----- SECOND GENERATION ----2.

John2 Pugh (Lewis1, DavidA) was baptized 29 Apr 1704 in the North Farnham Parish, Richmond County, Virginia,1 and probably died sometime before 1740 in Wales.2 It is believed that he married Mary [---?--] probably between 1724 and 1729 and had at least three sons before he left for Wales in April 1731 with his father to collect a family inheritance.3 Sometime before 1740, his mother received word from her sister-in-law that her husband had died in Wales. Ann Pugh in a deposition before the courts of Richmond County detailed the story of Lewis and Johns trip. Although she mentions her husbands death, she did not mention John. The following records seem to indicate that John had died in Wales prior to 1740. A woman by the name of Mary Pew (a.k.a. Pugh) married Ephraim Simmons in Stafford County on 13 April 1740.4 Research on Mary Pugh does not place her in any Pugh family of the Northern Neck area. She does not appear to be a daughter of Lewis Pugh as she was not baptized in the local parish as were his other children;5 this suggests that she may have been Johns widow. In the October 1749 court of Caroline County, Virginia, Ephrim Simons was appointed guardian to Marys young son William Pew (a.k.a. Pugh).6 Two other young men, John and Willoughby Pugh, were mentioned in numerous records along with William Pugh, Mary, and her husband Ephraim in the Carolina County area.7 Besides the sketchy paper-trail documentation that points to the fact that Mary Pugh was the widow of John (a proven son of Lewis Pugh), DNA testing of descendants of her sons, John and Willoughby, add a new dimension of proof that they were indeed the grandsons of Lewis Pugh.8 Probable children of John2 Pugh and Mary were as follows: + 9 i. JOHN3 PUGH, probably born sometime between 1728 to 1730 in Richmond County, Virginia, and died before 26 March 1827 in Nelson County, Virginia.9 He married Ann Reams of Amelia County.10 WILLOUGHBY PUGH, probably born around 1730 in Richmond County, Virginia; died about 1784 in Laurens County, South Carolina.11 WILLIAM PUGH, born or conceived sometime before his father sailed for Wales in April 1730; died after 1799 in Caroline County, Virginia.12 He married Mary [--?--].13

+ +

10 ii. 11 iii.

5. HENRY2 PUGH, (Lewis1, DavidA) was baptized on 2 March 1710 in North Farnham Parish, Richmond County, Virginia14 and died sometime before 2 June 1766 when his will was proved.15 He married Sarah Billings about 1730 in Richmond County, Virginia.16 Her date of birth is unknown; died sometime after 7 June 1779.17 She was the daughter of John Billings or Billins and Elizabeth [--?--].18 Nothing is known about Henrys childhood other than he was the third child among four brothers and two sisters. Henry married Sarah Billings in 1730 just about the time his father and his eldest brother John left for Wales. Sarahs family appeared in very few records in Richmond County. Over a seven year period, from 1729 to 1736, William and Thomas Billings, probably Sarahs brothers, were mentioned several times in court records for swearing and missing church.19 According to a study made of crimes in colonial Virginia, both offences seemed to be

common as there were numerous men brought before the court between 1711 and 1754 on these charges.20 A daughter of Thomas Billings and wife Elizabeth, Elizabeth Billings, was recorded on 24 March 1727 in the North Farnham Parish.21 No other record for this family was found in Richmond County except for their mention in William Walkers will written in 1750. 22 Walker stipulated that if his son Solomon were to marry a Billings, his inheritance, a plantation that was to be given him at his mothers death, would be divided between his two brothers.23 Records indicate that Solomon did marry a Sarah Billings; probably one of Henrys wifes cousins. 24 Henrys wife Sarah was the sister of Mary (Billings) Collier. Henry was the executor for Marys will written in 6 November 1760, which mentioned family members: John Billins (son of John Billins), Elizabeth Billin, Mary Billins, Liddy Billins (daughter of John Billins), and Elizabeth Billinss daughter Sarah Pugh. 25 Neither Henry Pugh nor anyone from the Pugh family appeared on the Richmond County register of voters for the election of burgesses for years which are available, 1748, 1752, 1755, and 1758.26 Henry appeared in other records in the county particularly as a witness on family, friends, and neighbors wills and land records. Henry does not appear to have purchased or sold land himself but he appeared on records in the Rappahannock River at Totuskey Creek where his parents lived. Several events that happened in Henrys life bear mentioning as they show a great deal about the family, laws, customs, and morality of the time. In the 3 January 1757 session of court held in Richmond County, an Elizabeth Pugh was brought into court by the churchwardens of Lunenburg Parish and fined five hundred pounds of tobacco and cask, or fifty shillings current money,27 which, according to the laws of Virginia, was the fine for having an illegitimate child.28 The law stated that if a woman who had an illegitimate child shall refuse or fail to make present paiment [sic] . . . [she] shall receive on her bare back, at the public whipping-post, twenty-five lashes, well laid on.29 Elizabeths attorney in the case was Richard Parker. Henry Pugh paid her fine; signifying that she was probably his daughter. Spencer Pugh, her illegitimate child, was soon after bound to Henry.30 In a court session held on 7 June 1763, those believed to be Henrys children joined together as witnesses in a suit to release Spencers indenture from Henry.31 Four- year-old Spencer Pugh and James Brown, his next-friend, were defended by Richard Parker and Henrys attorney was David Boyd.32 The following people appeared as witnesses in the case: Samuel Pugh, Susanna Pugh, David Pugh, and Katharine Purcell. Henry lost the case. In the same court session, the churchwardens of Lunenburg Parish were ordered to bind Spencer to James Brown to learn the trade of weaving.33 Two years later, on 2 July 1765, Henry sued James Brown and his wife Elizabeth to recover three pounds, four shillings, and four pence to pay David Boyd, attorney for the defense, and Richard Parker, attorney for the plaintiff. It appears that this case was strictly a family affair and there may have been an agreement that the family would contribute toward the costs. It appears that no other case involving these two attorneys was recorded in the court records concerning the Pugh family except for Spencer Pughs custody suit; it seems probable that Elizabeth Pugh had married James Brown and could now provide a home for her son Spencer.34 A month later, Henry Pugh wrote his last will and testament on 5 August 1765, witnessed by George Landman35 and Jeremiah Brown.36 It is not known exactly when Henry died; his will was proved on 2 June 1766. His estate inventory37 showed the usual farm equipment, tools, and

