 4 2 6 

Matrices  3 10 11
 
•Can conveniently
organize and store data
 2 4 5 
• Used to manipulate
data
 Inventory (July 1) Sales (July) Deliveries (July)
Small Large Small Large Small Large

Jimmy Johnson 5 4 7 3 6 8
Each number in a matrix 3 rows 2 columns
Kyle Petty
is called an entry 3 2 0 1 0 0
The dimensions of this
The address of7 row 23 2 2 3 4
Ryan Newman
matrix are
and
We cancolumn m21inventory data in a matrix.
1 is our
represent

small large
3x2 “3 by 2”
Jimmy Johnson
5 4  m11 m12 
Kyle Petty
3  
2   M   m 21 m 22  

Ryan Newman  7 3   m 3 1 m 3 2 
 Inventory (July 1) Sales (July) Deliveries (July)
Small Large Small Large Small Large

Jimmy Johnson 5 4 7 3 6 8
Kyle Petty 3 2 0 1 0 0
Ryan Newman 7 3 2 2 3 4

Write down the sales matrix S.

What is S12 = 3
7 3
S22 = 1 
S  0 1 
S32  2  2 2 
 Two matrices are equal
q if they
y
have the same dimensions and if
corresponding entries are
equivalent.
i l

2 x  4 5  12 z 
 2    
 3 y  5 2 5y  3

x  4
y 1
z 5
We can find the sum (or difference) of
matrices
t i with th same dimensions
ith the di i , by
b
finding the sum or difference of
corresponding entries.
7 3 6 8

A  0 1  
B  0 0 
 2 2   3 4 
1 3 11  1 5
0   0 
A B   1  AB  1 
 5 6    1  2 
 Inventory (July 1) Sales (July) Deliveries (July)
Small Large Small Large Small Large

Jimmy Johnson 5 4 7 3 6 8
Kyle Petty 3 2 0 1 0 0
Ryan Newman 7 3 2 2 3 4
5 4 7 3 6 8

M  3 2  
S  0 1  
D  0 0 
 7 3   2 2   3 4 
Find the inventory matrix at the end of July.
4 9
3 
M S  D  1
 8 5 
 7 3 2 3 1

A  0 1  
B  3 0 3 
 2 2   3 8 2 

A B 
We multiply any matrix by a real number k,
b multiplying
by lti l i each
h element
l t in
i the
th matrix
t i byb
k.
7 3

A  0 1  Scalar multiplication

 2 2 
28 12 
 0 4 
4 A 
  8  8 
4.1 Using Matrices to Represent Data

Rules and Properties

Properties of Matrix Addition
A, B, C are matrices with dimensions m  n:
Commutative A+B=B+A
Associative (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
Additive Identity m  n matrix with 0 as all of
its entries
Additive Inverse matrix whose entries are
opposites of those in a
matrix
Geometric Transformations
A'
Represent quadrilateral
ABCD as matrix P B'
A(A3,3)
3 3 3 2
P  
B (3,
B 2)
2 
1 A ''
 3 2 B ''

D ''
6 6 6 4 D(D
2 1)
2,
C ''
2P  
 6 4 4  2  D' C (3,C2)

C'
 3 3 3 
  1 
1 2 2 2
P   
2  3 1 1 
1
 2 2 
Homework:
Pg 231 #1, 5,6
Pg 250 12,18-21
12,18 21
4.2 Matrix Multiplication
4.2
Matrix
Multiplication
The Browns scored 4 TD, 1 extra point, 1
two point conversion,
conversion and 2 FG
FG.
The Seahawks scored 3 TD, 3 extra
points,
i t and
d 3 FG
FG.
TD XP 6
2PT FG

 
 4 1 1 2  1  (4)(6)+ (1)(1)+ (1)(2) +(2)(3)
3 3 0 3 2   
  (0)(2)+(3)(3)
   
(3)(6)+ (3)(1)+

3
33 
 
30 
 6
 
 4 1 1 2 1  33 
3 3 0 3 2   
  30 
 
O t dimensions
Outer di i  3

2x4 4x1 = 2x1

Inner dimensions
To multiply two matrices, The outer dimensions
the inner dimensions must become the dimensions
be the same. of the resulting matrix.
Matrix Multiplication

If matrix A has dimensions m  n,

and matrix B has dimensions n  r,

then A  B has dimensions m  r.

