofchildabusethathavetakenplacebythemotherwillnotaffectthecase. Globalstudieshavefoundthatthemosthighriskresidenceforachildtoresideisinitsbiologicalmothers residence,aresidenceinwherethebiologicalfatherisabsent.Risksincludeabuse,highlevelsofantisocial behaviour,highdrugandalcoholuse,loweducationalachievement,mentalillness,povertyandsuicide. AstudydonebyCIVITASin2002concursthatthemajorityofsocialproblemswithchildrencanbelinkedtothe growingproblemoffatherlesshomes GeographicallyNorthernIrelandisasmallcountrywithagoodinfrastructureandapresumptionofshared residenceshouldbethenormwhenparentalcoupleseparate. 3.4Familylawcourt Thesecourtsrunmainlyonthesocialstereotypesofmenandwomenandapplysaidstereotypestomothersand fathers.Thecontinuingsocialstereotypethatallwomenarevictimsregardlessofthecircumstancehasledtojudges holdingwhatissaidbymothersinthesecourtsasbeingtrue Thesecourtsmakejudgementsbasedonabalanceofprobabilitiescoupledwithsocialstereotypingwithouttesting ofevidencetheinequalityofaprobablylawservesafatherandchildrenaninjustice Therearemothersrights,therearetoanextentchildrensrightsthereshouldbefathersrights.Whenwehavethese rightsthenthereshouldbeparityinequalityofrightsandnoonepersonrightscanbeheldaboveanothers,if parityofrightsisnotachievedthenforfathersandchildrenthentheydonthaverightstheydontgetequality theydontgetjusticetheygetinjustice. Therecognitionofchildabuseintermsofparentalalienationshouldberecognisedandshouldbeanimportant factorindeterminingtheresidenceofthechildtoprotectthechildsbestinterestsfrombeingabused Evidencegivenbypartiesandoutsidepartiesshouldbedeliveredunderoath Thecourtprocessshouldbeopenandaccountabletothepublic Breakingofallordersshouldbepunishableunderthelawsofthelandasitisnotinthebestinterestsofachildto bepartytoaparentwhoopenlyfloutsthelaw AsnapshotfromCOACin2006fromthefamilylawcourtsinnorthernIrelandshowthatfathersmakeupover halfoftheapplicantstocourtincomparisonsocialserviceapplicantsmakeup10%,theveryfactafatherhasto applytocourtforcontactiscloggingupasystemthatisnotactinginthebestinterestsofchildrenwhoreallydo needhelp Theprincipleofnodelayisnotinteroperatedintodomesticlawandthe[processesofthecourtsworkbackwards intermsofthewrittenlawandleadstoinequalitytofathersandchildrenwhenanycaseconcerningresidenceor contactisbroughtbeforethem 4. Matrimoniallaw Thelegalityofmarriagecannowbeseenasabreachofhumanrightsformen,theemergenceofnofaultdivorcehasledtothe courtsopenlydiscriminatingagainstmenintermsofchildrenandfinanceandisblatantlyseentothosewhohavewent throughtheprocessofaacrimoniousdivorceisthatwhenawoman/motherappliesforanofaultdivorcethefinanceaspect takesprecedentoverthechildren. Thedivorceindustryhasthrivedonsocialstereotypesofmen/afatherthatisunderlinedwithasubjectiveideologythat women/mothersdonowronginrelationships. Upondivorceaman/fatherwhohavedonenowrongbyhispartnercanfindhimself Homeless Lossofcontactwithchildren Lossofsavings Lossofpension Lossofotherassets Theywayinthatthelegalindustryworksondivorceworksonthesameprincipleofprostitution,thecaseisputforward thatthewoman/motherhassacrificedherbodyorlifetoherhusbandandinreturndeservespayment. 4.1Atpresent75%ofalldivorcesarecalledforbywives.TheEmperor'sNewClothessurveyofdivorcemenfoundthata manpays29,306tohislawyersandtransfers57,966tohiswifeofwhichshethenpays20,000toherlawyers.Thus

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lawyersbenefitby49,306onaverageperdivorce.Ifamantakesthestepofmarryingandhaschildren:

Hehasa50/50chanceof:divorcing,losingcustodyofhischildrenandpaying87,272(avg) Hewillhavea1in3chanceoflosinghishome Hewillhavea1in10chanceoflosingcontactwithhischildrenforever Itisalmostcertainshewillkeepherchildren Shewillalsohavea1in3chanceoflosingherhome Havea50/50chanceshewillbenefitby37,966(avg)

Ifawomantakesthestepofmarryingandhaschildren:

5.

