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Introduction
[Generator Voltage Regulators] is intended to explain the basic principles of excitation systems in general . We will look at the basic components of a voltage regulator. We will also look at generator capability curves and the URAL limits that are set in the voltage regulator.
Objectives
At the completion of this course of instruction you will:
Describe how a basic generator works Describe the basic operating principles of excitation systems in general. Describe how a voltage regulator works. Describe how to read a generator capability curve.
Basics of Magnets
Permanent Magnet is an object made from a material that is
magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some rare earth metals and some of their alloys (e.g., Alinco), and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism. Some ferromagnetic materials can be magnetized by a magnetic field but do not tend to remain magnetized when the field is removed; these are termed soft. Permanent magnets are made from magnetically hard ferromagnetic materials that stay magnetized.
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Basics of Magnets
An electro magnet is made from a coil of wire which acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it, but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often an electromagnet is wrapped around a core of ferromagnetic material like steel, which enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.
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Basic Generator
Electromagnetic induction is the fundamental principle used to generate electricity. There are three elements required for generating electricity using the principle of electromagnetic induction: A conductor to carry a current A magnetic field Relative movement between the conductor and the magnetic field
Direction of Rotation
Load
DrP-891
Basic Generator
Theory of Operation A Simple AC Generator consist of (a) a strong magnetic field (usually produced by a electromagnet), (b) conductors that rotate through that magnetic field, and (c) a means by which a continuous connection is provided to the conductors as they are rotating (Figure 3). The strong magnetic field is produced by permanent magnet or a current flow through the field coil of the rotor. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the use of slip rings and brushes. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings to provide the continuous connection between the field coil and the external excitation circuit. The armature is contained within the windings of the stator and is connected to the output. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of AC is developed. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of the rotor. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of the rotor. Most generators are operated at a constant speed; therefore, the generated voltage depends on field excitation, or strength.
Basic Generator
Basic Generator
Excitation Systems
The Exciter is the Back bone of the generator control system. It is the power source that supplies DC current to the voltage regulator which adjust the magnetizing current to the field windings of a synchronous generator thereby inducing AC voltage and current in the generator. There are many different types of exciters, depending on the design and type of generator.
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Excitation Systems
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Excitation Systems
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Alternator-rectifier type excitation system using a shaft driven Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG).
This type of voltage regulator utilizes a permanent magnet generator, usually called a PMG. The PMG is attached to the very end of the turbine shaft and rotates at shaft speed. When the turbine is at operating speed the PMG produces sufficient current for the exciter field - close the field breaker and the field is powered. Besides supplying power to the field the field breaker performs the same function as it did in the previous example to remove power to the generator field on a generator trip signal.
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Alternator-rectifier type excitation system using a shaft driven Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG).
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The static exciter voltage regulator is generally found on newer units or upgraded units. The big advantage of this type of system is fewer moving parts. The rotating exciter and its brushes are gone. So is the exciter field Thyrister regulator. Following initial field flashing from a plant power source, the generator output supplies power for its field. The power converter performs the task of converting generator output AC to DC for the field. But unlike the rotating exciter types, input from the voltage regulator controls its DC output. 15
Excitation Systems
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Excitation Systems The amount of excitation required to maintain the generator output voltage constant is dependant on the load on the generator. As the load on the generator increases, the rotor excitation current must increase to maintain a constant voltage on the generator output.
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GEN #5
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Automatic Voltage Regulator in a Island Condition In a island condition the voltage regulator will control the generator voltage, but as more generators are connected to the island the more the system controls the voltage In a island condition If you have two plants in isochronous mode( constant frequency)
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Automatic Voltage Regulator When the voltage regulator is in Manual the protective functions are disabled and it is up to the operator to protect the generator from damage.
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MANUFACTURER DEFINED OUTPUT RANGE FOR RATED HYDROGEN PRESSURE AND 5% GENERATOR VOLTAGE
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Unit Gross Reactive Capability Curve Switchyard Voltage at 144KV (Normal Voltage)
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MAX AVAILABLE LAGGING REACTIVE AT MAX UNIT OUTPUT IS 121MVAR REACTIVE CAPABILITY MUST BE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN RED SHADED AREA MAX AVAILABLE LEADING REACTIVE AT MAX UNIT OUTPUT IS 79MVAR
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Model Input for Lag and Lead Tests Unit Gross Reactive Capability
MODEL INPUT OF 290MVAR AT ALL GENERATOR OUTPUTS AND SWITCHYARD VOLTAGES
LAG TEST AT MAX OUTPUT MODEL INPUT OF 105MVAR AT ALL GENERATOR OUTPUTS AND SWITCHYARD VOLTAGES LEAD TEST AT MAX OUTPUT
Model Input for Lag and Lead Tests Unit Gross Reactive Capability
MODEL INPUT OF 265MVAR AT ALL GENERATOR OUTPUTS AND SWITCHYARD VOLTAGES
MODEL INPUT OF 100MVAR AT ALL GENERATOR OUTPUTS AND SWITCHYARD VOLTAGES LEAD TEST AT MAX OUTPUT
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Model Input for Lag and Lead Tests Unit Gross Reactive Capability
LAG TEST AT MAX OUTPUT MODEL INPUT OF 16MVAR AT ALL GENERATOR OUTPUTS AND SWITCHYARD VOLTAGES LEAD TEST AT MAX OUTPUT LEAD TEST AT MIN OUTPUT MODEL INPUT OF 0MVAR AT ALL GENERATOR OUTPUTS AND SWITCHYARD VOLTAGES
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Summary
No matter what kind of excitation system you have all voltage regulators control the strength of the magnetic field in the generator. Voltage regulators should always be operated in automatic. When you operate in manual there are no built in safetys. The limitations of every generating plant is different, you need to study the plant as well as the generator to know the capability of the generator.
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Questions?
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Exam
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Excitation Systems
2. The Exciter is the Back bone of the generator control system. It is the power source that supplies ____ current to the voltage regulator which adjust the magnetizing current to the field windings of a synchronous generator thereby inducing _____ voltage and current in the generator. A. AC/DC B. DC/AC
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Generator capability curve 4. The MEL stands for minimum excitation limit?
A. True B. False
End of Exam
1. My knowledge of the topic was increased by attending this presentation A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree
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2. The presentation was well organized A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree
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3. The presenter spoke clearly A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree
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4. The presenter was knowledgeable about the topic A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Neutral D. Disagree E. Strongly Disagree
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5. Overall this presentation was A. Excellent B. Above Average C. Average D. Below Average E. Poor
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Thank you!
Please take a 10 Minute Break