IMPORTANT JARGONS OF 3G

Compiled by A.R.Parmar, SDE QoS, ATD

POLE CAPACITY
The uplink noise increases with the loading exponentially. When the uplink noise approaches infinity then no more users can be added to a cell and the cell loading is close to 100% and has reached its pole capacity. Uplink Pole Capacity = _____(W/R)_________ =120.6 (1+f) * AF *10^(EbNo/10) Where W is Chip Rate ( For UMTS 3.84Mcps) R is User Data Rate (assume 12.2 kbps for CS) f is other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (65%) EbNo required (5dB) 2 AF is Activity Factor (50%)

POLE CAPACITY

Downlink Pole Capacity = _____(W/R)_________ =64.06 (1-+f) * AF *10^(EbNo/10) Where is Orthogonality factor (55%)
UL DL

CS 12.2 K PS 64K
PS 128K PS 384K

120.6 34.8
16.2 16.2

64.1 12.8
8.4 2.8
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* NB: PS-128 & PS-384 has 128K on Uplink

USER CAPACITY

Maximum Number of Users(M) of a cell M= _________W__________________ (EbNo * (1+i) * R ) * = _________3840000________ (3dB * (1+0.6) * 12200) * 0.5

= 32.8

Where W is chip Rate EbNo assumed as 3 dB i is other-cell to in-cell interference (60%) R is user data Rate (For CS 12.2 Kbps) is loading factor (50%) Take CS 12.2K for example: For CS -12.2K bearer needs 1 SF128 Code ( Full Rate voice is on SF=128, meaning a maximum of 128 simultaneous voice calls on a 5Mhz carrier) Total Available Code for CS 12.2K = 128 2(1 SF64) 2 (4 SF 256) =124 Consider Soft HO factor 1.8 and loading Factor 50%

M= (124/1.8) * 0.5 = 34 user per cell

3G QUALITY

Eb/No

Eb is Bit energy It represent the amount of energy per bit No is noise spectral density Unit is Watts/Hz Unit is dB Eb/No is measured at receiver end and indicates how strong the signal is.

Eb/No : Bit Energy on Spectral Noise Density

Eb/No target

on Uplink for CS is 5 to 6dB and for PS is 3 to 4 dB On Downlink for CS is 6 to 7 dB and for PS is 5 to 6 dB

CS is real time, so needs higher Eb/No to maintian strong RF link Whereas PS has better error correction capability, so lower Eb/No Eb/No is applies to Digital communication system but in UMTS we use Ec/Io (In GSM we use C/I)
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3G QUALITY

Ec/Io & Ec/No

E is average signal Energy b, c, s : Energy are power point in time therefore related to measure or length of the time (average power is independent of time) Io : Interfering co-channel including self No : Spectral density of Noise (excludes self)

Noise generated by the RF components of the system

We have Ec/Io in air which is spread across the spectrum then we have Negative value i.e. Energy is lower than Total Interference. It is measured at input of receiver. Eb/No is in the total baseband then we have Positive Value . It is measured at output of receiver Ec/Io is used to measure quality of pilot channel

3G POWER

RSCP : Received Signal Code Power

It is energy per chip in CPICH averaged over 512 chips The RSCP is the measurement by the UE of the power that is assigned to specific coded physical channel that is received It is measured in dBm and is based on number of measurement average over specific period.

RSSI : Received Signal strength Indicator

It is the total received wideband power over 5MHz including thermal noise. It is estimating the uplink interference at the NodeB, and by difference with the thermal noise, the rise due to traffic and external interference.

3G BASIC
Relation between RSCP & RSSI: Ec/No of a UE is :

The measure of PCICPH (Code Power) over Total wideband power of that particular carrier.
Measure of PCPICH =RSCP (dBm) Measure of Total WideBand power = RSSI (dBm) So, Ec/No = RSCP/RSSI (But we cannot divide dBm values so we apply logarithmic rules as below)

RSCP (dBm) = RSSI(dBm)+Ec/No(dB) Or Ec/No(dB) = RSCP - RSSI

CQI- CHANNEL QUALITY INDEX

In Idle mode and with no resource allocated, a UE will measure as low as 0 dB Ec/No In HS mode and with no resource allocated on DCH(all power is given to HSDPA), a UE will measure as low as -10 dB. Hence, it means that as interference plays part in live network with shared users, Ec/No will give false value for an HSDPA user and will show a very poor value.

So, we establish that

Ec/No measured during HSDPA transmission could not mask true conditions. So, we should monitor Ec/No in Idle mode only, which reflects true condition of interference and coverage HSDPA sessions adds to overall load of the cell which is taken into consideration during computing to Ec/No. So alternative to Ec/No is HS session is CQI

CQI- CHANNEL QUALITY INDEX

HSDPA utilizes link adaption techniques to substitute power control and variable spreading factors. Transmit bit rate on HS-DSCH is 2ms TTI UE periodically sends CQI to serving HS-DSCH cell on high speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH) CQI tells Node-B Scheduler, the data rate the UE expects to be able to receive at a given point.

Note: HSDPA system defines different CQI mapping for different UE categories.

Steps:
CQI values are used by link adaption algorithm at Node-B. Every CQI value reported corresponds to TBS (Transport Block Size) that can be granted on a particular Modulation type and Number of Codes Simultaneously, there is BLER calculation going on and UL HARQ (Hybrid Auto repeat Request) mechanism is helping in maintaining BLER to below 10% So Data Rate (bps) = TBS (bits)/ TTI (sec)* (1-BLER)

The CQI value ranges from 0 ~ 30. 30 indicates the best channel quality and 0,1 indicates the poorest channel quality

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PROCESSING GAIN
Processing Gain : It is gain achieved by spreading narrow band into wideband spectrum. Channelization Code or Spreading Code It is signal specific.