Domesticviolenceandallviolenceagainsttheperson

Themalegenderregardlessofagearethemostlikelygendertobethevictimofviolentcrime Malevictimsofdomesticviolencedonothaveaccesstothesamefacilitiesasfemalevictimsofdomesticviolence Fatherswhoarevictimsofdomesticviolencehavenorefugetoseekshelterforthemselvesandtheirchildrenfroma violentpartnerandarenotaffordedbylawtotakeautomaticresidenceoftheirchildrenwhenfacedwithanabusive father PSNIfiguresshowthatintermofreporteddomesticviolencecrimes,crimesagainstthemalepopulationhasrisen andthatacrimeagainstfemaleshasdecreased. TheHomeOfficerecognisesviatheBritishCrimeSurveysthatthereportingofdomesticviolenceinmenisthe mostunderreportcategory The1in4figureusedtoportraydomesticviolenceagainstwomenhasbeenusedinappropriatelyandisdefinedby theHomeOfficeasanillustrativeterm.Thisfigurehasinfiltratedallaspectsofsocialandcriminalpolicyinvolving domesticandhassurpassedallstandardsinequalityandmutatedintooneofthebiggestinequalitiesagainstmen andchildrenindomesticviolencepolicy.Thefinalwordonthis1in4figureisthatintheearly1990sthisfigure wasgivenfordomesticviolenceagainstwomen,recordedcrimesagainstwomenhavefalldrasticallyyetitstill affects1in4women,mathematicallythisisnotpossiblebutyetissubjectivelyusedasfact. In2005/06,34,408violentoffences(violenceagainsttheperson,sexualoffencesandrobbery)wererecordedbythe police.Forthoseoffenceswherethegenderofthevictimisknown,58%weremaleand42%werefemale(Source: CentralStatisticsUnit,PSNI2005/06). Inreviewingliteraturefromelsewhereondomesticabuseagainstmen,GaddetalciteBrogdenandHarkinsstudy inNorthernIreland(BrogdenandHarkin,2000).Thisstudyinvolvedinterviewswith50menwhohadexperienced domesticviolence,3inrelationshipswithmalepartners,andtherestwithfemalepartners.Fewreportedattacksas isolatedincidents,butmostregardedemotionalabuseasmoresustainedandsignificantthanphysicalviolence. Concealmentofabusewascommon,thoughsomemenreportedreceivingsupportfromfriends,though sympatheticandhelpfulresponsesfromstatutoryserviceproviderswereararity Thehelplinereceivesmanycallsfrommenwhoarevictimsofdomesticabusewhorefusetoleavetheirhome becauseoflosingcontactwiththechildren.Thisfear,whichiscommonwithfemalevictims,iscompoundedfor menbecauseofthepoorreputationandbiaswithinthefamilycourtsystemagainstequalparenting.Theyfeelthat iftheyfleethefamilyhome,theywillneverseetheirchildrenagain.Inaddition,theywillnotleavetheirchildren withamotherwhoisviolent. MankindUK,2008 8%ofmalerespondentssaidthattheysufferedfromdomesticviolencecomparedto15%offemalerespondents,as PSNIfiguresshowthatcrimesshowathreefolddifferenceitisapparentthatnotenoughresearchiscarriedoutin NorthernIrelandintermsofmalevictimsofdomesticviolence Thetypesofviolencemostfrequentlyreportedbymalerespondentswerekicked,bittenorhit(reportedby4%), andstoppedfromseeingfriends/relativesandpushed,pinneddownorslapped(bothreportedby3%). DomesticcrimesurveyNorthernIreland2008 Theadultvictimisationrateformaleswas6.6in1997and3.9in2003/04comparedto2.4in1997and3.2in 2003/04forfemales.

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6.

Criminallaw itisnotinthebestinterestsofchildrentopunishtheirmothersyetitisinthebestinterestofchildrento punishtheirfathers AmotherwhokillsheryoungbabyintheUKisnotheldresponsibleformurderbutthelessercrimeof infanticidethisisnotapplicabletofatherswhomaybesufferingstressordepression.Thishelpsmothersbut doesnothingtoprotectvulnerablechildren menare20timesaslikelyaswomentobestoppedandsearched.(homeoffice) Convictions

1.

Thevastmajorityofthoseconvictedincourtaremen89%(23,478)ofallindividualcourtconvictionsin 1999,comparedto11%(3,046)forwomen. Ofallcourtconvictionsmenaremorelikelytobeconvictedofindictableviolenceagainstthepersonoffences (24%)thanwomen(20%). Source:AllfiguresabovefromGenderandtheNorthernIrelandCriminalJusticeNIO/NISRA,2002. ThevastmajorityoftheaverageNorthernIrelandprisonpopulationismale(1,393male,41femalein2006). 96%ofprisonersaremale,thebestindicatorofsentencingisgender(Homeofficestudyfrom20023)

7.

