Othersystemsisabbreviationforhowacertainorganorapartofyourbody connectsoraffectstherestofyourbody,forexampleinneurologicaldisordersmany diseasesmainlyaffectthemotorcontrolofthebody,orinotherwordsthecommunication linksbetweenthenervoussystemandthevoluntarymusclesofthebody. ALSoramyotrophiclateralsclerosisisagoodexamplebecauseitattacksthe nervecellsresponsibleforcontrollingvoluntarymusclesprimarily.InALS,boththeupper motorneuronsandthelowermotorneuronsbecomenonfunctional,ordie,andstop controllingmuscles.Oncetheycannotfunction,themusclesseverelyweaken,wasteaway (atrophy),andhaveverysmalltwitches.Eventually,theabilityofthebraintostartand controlmovementislost.ALSistheoroneofthemostcommondiagnosed neuromusculardiseasesworldwide,andpeoplewithanybackgroundsareaffected.ALS usuallyisfoundfortytosixtyyearsofage,butitcanstillbefoundatanyageortime.ALSis morecommoninmenthanwomen. Anotherlargelyknowndiseasethataffectsthebrainandthebodywouldbe Parkinson'sdisease.

e.Parkinson'sdiseasecommonlyappearswhennervecellsinthebrain knownasthesubstantianigradieorbecomecompromised.Onanormalbasisthese neuronscreateanimportantbrainelementknownasdopamine.Dopamineisthechemical transportresponsibleforsendingsignalstothesubstantianigraandthenextrelaystation tocorpusstriatum,toproducelinear,meaningfulmovement.Notenoughdopamineresults inirregularnerveactivitypatternswithinthebrainthatcauseunstablemusclecontrol.there hasbeenstudiesthathaveshownthatmostParkinson'spatientshavelost60to80 percentormoreofthedopamineproducingcellsinthesubstantianigrabythetimesome ofthemostcommonsideeffectsappear.Recentfindingshaveshownthatsubjectswith PDmayhavelossofthenervetransmittersthatmaketheneurotransmitternorepinephrine, averyessentialpartofthebrain.Norepinephrinewhichissimilartodopamine,is connector,orsenderandreceiverofthesympatheticnervoussystem,thispartcontrols proprietaryjobsofthebody,suchasbloodpressure.Lossofnorepinephrinecouldhelp explainmanyofthenonmotorfeaturesseeninPD,includingfatigueandproblemswith

bloodpressureregulation.EarlysideeffectsofPDareslowandbuildupovertime.Early casesincludemildtremorsorhavingdifficultygettingoutofachair.Sometimesside effectscanalsoincludespeakingtoosoftlyorwritingisnoticeablyslowandlookscramped orsmall.Theymayalsohavehardtimewithlanguageorthinking,theymayalsofeeltired ordepressedinsomecases.ThisveryearlystageofPDmaylastalongtimebeforemain symptomsappear.Closeonestosubjectslsomighttaketonoticechangeswithinthe subject.they'llseelackexpressionassociatedanimationorthatthepersondoesn'tmove anarmorlegcommonly.Theypatientmightnoticethatthepersonappearsstiff,unsteady, orslowslow.becausethemaladyprogresses,theshakingortremorthataffectsthe majorityofbraindiseasepatientsmightbegintointerferewithdailyactivities.Patients mightnotbeabletoholdutensilssteadyorthey'llrealizethattheshakingmakesreadinga newspapertroublesome.Tremorissometimesthesymptomthatcausesindividualstohunt medicalAssistance. IndividualswithParkinson'sdiseaseusuallydevelopaallegedparkinsoniangaitthat featuresaninclinationtoleanforward,tinylittlestepsasifhurryingforward(called festination),andreducedswingingofthearms.Theyconjointlycouldhavetroubleinitiating movement(starthesitation),andthattheycouldstopsuddenlyastheywalk(freezing). Parkinson'sDiseasedoesn'thaveaneffectoneverybodywaytherateofprogression differsamongpatients.Tremorisoneofthebigmajorsymptomsforfewpatientspatients, whereasforothers,tremorisnonexistentorterriblyminor.Parkinson'sdiseasesymptoms usuallybeginononeaspectofthebody.However,becauseitprogresses,theillness eventuallyaffectseitherside.Evenoncetheillnessinvolveseithersideofthebody,the symptomsareusuallylesssevereononeaspectthanontheopposite.
AnotherMajorillnesswouldbeAlzheimers,itmostoftenlyhappensbeforeagesixtyhowever progressivelycommonineverydecadethenceforth,ADaffectsoverfortypercentofthoseage eightyfiveandoverandnearlytwentypercentofagesseventyfivetoeightyfour.Asmanyasfive

millionAmericanshaveAD.Theillnessisforeseentohaveaneffectonclosetofourteenmillion peoplewithintheu.s.bytheyear2040. TheearliestsymptomsofADembraceforgetfulnessdisorientationtotimeorplaceand problemwithconcentration,calculation,language,andjudgment.becausetheillness progresses,somepatientshaveseverebehaviouraldisturbancesandwillevenbecome psychotic.withinthefinalstages,theaffectedindividualisincapableofselfcareandbecomes bedbound.Patientstypicallydiefromrespiratoryillnessoranothercomplicationofimmobility.

