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Minority experience in sport Socialization Can you think of any connections between the experiences of women and minorities in terms of societal myths/socialization? Socialization: Parallel of inequities ! "Women: firmly held belief that they could not compete physically and were not encouraged to pursue traditionally male academic pursuits or academic pursuits at all! Not socialized into either of these pursuits ! "African-Americans socialized into sport, but not socialized to pursue academic pursuits in the same way that white Americans were socialized. ! "Both groups have had to shatter stereotypes and discrimination! Latino discrimination in sport Selected quotes from Sports and the Racial Divide: African American and Latino Experience in an Era of Change by Michael Lomax, editor ! "Whereas Latinos did not encounter outright segregation in sport like African Americans, they did confront several obstacles to athletic participation. Poverty was the central factor that kept Latinos off the playing field. The majority of young Latinos did not enter high school due to the economic limitation of most families. This lack of opportunity made it problematic to even consider athletic participation. Strong young men had no time for sports when they were needed to help the family. (Lomax 204,205). ! "Discrimination based on stereotypes and skin color Latino discrimination in sport,cont ! "Foreign players not prepared for the racial divide in America ! "Language barrier

A role model for Latinos and all of us: Roberto Clemente ! "Black Latino player from Puerto Rico/National League MVP in 1966 ! "faced with racial challenges similar to those of black ballplayers, paved the way for the reception of other Latino players into this favorite American pastime (Lomax, 2008, p. 203). ! "His ability to use professional sports as a platform to resist

! "Foreign players not prepared for the racial divide in America ! "Language barrier
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A role model for Latinos and all of us: Roberto Clemente ! "Black Latino player from Puerto Rico/National League MVP in 1966 ! "faced with racial challenges similar to those of black ballplayers, paved the way for the reception of other Latino players into this favorite American pastime (Lomax, 2008, p. 203). ! "His ability to use professional sports as a platform to resist whiteness and pursue justice for socially and racially marginalized people is truly a mark of greatness (Lomax, 2008, p. 203). ! "Called by some as the Jackie Robinson of Latino baseball Issues highlighted in readings regarding African-Americans and sport ! " What factors are involved in the ongoing debate of minority dominance in sport? ! " In what ways and for what reasons are African American children often socialized into sport? ! " Are sporting opportunities the great equalizer; that is, are sporting opportunities available for everyone, regardless of race or social class? Article summary by Harrison and Lawrence on minority dominance can frame our discussion Factors: ! "Genetic edge ! "Black work ethic ! "Socio-cultural factors

Genetic edge: What does the study of anthropometrics have to do with the ongoing debate of minority dominance in sport? ! "Study of the measurement of the human body ! "Achilles tendon, muscle fibers (more fast twitch?) narrow hips, longer limbs, longer heel bone, etc. Genetic edge? Research answer: No difference between groups. Look at Jesse Owens!(Cobb) ! "There exists more differences between individual members of

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Genetic edge: What does the study of anthropometrics have to do with the ongoing debate of minority dominance in sport? ! "Study of the measurement of the human body ! "Achilles tendon, muscle fibers (more fast twitch?) narrow hips, longer limbs, longer heel bone, etc. Genetic edge? Research answer: No difference between groups. Look at Jesse Owens!(Cobb) ! "There exists more differences between individual members of any one racial group than between any two groups as a whole (Wiggins, 1989, p. 169).

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White men cant jump? Info provided by Coakleys Sport and Society (tenth addition) ! "genes are important, but they dont work independently of the environment (Coakley, 2008, p. 284). ! "There certainly are genes related to jumping, but its wrong to assume that they operate independent of environmental factors, that they are connected with skin color, or that they correspond with the racial categories that people have constructed (Coakley, 2008, p. 285). Conclusions, cont. ! "Certainly one of the things that can be said with a degree of assurance is there is no scientific evidence of genetic association or linkage between genes for individual and group athletic achievement among black Americans (Wiggins, 1989, p. 184). Conclusions, cont. ! "90% of all sports have less than 1%of African American participation, yet the perception still remains that Black athletes dominates sports (Harrison & Lawrence , 2004, p. 42). Black work ethic ! "In some Whites there is an unwillingness to face the fact that Black athletes work harder (Harrison & Lawrence, 2004, p. 45 Socio/cultural reasons???? ! "Main question: In what ways and for what reasons are African American children often socialized into sport? ! "Ways "Role models "Media "Early encouragement in sports "Not enough encouragement towards other professional options such as law, medicine, etc "Lack of educational opportunities

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Socio/cultural reasons???? ! "Main question: In what ways and for what reasons are African American children often socialized into sport? ! "Ways "Role models "Media "Early encouragement in sports "Not enough encouragement towards other professional options such as law, medicine, etc "Lack of educational opportunities ! "Reasons -Seen as one the best way to climb economic and social ladders in society Is that true? Should we socialize our minority youth into sport for reasons of upward mobility? ! "Sport can be linked to downward mobility rather than upward mobility ! "1 in 75 NCAA mens basketball will be drafted by NBA team; 1 in 50 football players; 1 in 200 baseball players (NCAA) ! "1 in 56 high school players receive scholarship money for college (NCAA) If anthropometrical studies do not provide support for African-American dominance in sport, what does? Theory discussed in Coakleys Sport and Society (pp. 245-247) Sociological hypotheses: (can be generalized to all social groups) ! "A long history that has emphasized physical abilities of AfricanAmericans ! "A long history of segregation and discrimination providing limited opportunities ! "Encouragement to excel in just a few sports Sociological hypothesis, cont. ! "Many young black athletes, especially males, believe it is their destiny to become great athletes ! "Many are highly motivated to use every opportunity to develop their skills Result? ! "Sense of destiny+ motivation + opportunities can lead some with physical advantages to be outstanding athletes. ! "Hint: you will see this specific hypothesis on the final exam Are sporting opportunities the great equalizer; that is, are sporting opportunities available for everyone, regardless of race or social class? ! "People with highest incomes have highest rates of participation ! "Participation rates in sports such as golf, tennis, and swimming

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! "Many are highly motivated to use every opportunity to develop their skills Result? ! "Sense of destiny+ motivation + opportunities can lead some with physical advantages to be outstanding athletes. ! "Hint: you will see this specific hypothesis on the final exam
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Are sporting opportunities the great equalizer; that is, are sporting opportunities available for everyone, regardless of race or social class? ! "People with highest incomes have highest rates of participation ! "Participation rates in sports such as golf, tennis, and swimming are not equal (cant tell every kid to go get a horse (polo)-Zach Spowart ! "Privatization of opportunities ! "Hiring practices in sport: study by Northeastern "Latino baseball players: 25% but only 1 Latino manager (2005) "NBA: 79% African-Americans and 24% coaches "NFL: 66% African-Americans and 10% coaches "In all sports, the % of minority administrators is significantly lower than the the % of minority athletes Definition of terms ! "Race: a population of people who are believed to be naturally or biologically distinct from other populations (Coakley 276). ! "Ethnicity: a cultural heritage that people use to identify a particular population (Coakley 276). ! "Minority: a socially identified population that suffers disadvantages due to systematic discrimination

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