Matrix Multiplication

To find the entry in row i and column j of

AB:

Find the sum of the products of the

corresponding entries in row i of A and
column j of B.
B
 1 2 1  3 5 4 
 2 1 0  3 1 6  
  
 1 3 1  1 2 3
 2
 
 4 7 1 0   5
 3 

4 2  1 3 5 4 10 14 
1 3   0   1 
  1 3  0 4 
Homework:
Pg 229-230
#7 12
#7-12
The Identity Matrix for Multiplication
Let A be a square matrix with a dimension of n x n
n.
Let I be a matrix with the same dimensions and with
1s on the main diagonal and 0s elsewhere
elsewhere.

1 0 0 
Then AI = IA = A

1 0  0 1 0 
0 1   
  0 0 1 
The Inverse of a Matrix
Let A be a square matrix with a dimension of
n x n. If there is an n x n matrix B such that
AB = I, then A and B are inverses of one
another. The inverse of matrix A is denoted
by A1
 2 3   5 3
 3 5   3 2  
  
Determinant of a 2 x 2 Matrix
a b 
A 
c d  The determinant of
A denoted by det(A) or A
A,
det(A) A = ad  bc
Is defined as det(A)=
at A has
Matrix as an
a inverse
e se if a
and
doonly
y
if det(A)  0
44
4.4
Solving
g Systems
y With
Matrix Operations
5 x  2 y  61.2
4 x  3 y  55.4

5 2  x 61.2 
A  X   B 
4 3  y 55.4 
Coefficient Variable Constant
Matrix Matrix Matrix

Matrix equation AX  B
 Real Numbers Matrices
ax  b AX  B
1 1
1 1 A ( AX )  A B
(ax)  (b)
1 1
a a ( A A) X  A B
1  b 1
 a x  IX  A B
a  a 1
XA B
b
x
a
 5 2   x  61.2 
 4 3   y   55.4 
    
AX  B
1
XA B x  10.4
10.4  y  4.6
X  
 4.6
46
3 x  4 y  3
6 x  8 y  18
 3 4   x   3 
 6 8   y   18
    
AX  B
1
XA B
"no solution".
Lines are parallel (inconsistent)
 x  4 y  3 z  21
5 x  2 y  z  25
3 x  y  2 z  2
1 4 3   x   21
5 2 1  y    25 
    
3 1 2   z   2  3

X 3 
AX  B
XA B 1  4 
 x  2 y  6
y  2 z  11
2 x  z  16
1 2 0   x   6 
 0 1 2   y    11 
    
 2 0 1   z  16  4

X   5 
AX  B
XA B 1  8 
Homework:
Pg 249
#20-26
#20 26 even
W it out
Write t matrices
t i
45
4.5
Using
g Matrix Row
Operations
3x  y  5
x  2 y  3
3 1  5 Augmented Matrix –
 1   Consists of the
 2 3
coefficients and
constant terms in the
system of equations.
Goal: Transform the matrix into columns
that form an identity matrix

1 0  1
0 1  
 2
This is called reduced row-echelon form
if the matrix represents an independent
system.
Elementary Row Operations Notation
• Interchange two rows R1  R2
• Multiply
p y all entries in one row 2R3  R3
by a nonzero number
• Add a multiple of one row to 4R2  R1  R1
another row
 1
3 1  5 R2  R2
7
 1   3 1  5
 2 3
0 1  
3R2  R2  2
3 1  5 R1  R2  R1
 3  3 0  3
 6  9 0 1 
  2
R1  R2  R2 1
R1  R1
3 1  5 3
0  1 0  1
 7  14  0 1 
  2
x  2 y  2z  6 Use ca
calculator:
cu a o sstore
oe
3 x  4 y  z  1 augmented matrix and
use rref(( function.
5 x  8 y  3 z  11 x  5 z  13
y  3.5
3 5 z  99.5
5
0z = 0. This equations tells
yyou that z can be any
y real 0z  0
number. Dependent.

(5 z  13, 3.5 z  9.5, z )

2x  6 y  4z  1 Use ca
calculator:
cu a o sstore
oe
x  3y  2z  4 augmented matrix and
use rref(( function.
2 x  y  3 z  7
0 1
0 = 1. This equations tells
yyou that there is no solution.
Inconsistent
Homework:
Pg 257
#13-14
#13 14 by hand
#22 – 25 (calc.)
( l )