animals. A more detailed list of items included a spinning wheel and cards, a weavers comb and small spinning wheel, books, household items including a still valued at four pounds (second in value to the bed and furniture which added up to five), and one dozen tite Casks and 6 mobby tubs. The mobby tubs were used for making peach brandy.38 With six tubs he may have produced some brandy to sell. After Henrys death and the death of their eldest son David in 1778, his widow Sarah was forced to apply for county aid as most of her children had moved away and her youngest son Lewis was in the military. She petitioned the Richmond County court on 7 June 1779 as a poor woman who hath a son in the Continental Service.39 Probable children of Henry Pugh and Sarah Billings are as follows:40 12 i. DAVID3 PUGH [PROBABLE CHILD], born 22 December 1732 in Richmond County, Virginia;41 died in December 1778 as a soldier in the Revolutionary War.42 It is not known if he ever married. David appeared in one record in Richmond County in 1765.43 A Pugh neighbor, James Lewis purchased land in North Farnham Parish on Totuskey Creek on Indian Town gutt. David was one of the chain carriers on the survey of eighty-six acres adjacent to David Jones, Isaac Alloway [Holloway?], and George Reynolds. David enlisted in the Revolutionary War in May 1777. He died intestate during service and his military bounty land went to his heir at law, James Brown, Jr.44 When David Pugh died, Virginia law stated that the session of inheritance would be: 1) wife, 2) children, 3) parents, 4) siblings, etc., in that order. Davids mother was still living at the time of his death,45 and six siblings were believed to still be living, i.e., Samuel, Hannah, Thomas, Lewis, Lydia, and Margaret. This leads one to believe that his wife was dead, and his son James Brown, Jr. was his legal heir and next in line to inherit. This theory is substantiated because the law still in effect by 1856 stated that a bastard child had no inheritable blood in him, and therefore no estate can descend to him; but [emphasis added] he may take by testament, if properly described, after he has obtained a name by reputation.46 It also stated that children born out of wedlock could acquire the same rights of legitimate children only by an act of the legislature,47 or by the subsequent marriage of their father and mother, whenever the latter have legally acknowledged them for their children, either before the marriage or by the contract of marriage itself.48 Alan Miller states, In English Common Law, which much of our legal system has evolved, there was no provision for adoption, blood lineage being the primary and overriding concern in inheritance. Consequently, it was only in the midnineteenth century that provisions for adoption began to be made by the states.49 Therefore, James Brown was probably a legitimate son of David Pugh, or through a previous court action was legitimized.50 It is not known if David Pugh relocated to Loudoun County where some of his siblings had moved as David doesnt appear on any tithables lists during that time. When he died and his bounty land was given to James Brown, Jr., the documentation was filed in Loudoun County and certified to the Auditors of Public Accounts that James Brown, Jr. was David Pews (version of the name used in military records) heir.51 The witnesses to this court action

13

14

15

16.