Schizophreniaisasevereandseriousbraindiseasethatdistortsthemannerofan individualthinks,acts,expressesemotions,perceivesreality,andrelatestoothers. individualswithschizophreniathemostchronicanddisablingofthemainmental disorderstypicallyhaveissuesworkingintherealworld,andinrelationships. schizophreniawillleaveitssuffererfrightenedandwithdrawn.it'salifelongunwellnessthat can'tbecuredhoweversometimescanbecontrolledwithcorrecttreatment.there'smany sidestoschizophreniaasfollows: Paranoidschizophrenia:peoplewiththiskindarepreoccupiedwithfalsebeliefs (delusions)concerningbeingpersecutedorbeingdisciplinedbysomebody.Theirthinking, speech,andemotions,however,stayfairlyfunctional. Disorganizedschizophrenia:individualswiththiskindareconfusedandincoherentand haveweakenedspeech.Theiroutwardbehaviorcouldalsobecoldorflatorinappropriate, evensillyorchildlike.typicallytheyhaveunsystematicbehaviorthatwilldisrupttheirability toperformtraditionaldailyactivitieslikeshoweringormakingreadymeals. Catatonicschizophrenia:theforemoststrikingsymptomsofthissortarephysical. individualswithcatatonictypeschizophreniaaretypicallyimmobileandunresponsiveto theenvironmentaroundthem.Theyusuallybecometerriblyrigidandstiffandunwillingto maneuver.sometimes,theseindividualshavepeculiarmovementslikegrimacingor

assumeoutlandishpostures.Or,theycouldrepeatawordorphrasesimplyspokenby anotherperson.Attimes,thealternativeisalsotrueandthesepeopleseemtointeractin restlessongoingactivitywithnospecificpurposeordesiredoutcome(forexample, walkingalineoverandoverrepeatedlyjumpinginplace).Individualswithcatatonictype schizophreniatypicallyreturnandforthbetweenadditionalinactivebehaviorsandalsothe restless,purposelessbehaviorsandareatenhancedriskofdeficiencydisease, exhaustion,orselfinflictedinjury. Undifferentiatedschizophrenia:Thisismostcommonlydiagnosedoncetheperson's symptomsdon'tclearlyrepresentthetheother3subtypes. ResidualSchizophrenia:Duringthiskindofschizophrenia,theamountofcommon schizophreniasymptomshasdiminished.Hallucinations,delusions,ordifferentsymptoms maystillbetherehoweveraresignificantlydecreasedoncetheschizophreniawas originallydiagnosed.Additionally,thereshouldstillbeproofofthedisturbanceasindicated bythepresenceofsomenegativesymptoms(forexample,incommunicativefaces,blank appearance,monotonespeech,apparentlackofinterestwithintheworldandothers, inabilitytofeelpleasure). Thereisagrowingnumberofresearchinstitutesandresearchersonneurological disorders,asanexampleOverthelastdecade,regarding$30millioningrantcashhas helpedMcLaughlinanalysisInstitutepursueanalysisthatscientistDr.GeorgeCarlson hopeseventuallycanresultinmedicinesorprocedurestoreverseAlzheimersmalady,or Since1987theBrain&BehavioranalysisFoundationhasawardedquite$300millionin over4,500NARSADgrantstoover3,700scientistsroundtheworld.TheBrain&Behavior researchFoundationiscommittedtoassuagingthesufferingcausedbyNeurological Disordersbyawardinggrantswhichwillresultinadvancesandbreakthroughsinresearch. there'sadditionallyMayoClinicwheredoctorsaretrainedinneurology,surgicaloperation

andotherareasstudygeneticscience,risks,potentialdiagnostictestsandcoveringsfor braindisorder.MayoClinicresearchershavestudiedmagneticresonanceimaging, subtractionicticSPECTcoregisteredtomri(SISCOM),electroencephalography, ketogenicdiet,deepbrainstimulation,braindisordersurgeryandplentyofalternative areas. Doctorsorresearchersthatwecouldcontactwouldbe: BruceS.McEwen,Ph.D. AlfredE.MirskyProfessor HaroldandMargaretMillikenHatchLaboratoryofNeuroendocrinology Bruce.McEwen@rockefeller.edu DavidT.Hsu,Ph.D.o0 Phone:(734)6154252 Fax:(734)6474130 Email:dthsu@umich.edu
Scott,MainuelR."Parkinson'sDisease."EdinburgHospital.EndinburgRegional,26Jan.2006. Web. 21Oct.2013.http://www.edinburgregional.com/hospitalservices/neurosurgery/parkinsonsdisea se#.UmTNc1BQEs4 "BrainFacts.org."Alzheimer'sDisease.BrainFacts.org,1Apr.2012.Web.21Oct.2013. http://www.brainfacts.org/diseasesdisorders/degenerativedisorders/articles/2012/alzheimers disease/ A.,Chakrab."MentalHealthandSchizophrenia."WebMD.WebMD,Oct.2009.Web.21Oct. 2013. http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/mentalhealthschizophrenia

 A.,Chakrab."MentalHealthandSchizophrenia."WebMD.WebMD,Oct.2009.Web.21Oct. 2013.http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0706c.shtml