It transform every data symbol into a number of chips, thus bandwidth of signal increases. So, narrowband signal is spread into wideband signal with chip rate of 3.84 Mcps

Scrambling Code It is equipment Specific.

It provides separation between equipment Code identification during cell search procedure is limit to 512 code

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PROCESSING GAIN

OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Channelization codes are OVSF Codes Length is equal to spreading factor. 4 to 256 codes Codes are managed by RNC Orthogonality enables to separate UL & DL channels.

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HANDOVER IN 3G

Soft Handover : Soft handover refers to the process that allows a Mobile connection to be served simultaneously by several cells, adding and dropping them as needed.
Possible as same frequency is used and cells are separated only by codes. Advantages :

It increases the reliability of transmission Reduces transmit power requirement for each link used UE at the boundary among several cells, uses the minimum transmit power on either link Information is on multiple link, hence resource utilization is more More transmission means more energy in air, which means more interference in downlink direction.

Disadvantages:

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HANDOVER IN 3G

Softer Handover: It is soft Handover within sectors of same Node-B.

It is internal procedure for Node-B, which save transmission capacity between Node-B and RNC.

In HSDPA
Only on R-99 (Control Channel) Soft HO is supported. Not supported on Dedicated Channels

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HANDOVER IN 3G

Hard Handover:
Break before make Interfrequency Handover Inter Technology Handover (IRAT HO)

3G to 2G 3G to 4G

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SOFT HANDOVER OVERHEAD

SHO : Soft Handover OverHead Soft Handover Overhead is the additional load on Iub compared to Iu caused by duplicated traffic between RNC and Node-B to serve the different legs of UEs active sets that are connected to different Node-Bs. It is calculated in two ways as :

Average Active Set Size Total Traffic/Primary Traffic Secondary Traffic / Primary Traffic

Typical values are like 1.7 (Avg Active Set Size) or 35% (Secondary/Primary Traffic)

SHO is not a problem but a goal to reach. It is an unavoidable side effect of the RF overlap between different Node-Bs and need for UE to connect and decode the signal from every sectors that is above a certain RSCP level.

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ROLE OF RNC

Role of RNC : It controls the radio resource in its domain as well as UE connections.

It is Service Access Point to CN Node-B also does radio resource management.

There is one serving RNC for a UE connected to CN. It is in charge of the radio connection between a UE and the UTRAN

Serving RNC : The RNC which provides the Iu connection between a UE and CN

Drift RNC : It also provides radio resource to a UE. One UE can may have more than 1 Drift RNC.
A Drift RNC offers its radio resource to a serving RNC for a given user. Serving and Drift RNCs manage inter-RNC handovers through Iur. It is possible to change link to CN, so that Drift RNC becomes Serving RNC (SRNC). So, Drift RN subsystem (DRNS) is changed to SRNS. This is called SRNS relocation

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RADIO ACCESS BEARER

Radio Bearer : It is service provided by protocol entity for transfer of data between UE and UTRAN RB are mapped successively on logical channels, transport channels and physical channels An RAB must be flexible enough to support different traffic types, activity levels, throughput rates, transfer delays and bit error rates. QoS parameters may change during an active connection. RAB Assignment : The RAB provides confidential transport of signaling and user data between UE and CN with appropriate QoS. Different RABs:
CS : AMR 12.2/12.2 CS Streaming: 14.4/14.4 PS : R2: 64/128, 64/384, 64/144, 128/384, 32/32, 64/64,128/128, 144/144

Note that RAB are provided only on user plane

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RADIO RESOURCE CONNECTION

RRC Connection:
When UE needs to exchange information, it must first need to establish a signaling link with UTRAN. It is made through a procedure with RRC protocol and it is called RRC connection establishment During this UE sends initial access request on CCCH(Common Control Channel) to establish a signalling link which will be carried out on DCCH(Dedicated Channel) UE can have zero or one RRC connection

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SET OF PSC

Active Set: Set of cells with which communication of UE is active.

Typically between 3 to 6

Monitoring Set: It is build by UE by RNC neighbouring list. RNC selects best cells in this list for monitoring cells

Maximum number is 32

Detected Set : It is applicable to inter-frequency measurement made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.

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HSDPA : HIGH SPEED DOWNLINK PACKET ACCESS

It allows higher downlink peak data rates HSDPA provides lower latency with reduced Round Trip Delays enabling great interactive applications. The Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is shortened to 2ms. It introduces new common high speed downlink channel (HS-DSCH) shared by several users. HS-DSCH : High speed Downlink shared channel

It is transmitted over the entire cell or only part of cell Does not support Soft Handover

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HSUPA: HIGH SPEED UPLINK PACKET ACCESS

HSUPA is designed to increase the uplink data throughput over the air interface theoretical peak user bit rate (2 Mbps). E-DCH and enhanced dedicated Channel Fast retransmission of data Uplink resource management in nodeB

Received power Processing resources Iub bandwidth

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CELL BREATHING

It is a mechanism which allows overloaded cells to offload subscriber traffic to neighbouring cells by changing the geographic size of their service area. Heavily loaded cells decrease in size while neighbouring cells increase their service area to compensate. Thus, some traffic is handed off from the overloaded cell to neighbouring cells, resulting in load balancing In the uplink, as more and more UE are served by a cell, each UE needs to transmit higher power to compensate for the uplink noise rise. As a consequence, the UE with weaker link (UE at greater distance) may not have enough power to reach the NodeB therefore a coverage shrinkage. In the downlink, the NodeB also needs to transmit higher power as more UE are being served. As a consequence UE with weaker link (greater distance) may not be reachable by the NodeB.

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Lets Learn Gladiator Post Processing Tool

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