were Loudoun County people: Isaiah Marks, Captain of the 7th Virginia Regiment,52 and Charles Binns,53 the Loudoun County Clerk of Court. The Marks family was neighbors to the Pugh family and eventually intermarried with them.54 Isaiah Marks was likely apprised of the family situation and could attest to James Browns relationship to David Pugh. ii. ELIZABETH PUGH [PROBABLE CHILD], birth estimated to be about 1740, death date unknown. She is believed to have had one child before her marriage to James Brown.55 There is no record of this marriage.56 She had one known child with James Brown. iii. HANNAH PUGH [PROBABLE CHILD], birth estimated to be about 1734 to 1740; her death date is unknown.57 She may have married David Boyd, an attorney for Landon Carter in Richmond County.58 David Boyd was Henry Pughs attorney in the case to release Spencers indenture to Henry. Even though David Boyd seems to have been a successful lawyer, and appeared throughout the Richmond County court records, very little personal information has been found about him. He was a witness to Landon Carters will dated 4 September 1770.59 No evidence has been found that Hannah had any children. The Boyds in Richmond, Loudoun, Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Fairfax counties are being investigated to see if Hannah Pugh married David or some other Boyd but no conclusion has yet been reached. iv. KATHERINE PUGH [PROBABLE CHILD], birth estimated to be about 1734 to 1740, death dates unknown. Katherine Purcell joined Samuel and David Pugh in a case to release Spencer Pugh from his indenture to Henry. Katherine may have been the wife of George Purcell. Anne Ritchie in her book Purcells of Virginia with Allied Families writes that George Purcell was the son of John Purcell and Margaret Minty.60 The Purcells and the Mintys were neighbors to the Pughs on Totuskey Creek.61 George Purcells first marriage was to a woman whose name is unknown,62 this leaves room to suggest that Katherine Pugh may have been Georges first wife. Personal notes about George Purcell were mentioned several times in Landon Carters journal63 but no particular details were given about a marriage or family. A Katherine Purcell appeared in another record in Richmond County as one of the many creditors in the estate of William Garland 1766-1775.64 Lewis Pugh, Jr., an identified son of Henry Pugh married Nancy Richards on 15 November 1791.65 Benjamin Purcell, George Purcells brother, posted the bond and was a witness to the marriage.66 George Purcell and his first wife had one child, George R. or B. Purcell born between 1750 and 1760.67 George Sr. appeared on the 1798 personal property tax list for Richmond County with a George and John Purcell.68 George Sr.s will was dated 16 April 1810 and he mentioned his second wife Sarah and children.69 This research is ongoing. v. SAMUEL PUGH [PROBABLE CHILD], birth estimated to be between

17.

vi.

18.

vii

19.

viii.

20.

ix.

21.

x.

1735 and 1740 in Richmond County, Virginia,70 died in 1779 in Loudoun County, Virginia.71 He married (1) Susanna [--?--]72 and (2) Charity [--?-] about 1776, probably in Loudoun County.73 HENRY PUGH, Jr. [PROBABLE CHILD], birth estimated to be 1742, death date unknown. He is mentioned as a witness in Mary Colliers (his mothers sister) will in 1760; this is the only record found for him.74 LYDIA PUGH, birth estimated to be about 1744, death date unknown. She married John Pratt after 1 December 1788 when the marriage bond was entered in Richmond County.75 LEWIS PUGH, birth estimated to be about 1742 to 1748 in Richmond County, and died after 1 December 1801 in Richmond County.76 Lewis had a child out of wedlock with Hannah Sanford, and married Nancy Richards on 15 November 1791.77 THOMAS PUGH, birth estimated to be between 1740 to 1748, death date unknown. He married his cousin Sarah Collier,78 the daughter of Mary Collier,79 who was believed to be his mothers sister. Thomas was named in Mary Colliers will to receive items if his sister Margaret Pugh died before reaching adulthood. Thomas moved to Loudoun County where he appeared on the tax list in 1772, 1782 and 1783.80 A Thomas Pew served on the militia list in Loudoun County in 1795,81 but no further records have been found. It is not known if Thomas and Sarah had any children or where they may have gone after 1795. MARGARET PUGH, birth estimated to be around 1745, death after 1792, as she is mentioned in her husbands will in that year.82 She married Thomas Whaley sometime after Henry Pughs death in 1766.

6. Willoughby2 Pugh (Lewis1, DavidA) was baptized on 3 May 1711 in Richmond County and died about 5 Jul 1790 in Cub Creek, Charlotte County, Virginia.83 He married first an unknown woman sometime in the early 1730s. Willoughby married (2) Martha Landrum 2 November 1763 in Goochland County, Virginia.84 Willoughby Pugh has been a difficult name to research as many men in the Pugh family were named Willoughby, obviously named for the Willoughby born in 1711. The first appearance of Willoughby Pugh in records was, at the age of twenty-five, as a witness on 17 July 1736 in Essex County, Virginia to Thomas Hawkinss sale of property.85 Willoughby is believed to have married sometime before 1735 when his first child was born.86 On 13 August 1736 in bordering Caroline County, Virginia, Willoughby took up a suit against John Bates.87 Then on 4 February 1747, he witnessed the sale of property of Young Hawkins of St. Ann Parish, Essex County for 350 acres on the Rappahannock River.88 These and other records show that he lived close to twenty years in Essex County where he married and had several children. Willoughbys movements can be traced from records he and his children left behind. His fifth child, Young Pugh, stated in his Revolutionary War pension application that he was born in Cumberland County, Virginia on 1 January 1754.89 A 1759 tithables list for Cumberland County showed Willoughby Pugh living there.90 By 5 September 1760, Willoughby appeared on a record in Chesterfield County where he purchased land from Thomas Lacy, Sr. of Chesterfield