Labourmarketrepresentation

Menareunderrepresentedinvariouslabouroccupations,namelyineducationandhealth.Figuresfor employmentofmenintheseareashavewidenedwithfewermenbeingemployedinthesesectors. Unemploymentrateinmales2006was5.5%incomparisonto3.1%oftheparticipationnumbers.Women maybeunderrepresentedinthelabourmarketintermsofparticipationbutthisreflectsonthefactthatgiven thechoicetobeastayathomemotherorladyofleisuresomewomendomakethischoice. In2005/0684%ofprimaryschoolteacherswerefemaleand16%weremalewhile64%ofpostprimary schoolteacherswerefemaleand36%weremale.Forteachersworkinginspecialschools,82%werefemale and18%weremale. In2005/06,ofthefulltimeacademicstaffatNIHigherEducationInstitutions,1,730weremaleand985were female.Oftheparttimeacademicstaff,140werefemaleand70weremale Whatgoesunrecognisedbycurrentpolicymakersisthatmenhaveanapproxworkinglifeof45yearsandthe inequalitiesconcerningrepresentationatmanageriallevelandpaygapsbecomingequalwilltakesome45years tocomeintofruition. In2005/06,ofthefulltimeteachingatNIFurtherEducationColleges,1,097weremaleand1,045werefemale. Oftheparttimeteachingstaff,2,178werefemaleand1,287weremale. Therearemoregovernmentfundedprogrammestoenablewomentostarttheirownbusinessesthanmen.This notonlyshowsinequalitybutshowsthatregardlessofabilityfundingisgenderspecificandfundingmaybe wastedonbusinessesthatshouldnotbefunded. BusinessesinNorthernIrelandintermsconstructionandmanufacturinghavedecreasedtomakewayfora moreservicebasedindustry,manymenlacktherelevanteducationskillstogainemploymentinthissector Femaleparticipationintrainingandemploymentprogrammeoccupancystandsat40%in2001asmentioned inareportfromthegenderequalityunitin2002andishighlightedasasourceofinequalityinwomen.This figuredoesnotincludethenumeroustrainingprogrammesthatareprovidedthrougheachlocalwomans supportgroupsthroughoutNorthernIreland.Thisextratrainingthatispublicallyfundedisnotequally affordedtomen. 22%ofmencomparedto4%ofwomenusuallyworkover48hoursperweek(Source:LFS,AprilJune2006).

7.1Womenhavemultiplelifestyleopportunitiesversusmen'ssingleopportunityi.e.work.Atpresentwomenhavethe optionto

Work Stayathomeasahousewife Stayhomewithchildren Workparttimeandcareforchildrenparttime

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8.

Povertyandsocialbenefits

Menhavetopaythemajorityofthetaxes(men:77B/yearwomen:39B/year)butbenefittheleastfromthese taxesespeciallysincetheydie7yearsearlierthanwomen. Theretiringpensionagesformenandwomenareunequali.e.womenretireat60andmenhavetoretireat65.This willnotbecorrecteduntiltheyear2020.Sincewomenlive7yearslongerthanmenitcanbesaidthatmenreceive 12yearslessbenefitsfor5yearsmorework Marriedmenareespeciallydiscriminatedagainstcomparedtoloneparents.Foreverylevelofearningsa loneparentwithchildrenhasmoreleftinherpocketthanamarriedmanwiththesamenumberofchildrenwhohas tosupportoneextraadult(P.Morgan:FarewelltotheFamily).Thisisbecauseloneparentshaveearnings disregardsandextrabenefits. Personalallowancescanbetransferredfromthehusbandtothewife,buttheycannotbetransferredfromthewife tothehusband Nearlytwiceasmanysinglemen(6,709)thansinglewomen(3,405)presentedashomelesstotheNIHEduringthe financialyear2005/06(Source:NIHE). In2005/06,41%ofmaleadultinformalcarerswereinfulltimeemploymentcomparedto25%offemaleadult informalcarers.

9.

