Chapter 14: The Viruses and other Virus-like Agents!

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Size Relationships Among Cells and Viruses!

Generalized Structure of Viruses!

A non-enveloped virus with helical nucleocapsid!

Enveloped virus with helical nucleocapsid!

The Viral Replication Cycle!

The Viral Replication Cycle!

1.! 2.! 3.! 4.! 5.! 6.! Adsorption! Penetration! Uncoating! Synthesis! Assembly! Release!

Viruses Adsorb to Host Cells using Protein Spikes!

Viruses Exhibit Host Range! ! Smallpox only infects humans! ! Rabies can infect most warm-blooded animals and humans! ! Bacteriophage infect certain species of bacteria!

The Inuenza Virus: an example of host specicity!

Different versions of neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) lead to virus strains with different host specicities.! HA! NA!

Different versions of neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) lead to virus strains with different host specicities.!

Antigenic drift is the gradual change in HA and NA from mutations over time. !

Antigenic shift is the sudden change in HA and NA from reassortment in a common host cell. !

Antigenic drift leads to new strains that can cause localized epidemics. !

Antigenic shift leads to new strains that can cause worldwide pandemics. !

1918 Spanish u epidemic!

Entry into the Host! ! Two different modes of entry are employed for eukaryotic viruses! !Fusion with host cell membrane! !Entry by endocytosis!

Viral Genomes!
! Can be either DNA or RNA, not both! ! Can be single stranded or double stranded! ! Can be linear or circular!

Synthesis of Viral Nucleic Acids and Proteins!

! Most DNA viruses use their DNA genome as a template for mRNA synthesis! ! Some RNA viruses can act directly as mRNA and be translated into protein! ! Other RNA viruses need to be replicated rst, then used as mRNA! ! Retroviruses convert their RNA into DNA!

Formation of a Provirus by HIV! Example of a chronic infection; can also be latent!

Release of Eukaryotic Viruses! ! Non-enveloped viruses released by host cell lysis! ! Enveloped viruses derive their envelope from the host cell membrane! !Released by budding !

Release of an Enveloped Virus!

Bacteriophages are viruses that only infect bacteria !

An E. coli cell under attack!!!!

Life Cycle of T4 Phage of E. coli!

Phage Adsorption & Penetration!

Bacteriophage Replication!

Release of Bacteriophage!

Diagnosis of Viral Infections! ! Often based on signs of the disease! "-Koplik spots in measles! "-swollen salivary glands in mumps! ! ! Observation of cells from body tissues! ! Viral antibodies in patient serum!

Viruses can be detected by plaques in a cell lawn!

Types of Viral Infections!

The Onset of Cancer!

Viruses Implicated in Human Cancers!

Epstein-Barr virus! Hepatitis B virus! Hepatitis C virus! Human herpesvirus 8 ! Human Papillomavirus (HPV)! Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 and 2! Burkitts lymphoma! nasopharyngeal carcinoma! liver cancer! liver cancer! Kaposis sarcoma! cervical cancer! leukemia!

Some viruses are oncogenic!

Prions Infectious Proteins!

! Cause neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals! !scrapie! !bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease! !Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD)! !kuru !

Prion formation and propagation!

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