County.91 This was for 126 acres of land in Dale Parish, the purchase record reads Williby Pue of Cumberland County, Virginia.92 Willoughbys son James Pugh stated in his Revolutionary War Pension application that he was born in Chesterfield County, Virginia on 21 February 1761.93 Sometime before 1763, Willoughby Pugh married Martha Landrum. A daughter, Martha, was born to them and baptized on 8 January 1764 in St. James Northam Parish, Goochland County, Virginia.94 On 3 November 1766, Willoughby Pugh of Charlotte County purchased from David Caldwell of Charlotte County, 200 acres of land on Cub Creek.95 In June 1781, on a motion by Willoughby Pugh, he was exempted from payment of levies in the future.96 This exemption was probably because he was elderly, age seventy. On 7 November 1785, Willoughby deeded as a gift of 100 acres of land on Cub Creek to his son Thomas Pugh.97 Willoughby wrote his will on 27 May 1786 and it was probated on 5 April 1790.98 He named sons Young, Thomas, James, and David in his will, and wished the remaining part of his estate to be equally divided between the rest of his children; he appointed his son Samuel and son-in-law Arthur Slaydon as his executors. His wife Martha was apparently deceased by 1790, as she was not mentioned in his will. Known children of Willoughby Pugh and his first wife were as follows:99 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 27 i. ROSAMOND3 PUGH, born about 1735 in Essex County, Virginia; died 1804 in Kettle Creek, Wilkes County, Georgia. ii. DAVID PUGH, born about1738; died Dec 1806 in Campbell County, Virginia. iii. THOMAS PUGH, born about 1749 in Essex County, Virginia; died 02 Aug 1793 in Charlotte County, Virginia. iv. SAMUEL PUGH, born about 1751 in Virginia; died 04 Feb 1805 in Charlotte County, Virginia. v. YOUNG PUGH, born 01 Jan 1754 in Cumberland County, Virginia; died 14 Aug 1835 in Marion County, Tennessee. vi. JOHN PUGH, born about 1760; died Aug 1824 in Charlotte County, Virginia. He married (1) Sarah [--?--]about 1775. He married (2) Margaret (Peggy) Dabbs 19 Jan 1813; she was born about 1755. vii. JAMES PUGH, born 21 Feb 1761 in Chesterfield County, Virginia; died 25 Jun 1836 in Prince Edward County, Virginia.

+ 28

Known child of Willoughby Pugh and Martha Landrum was: 29 i. MARTHA PUGH, born 02 Nov 1763 in Goochland County, Virginia; died between 1810 to 1816 in Charlotte County, Virginia.100 She married John Scott Ramsey 13 Oct 1800 in Charlotte County, Virginia; he was born about 1764. Little is known about Martha but she and John were believed to have had a daughter Mary Ramsey born about 1801 and a son Elijah Ramsey born about 1805.101

7. Ann2 Pugh (Lewis1, DavidA) was baptized 14 November 1715 in North Farnham Parish, Richmond County,102 her death date is unknown. She married Henry Headley sometime before December 1738 in Richmond County.103 Henry Headley was born 10 March 1711, in North Farnham Parish, Richmond County.104 He was the son of Henry Headley and Jane [--?--]

of Westmoreland County who had relocated to Richmond County just before his birth.105 Ann and Henry Headley were mentioned in a deposition made by her mother, Ann Pugh, on 1 September 1740.106 They had eight children born between 1738 and 1756.107 Robert K. Headley says in the draft of his book on the Headley family, Henry Headley died intestate in Richmond County, probably in the spring of 1760 leaving four young children under the age of nine, James, Luke, John and the unknown child.108 Henrys inventory was returned in 1760 and included ten head of cattle, eleven head of hogs, ten head of sheep, a horse, a mare and colt, a gun and bayonet, and some books.109 His wife Anns account of his estate was settled in 1768; she received tobacco worth 13.11.7 2/3.110 Anns death was not recorded. Known children of Ann Pugh and Henry Headley were:111 30 + 31 + + + i. MARY3 HEADLEY, born 1738 in Richmond County, Virginia. ii. ANN HEADLEY born 19 September 1741. She married Robert Eaton before July 1768. 32 iii. ROBERT HEADLEY born 24 May 1745 and died in the summer of 1775.112 He married Elizabeth [--?--]. 33 iv. WILLIAM HEADLEY born about 1749, his will was probated 12 April 1813 in Northumberland County, Virginia. He married (1) Jane (or Joan) Douglas. 34 v. JAMES HEADLEY born 25 December 1751 and lived in Northumberland County; his will was proved in April 1837. He married Winifred [--?--] around 1776. 35 vi. LUKE HEADLEY born 24 May 1754 and lived in Northumberland County. He probably died between April 1794 and April 1795. He married Mary Warrick Luttrell around 1776. 36 vii. HENRY HEADLEY, born 1756 in Richmond County, Virginia; died 1814. He married Temperance Self between 21 November 1764 and 10 March 1778.113 37 viii. JOHN HEADLEY born about 1757, died before May 1791. He married Ann [--?--].

8. Lewis2 Pugh, Jr. (Lewis1, DavidA) was baptized 2 March 1717/18 in Richmond County;114 his death date and place are unknown. Lewis married (1) Margaret Harvey on 2 February 1738 in Richmond County.115 Known children of Lewis Pugh, Jr. and Margaret Harvey were:116 + 38 i. WILLOUGHBY3 PUGH born about 1743 in Richmond County, he died after 1797.117 He married Martha Dawson about 1764 probably in Granville County, South Carolina. ii. ANN PUGH, born 23 Oct 1744 in Richmond County, Virginia.118 There is no further information about Ann.

39

1 2

King, The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 152. John was not mentioned by his mother, Ann Pugh, in a deposition she made in 1740; Richmond County, Virginia, Account Book 1:129.