Education

Theagegroupforboysandgirlsoftheageshowsthatthereare3600moreboysintheageofGCSEandAlevel examinationage.Fromthisonly202moreboyssatGCSEexaminationsandintermsofAlevelexaminationsgirls outnumberboycandidatesby1890candidates. Only39percentofboycandidatesofGCSEenterintoAleveleducationcomparedto55%girls. (SourceNorthSouthastatisticalprofile2008)

Girls (53%) outperform boys in terms of achieving two or more A levels or equivalent in 2004/05 compared to boys(36%)(Source:Schoolleaverssurvey2004/05,DE). Afterleavingschool75%ofgirlsprogressedtofurtherorhighereducationcomparedto56%ofboys(Source: Schoolleaverssurvey2004/05,DE). In20014%ofgirlsleftschoolwithnoGCSEqualificationcomparedwith8%ofboys.66%ofgirlsleftschool withatleast5GCSEA*Ccomparedwith50%ofboys. In2005/06therewere9,015femalesgaininganundergraduatequalificationcomparedto5,045males.Intermsofall typesofhighereducationqualifications,females(11,585)wereawardedalmosttwiceasmanyasmales(6,840).

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10. mortalityandmorbidity

Suicide,menare3timesmorelikelytocommitsuicidethanwomen,Thereislittleresearchorpublicfundinginto thehighestcauseofexternaldeathinIreland,malesuicideoutnumbersroadtrafficaccidentsandyetmillionsare spentonourroadseachyear AlcoholismandDrugAbuse,thenumberofregisteredvictimsinbothcategoriesareinthevastmajoritymen. Directstrategicallyactionplansneedputinplacetocurbthisincreasingnumber Theproportionofmalesthatreportconsuminglevelsofalcoholabovethesensiblelevelwas17%in1990/91and 33%in2002/03.Theproportionoffemalesthatreportconsuminglevelsofalcoholabovethesensiblelevelwas5% in1990/91and11%in2002/03. Persistentlyhigherincidenceofsmokingisfoundamongstmalescomparedtofemales.Theproportionofmales thatreportedbeingacigarettesmokerwas33%in1990/91and27%in2004/05.Theproportionoffemalesthat reportedbeingacigarettesmokerwas31%in1990/91and25%in2004/05. Stress&Depression,socialeconomictriggerssuchasunemployment,familylawanddomesticviolencearemajor causesofstress&depressioninmen.Menaremorelikelytobeunemployedandwhenunemployedforlonger periodsthananyoneelse. Cancer,prostatecancerneedsanearlyscreeningprocess,anNHSsurveyin2005showsthatsuffersofprostate cancerhavetowaitlongerfortreatmentthanmostothercancersandinthewaitingperiodthesuffermore deteriorationandaretwicelesslikelytoreceiveadequatepainrelief. Cancerskillmoremalesthanfemaleseachyearyetcancerresearchformalecancersareunderfunded,uptodate healthtargetsfortheUKinclude:B1reductionofbreastcancerby25%,andB2reductionofcervicalcancerby 20%.Thereisnotevenamentionofprostate,ortesticularcancertargets TheEuropeanagestandardisedrate(EASR)forallcancersformaleswas569per100,000in1993and543per 100,000in2004.TheEASRforallcancersforfemaleswas451per100,000in1993and443per100,000in2004. Somaticillness,anillnessthatcannotbediagnosedbyanyonesymptomandisusualtheyeffectofseveral differentfactorssuchasstress&depression,unhealthylifestyle.Studieshaveshownmenareunlikelytoseek medicalhelp,atrendthatwillbereversedtroughourcharity. Physical,themalepopulationisatthehighestrateofanyvictimofphysicalviolentcrime.Coupledwiththe currentculturaltabooonalevictimsthisgroupneedsextensivehelp&support Preventativehealthcare,asofyetthisapproachhasnotyetbeenfullyimplementedwithinthemalepopulation, thereisaneedfordedicatedhealtheducationandservicesthatareapplicabletothemalepopulation. Unsafesexuallifestyle,intermsofalcoholism,druguseamongothersthepracticeofunsafesexualpracticescould occur.Thisinturnleadstowidespreadsexuallytransmitteddiseasesandunplannedbirthsthefurtherresultin futureongoingsagaofthoseaffected Debt/poverty,separatedfathersorpartnerscanfaceanarrayofforcedpaymentsregardlessoftheirneedfor shelter,food,heat&lightandclothing.Thisinturncanleadtoseveralhealthproblems,lowstandardoflivingand inmanycasessuicide. CircumcisionoffemaleshasbeenagainstthelawintheUKformanyyearshowevercircumcisionofmalesisstill widelypracticed,andislinkedtodisease,injury,andpsychologicalproblems

References 1. IrelandNorthSouthStatisticalProfile2008 2. GENDEREQUALITYINDICATORSFORNORTHERNIRELAND:ADISCUSSIONDOCUMENT.2004 3. Genderequalitystrategy20052016,OFMDM

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