There is some question about exactly when John and his father sailed for Wales. In a document filed in 1735 in Chancery Court, Whittington, England, C 11/291/6, 8484, Lewis Pugh states that he had resided in Virginia until lately which could mean that they left Virginia more recently than April 1731, perhaps closer to 1734 or 1735. 4 John Bailey Calvert Nicklin, St. Pauls Parish Register: Stafford-King George Counties, 1715-1798 (Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Book Co., 1962), 48. As pointed out in a report dated 21 May 2007 from Paul C. Reed, ProGenealogists, Inc (based in Salt Lake City, Utah) to Dr. V. Watson Pugh, Mary Pugh and Ephriam Simmonds were residing in Richmond County in 1740 as their daughter, Betty, was baptized in North Farnham Parish, Richmond County, Virginia on 18 July 1740. This was only three months after the couple married . . . this early birth would certainly explain why they traveled so far up the northern neck to wed, even though they had remained residents of Richmond County before and after the wedding. 5 Also as suggested by Helen F.M. Leary, CG, CGL, FASG, in a report to Dr. V. Watson Pugh on 7 January 2004, Mary Pugh did not sign (and was not mentioned in) the documents relating to the power of attorney to send David Pugh to Wales in 1740, as did the other children of Ann and Lewis Pugh. 6 John Frederick Dorman, comp., Caroline County, Virginia, Order Book, 1746-1754, pt. 2 (Washington, D.C.: C.F. Dorman, 1968-1971), 49. 7 This research has been funded by Dr. V. Watson Pugh since late 2003 when he hired Helen F.M. Leary, CG, to research his ancestry. One of the objectives of his commission to Ms. Leary was to supply definitive proof if he was a descendant of Willoughby Pugh, son of Lewis Pugh. Ms. Leary proved otherwise and placed Dr. Pugh as a descendant of John Pugh. Four reports from Helen Leary were shared by Dr. Pugh with Daniela Moneta on 8 May 2005. Dr. Pugh has since hired ProGenealogists, Inc. to continue this research. 8 Thirty-one participants in the Pugh DNA project http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Pugh have established Lewis Pughs modal haplotype. Modal haplotype as defined in the Genetics/DNA Glossary at http://www.clanlindsay.com/genetic_dna_glossary.htm is A set of closely linked alleles (genes or DNA polymorphisms) inherited as a unit. [It is a] contraction of the phrase "haploid genotype." A specific modal haplotype may be determined for any genealogical DNA test-based surname project. Specific descendants of John Pugh in the Pugh DNA project are kit numbers: 77500, 112601, 82475, 84111, 16717, 117952, 102120, 69205, 105094, 75406, 94114, 114215, 92838, 101135, 94604, and 104970. 9 John was believed to have been dead by 1740 as he was not mentioned in a deposition made by his mother, Ann Pugh; Richmond County, Virginia, Account Book 1: 160. 10 Probably married before 1762 when their first child was born. John was living with his wifes family in Amelia County in 1763 when he appeared on the tax roll with his wifes father Thomas Reams. 11 Deed Book Q5:24, Laurens County, South Carolina; Sarah Pugh, widow of Willoughby Pugh, is named in a deed when she purchased land. 12 A William Pugh paid taxes on 113 acres of land in Caroline County from 1792-1799; Caroline County, Virginia, Land Tax Lists, 1787-1799 (Miami Beach, Fl: T.L.C. Genealogy, 1991), no page noted. 13 Mary is mentioned in a deed as Williams wife; Ruth and Sam Sparacio, Deed Abstracts of Orange County Virginia 1759-1778 ([McLean, Va.: R. and S. Sparacio, 1986) ,p. 198. 14 King, The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 152. In the introductory pages, King says that the original parish registrar, written during the time of the Julian calendar, was copied in the eighteenth century. He states But various clerks did not always use the proper double date prior to 1752 and this neglect sometimes leaves us in doubt as to the exact date intended. 15 Will Book 6: 396, Richmond County Circuit Court, Warsaw, Virginia; FHL, microfilm 33733. Photocopy supplied to Daniela Moneta by Thomas E. Marshall, III, who lived in Virginia for twenty years and researched his wifes Pugh ancestors. Thomas E. Marshall, III, Presbyterian Village, 1859 S. Creek Drive, Austell, Georgia 30106. 16 King, Marriages of Richmond County, Virginia, 1668-1853, p. 163. 17 At which time she petitioned the Richmond County courts for aid; Order books 18-19: 90, Richmond County, Virginia; FHL microfilm 33714. 18 King, Marriages of Richmond County, Virginia, 1668-1853, 163. Research on the Billing/Billins family is ongoing. Billings in America primarily settled in Massachusetts and Connecticut in the seventeenth century from England. 19 For example, Thomas Billings was brought before the grand jury for being a common prophane Swearer and fined twenty pounds sterling on his lands, tenements, goods, and chattels on condition that he be of good behavior for one year. Peter Charles Hoffer and William B. Scott, editors, Criminal Proceedings in Colonial Virginia: [Records of] Fines, Examination of Criminals, Trials of Slaves, etc., from March 1710 [1711] to [1754], [Richmond County, Virginia], Volume 10 of American Legal Records published by The American Historical Association,

(Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1984), 125. Also, records found in Richmond County Order Books 9: 487, 9: 504, 10: 337, 10: 379, etc. 20 Hoffer and Scott, Criminal Proceedings in Colonial Virginia. 21 King, Registers of North Farnham Parish, 21. 22 William Walker will, Lunenburg Parrish, 15 April 1750, 7 October 1754; Robert K. Headley, Wills of Richmond County, Virginia 1699-1800, 112. 23 Robert K. Headley, Jr.s Married Well and Often: Marriages of the Northern Neck of Virginia 1649-1800 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003), 364. Walkers will in Will Book 6: 49. 24 Ibid. Their marriage took place between 15 April 1750 and 6 November 1759. 25 Robert K. Headley, Wills of Richmond County, Virginia, 1699-1800, p. 132. Original will found in book 6: 396. 26 1748, Richmond County Order Book 12: 123-125; FHL microfilm 33710; 1752, Richmond County Order Book 12: 254-355; FHL microfilm 33710; 1755, Richmond County Order Book 13: 228-340; FHL microfilm 33711; and 1758, Richmond County Order Book 14: 264-268; FHL microfilm 33711. 27 Churchwardens v. Pugh, Richmond County, Virginia Order Book 14: 101; FHL microfilm 33711. 28 Henings Statutes, Acts of Assembly, February 1727, p. 213. 29 Ibid. There was no punishment for the father of the child. This harsh treatment of women was intended to encourage woman to disclose the name of the father of their child so he would be accountable for it support, thus taking the responsibility of child welfare off the parish church. In David Hackett Fischers book, Albions Seed, p.299, he says that Bastardy was punished with savage ferocity in the Chesapeake. When an unmarried woman gave birth outside of wedlock, a heavy fine was levied upon her. 30 A record of Spencers indenture to Henry has not been found. 31 Spencer Pugh v. Henry Pugh, Richmond County court Order Book 15: 131; FHL microfilm 33712. 32 David Boyd was one of the attorneys for Landon Carter, the large plantation owner in the Northern Neck. He may have been the husband of Lewiss daughter, Hannah (Pugh) Boyd. No direct evidence has been found to prove this relationship. See the biography of Hannah Pugh following, for details. 33 Spencer Pugh v. Henry Pugh, Richmond County court Order Book 15: 131; FHL microfilm 33712. 34 Court Order Book 16:45, Richmond County, Virginia; FHL microfilm 33712. Pugh v. Brown Henry Pugh petitioned James Brown and wife, Elizabeth for payment of 3 pounds tobacco to pay attorneys in court case Spencer Pugh v. Henry Pugh. 35 Brother-in-law of Henrys sister Elizabeth; George lived near the Pughs. John Landmans will, 20 October 1750, in Headley, Wills of Richmond County, Virginia, p. 103. 36 Will Book 6: 396, Richmond County. Copy received by Daniela Moneta from Thomas E. Marshall, III in 2004. The relationship between James and Jeremiah Brown is unknown. 37 Wills and Inventories, Richmond County, Will Book 6: A05; FHL microfilm 33733, item 2. 38 Information from response on the APG ListServ; archives at http://listsearches.rootsweb.com. Elsie Saar saare@attglobal.net on 2 March 2006 gave this source http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/curriculum/socialstd/Spray/s22.html which indicates that "Peaches are squeezed into a drink called mobby. There is a picture of a press used to make cider, mobby and perry. A wooden tub is shown. 39 Order books 18-19: 90, Richmond County; FHL microfilm 33714. The clerk of the court certified that Sarah would receive thirty pounds to support her. 40 Kline O. Pugh <klinepugh@hemc.net> sent a list of the children and his estimates for their births in an email attachment to Daniela Moneta received 22 June 2005. Thomas E. Marshall, III, Presbyterian Village, 1859 S. Creek Drive, Austell, Georgia 30106 also sent family group sheets July 2004 for Henrys descendants. Some adjustments were made by Daniela Moneta as neither listed Elizabeth as a daughter. 41 Lewis Pugh family group sheet, supplied July 2004 by Thomas E. Marshall III. This sheet offers only a generic list of materials consulted. Davids birth date was not on his military service pap ers. A search is ongoing for additional material about this David Pugh. 42 David Pugh, Muster Rolls of Capt. Porterfields Company, 11 th Virginia Regiment. May 1777-May 1778. Microfilm M246 (Washington: National Archives), roll 109 (280-1). 43 Peggy Shomo Joyner, compiler, Abstracts of Virginias Northern Neck Warrants & Surveys 1653 -1781, Vol. 5 (Portsmouth, Va. (5008 Dogwood Trail, Portsmouth 23703): P.S. Joyner, 1985-1995), 83. Found in a section entitled Surveys Not Acted On. 44 John Bouvier, A Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union, revised sixth edition, 1856 (http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier.htm :

accessed 9 August 2006), says heir at law is the same as heir general. which they definition as "he who, after his father or ancestor's death, has a right to, and is introduced into all his lands, tenements and hereditaments. He must be of the whole blood, not a bastard,. . . [emphasis added] A check in a 1772 law dictionary entitled: A New LawDictionary: Containing the Interpretation and Definition of Words and Terms Used in the Law . . . . (W. Strahan and M. Woodfall, 1772), lists the definition of heir general as follows: The Heir General or Heir at Common Law is he who after his father or ancestor's death hath a right to, and is introduced into, all his lands, tenements and hereditaments. But he must be of the whole blood, not a bastard, alient, etc. which appears to be the same definition as that found in the 1856 Bouvier's Law Dictionary. 45 On 7 June 1779, Sarah Pugh received a pension from Richmond County courts, Order books 18-19: 90. 46 Bouvier, A Law Dictionary, 1856 (http://www.constitution.org/bouv/bouvier.htm : accessed 9 August 2006), under the term Bastard, point 4. 47 Ibid., point 5. 48 Ibid., point 8. 49 Ibid. 50 Research is ongoing into aspects of this law and if there were some exceptions. 51 Virginia Office of the Governor, Revolutionary War Bounty Warrants, 1779-1860, Box 117; FHL microfilm 29840. 52 Ibid. 53 Ibid. Possibly, Charles Binns as clerk of the court was familiar with the documents to legitimatize James Brown, if such documents existed. 54 Samuel Pughs son Samuel Peugh, Jr. married Elisha Markss daughter, Ury Marks on 6 February 1791. Elisha Marks was the brother of Captain Isaiah Marks. Colombatto, Reverend John Marks, 8, 157. 55 Spencer Pugh v. Henry Pugh, Richmond County court Order Book 15: 131; FHL microfilm 33712. 56 Court Order Book 16:45, Richmond County, Virginia; FHL microfilm 33712. Pugh v. Brown Henry Pugh petitioned James Brown and wife, Elizabeth for payment of 3 pounds tobacco to pay attorneys in court case Spencer Pugh v. Henry Pugh. 57 Thomas E. Marshall, III, believes that Hannah and David Boyd died in Fairfax County, Virginia where they owned land. He does not have a source for his information. He explained that when he first started his research twenty years ago, he didnt know that he should keep a record of his sources. Picking up the trail my take some time. 58 On Samuel Pughs will in 1771, she is named as Hannah Boyd, a witness, along with Samuels brother David Pugh. 59 Headley, Wills of Richmond County, Virginia, p. 151. There was a David Boyd from Westmoreland County who could be the same David Boyd of Richmond County. There was also a David Boyd who died in 1728 with a wife Ruth Boyd, who could have been his parents. This David Boyd had a brother John and Robert. 60 Anne Reed Ritchie compiler, Purcells of Virginia with Allied Families (n.p.: self published, 1973), 5. 61 Numerous land records and witnessing of documents place the Pugh, Purcell, Brown, Minty, and other families as neighbors on the Totuskey Creek. Jeremiah Brown witnessed John Purcells nuncupative will on 13 January 1752; Ritchie, Purcells of Virginia, 4. Jeremiah Brown was also a witness on Henry Pughs will and Mary Colliers will. Tobias Purcell, brother of John, appeared on many documents with Henry Pugh. This places Katherine, as Henrys daughter, and George Purcell as near in age, living and growing up together, and likely partners in marriage even though no marriage record has been found to prove this. 62 Ritchie, Purcells of Virginia, 5. 63 Jack P. Greene, editor, The Diary of Colonel Landon Carter of Sabine Hall, 1752-1778, Vol. 1 (Charlottesville, Va.: The University Press of Virginia, 1965), 1143, 1147. 64 Ruth & Sam Sparacio, Account Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia (McLean, Virginia : R. & S. Sparacio, c1989), 88. Her name is written Cathrin Purssell. Tobias Purcell had a daughter Katherine Purcell who may never have married; this could also be her. 65 Headley, Married Well and Often, 289. Also, King, Marriages of Richmond County, 163. 66 King, Marriages of Richmond County, 163 and Ritchie, Purcells of Virginia, 5. 67 Ibid. He was supposed to have lived until age 90 in Fauquier County, Virginia. This needs to be investigated. 68 (http://freepages.misc.rootsweb.com/~vataxlists/Richmond/1798PersonalA/05.jpg : accessed 24 February 2006). Richmond County General Index to Wills shows that on 19 March 1797, George Purcell was mentioned in John Purcells will, Will Book 9: 138; FHL microfilm 33737. This indicates that the John mentioned in the tax records was not Georges father, perhaps another son.

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General Index to Wills, Richmond County court records, Book 9: 371; FHL microfilm 33737. This will was not viewed by Daniela Moneta. 70 Deeds Partly Proved: 10059, Loudoun County Courthouse. 71 Samuel Pughs 1779 Estate Account was filed in Loudoun County court on 14 May 1782 Order Book B:405; FHL microfilm no. 32,275. 72 No marriage record has been found. 73 Charity Pugh requested her dower as widow of Samuel Pugh on 7 August 1779. Loudoun County Order Book G:181. 74 Headley, Married Well and Often, 289, says that Henry Pugh married Sarah Collier but I believe this is an error. 75 King, Marriages of Richmond County, 162. 76 Lewis Pugh will (1801), Richmond County Will Book 9:190. 77 Headley, Married Well and Often, 289. Also, King, Marriages of Richmond County, 163. 78 This marriage is mentioned in Headley, Married Well and Often, 289, but Robert has the first name as Henry and I believe it should be Thomas. 79 Ibid. 80 Hopkins, Index to the tithables of Loudoun County, 63. 81 Transcribed by Don Blincle, Sr., Loudoun County, Virginia Militia Journals 1793-1829 (Athens, Georgia: Iberian Publishing Co., 1992), 45. 82 Margarets name is spelled Whealy and the childrens names are spelled Whealy and Whealey in Thomass will. 83 Will Book 1: 431, Charlotte County, Virginia; information from Thomas Marshall III, on Willoughby Pugh family group sheet dated July 2004. 84 Marriage information from Kline Pugh, Descendants of Lewis Pugh, Sr. sent as an email attachment to Daniela Moneta on 14 January 2009. 85 Essex County, Virginia, Deed Book 22:17, source citation from Thomas E. Marshall IIII, A Rep ort on the Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, No. 1 of Charlotte County, Virginia, (Ausell, Georgia: self published, 2004), p. 2. 86 There is no source for the information that his first child, Rosamond Pugh, was born 12 March 1735 in the district of South Farnham Parish, Essex County, Virginia. Her exact birth date was posted on WorldConnect http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ by multiple people without a source citation. Reference for this information is being researched. The published and microfilmed records of the Vestry book of South Farnham Parish begins in 1739. There are exact birth dates for all of Rosamond Pughs children on the RootsWeb site, the information likely came from a Bible record but the owner of this record has not been identified. 87 His name in the suit was written as Will Pugh; he won this case and was ordered to pay Caleb Lindsey and John Billup thirty pounds of tobacco for a day in court. Caroline County, Virginia Order Book 1732-1740, Part 2,: 364; FHL microfilm 30,831. 88 Essex County, Virginia Deed Book 24:238-240; from Marshall Movements of Willoughby Pugh, p. 2. 89 Virgil D. White, Genealogical Abstracts of Revolutionary War Pension Files, Vol. 3 (Waynesboro, Tn.: The National Historical Publishing Co., 1992); also in a summary of Revolutionary War pension application of Young Pugh from Marshall, Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh. 90 Marshall, Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, p. 4. 91 Deed Book 4:99, Chesterfield County, Virginia; also in Benjamin B. Weisiger, Chesterfield County, Birginia Deeds 1756-1764 ([Richmond, Va.]: B.B. Weisiger, 1989, as per a report by Jeanne Douglass Mead to Watson Pugh, 23 February 2000. 92 Deed Book 5: 99, Chesterfield County, Virginia (delayed recording); information from Marshall, Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh. 93 Revolutionary War File, Ann Pugh, No. W5588, widows application for James Pughs service ; digital image by subscription, HeritageQuest Online (http://godfrey.org : accessed 4 January 2008); from NA microfilm M805, roll 670. Paper copy of 45-page pension file sent to Daniela Moneta on 4 January 2007 by Francene Vincent, Chicago Illinois. 94 Marshall, Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, p. 8. Marshall notes that daughter Martha stated that she was born 2 November 1763 and was the daughter of Willoughby Pugh and Martha Landrum, no source given. 95 Deed Book 1: 187, information from Marshall, Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, p. 8. 96 Order Book 5: 15, Charlotte County, Virginia, information from Marshall, Movement and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, p. 9.

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Deed Book 5: 146 Charlotte County, Virginia, information from Marshall, Movement and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, p. 9. 98 Will Book 1: 413, Charlotte County, Virginia, copy of original will sent to Daniela Moneta by Thomas Marshall. 99 Information on the birth dates and places for Willoughby Pughs children was taken from Marshall, Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, and several family gro up sheets, and from a paper by Kline O. Pugh titled Descendants of Lewis Pugh, Sr. 100 Information about this couple and their children was from Thomas E. Marshall, A Report on the Movements and Actions of Willoughby Pugh, No. 1 of Charlotte County, Va. p. 14. 101 Ibid. 102 King, The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 152. 103 Headley, Married Well and Often, 176. 104 Ibid. 105 Robert K. Headley, in a draft of A Preliminary Study of the Headley and Allied Families of the Northern Neck of Virginia, unpaginated. 106 Account Book 1:129, Richmond County, Virginia. 107 Ibid. 108 Account Book 1: 540, Richmond County, Virginia; Headley, in his draft of A Preliminary Study of the Headley and Allied Families of the Northern Neck of Virginia. Robert Headley shows in his book ab out the Headley family, an analysis that points to the unnamed child as probably being Henry Headley born about 1756. 109 Account Book 1: 540, Richmond County, Virginia; information from Robert K. Headley, in a draft of A Preliminary Study of the Headley and Allied Families of the Northern Neck of Virginia, unpaginaged. 110 Ibid. 111 Information about the children of Ann Pugh and Henry Headley is from Robert K. Headley, draft of A Preliminary Study of the Headley and Allied Families of the Northern Neck of Vir ginia. 112 Richmond County Will Book 7: 209. 113 Headley, Married Well and Often, 176. 114 King, The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 152. 115 King, The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 152. Also, Headley, Married Well and Often, 289 116 Received in an email attachment to Daniela Moneta, 14 August 2006, from Kline O. Pugh klinepugh@hemc.net. 117 Willoughby was mentioned in his daughters obituary; Mortuary notice in the Columbian Museum (newspaper), Savannah, Georgia, 18 August 1797; GenealogyBank, http://www.genealogybank.com : 10 February 2009 118 King, The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 152.