Coveccion Forzada

1
CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

Mechanical Engineering/NEST - NanoEngineering, Science, and Technology
ES-3003 Heat Transfer
Flow across cylinders and spheres
Boundary layer separation
Bernoulli equation
Drag force
Noncircular cylinders
Flow across tube banks
Maximum flow velocity
Accuracy
Liquid metal heat transfer
Slug-flow model
Hydrodynamic boundary layer
Thermal boundary layer
LECTURE: 24 - Th, 29 November 2001
Term B2001
Todays topics
Flow across cylinders and spheres
Until now, we have discussed flow over flat plates and inside tubes
Flow over cylinders and spheres is also important and is the topic of next
few slides
The boundary layer development on the cylinder, or sphere, determines
the heat transfer characteristics
As long as the boundary layer is laminar it is possible to determine the
heat transfer by methods similar to the BL analyses discussed thus far
These analyses, however, include the pressure gradient because it has a
significant influence on the boundary layer velocity profile
This pressure gradient causes development of a separated flow region, on
the back of a cylinder, when the free stream velocity is sufficiently high
Boundary layer separation
The pressure through the BL is almost constant at any position given x
For a cylinder, the position is measured from a stagnation point
Pressure initially decreases along the front of the cylinder, then it increases
along the back, which leads to increase in the velocity on front and decrease
on the back of the cylinder
Transverse velocity decreases from u
at the outer edge of BL to zero at

the surface
As the flow proceeds to the back of the cylinder,
the pressure increase causes a decrease in velocity,
according to Bernoulli equation
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
g
u
d
p
dp
2
2
Boundary layer separation, contd
Because the momentum of the fluid layers near the surface may not be
sufficiently high to overcome the increase in pressure, reverse flow may
begin in the BL near the surface
When the velocity gradient at the surface becomes zero, the flow has
reached the separation point
0
0
=
=
y
x
u
at point separation
As the flow proceeds past the separation point, reverse-flow may occur
The separated flow may become turbulent and random in motion
Drag coefficient
The drag coefficient for bluff bodies is defined as
c
D D
g
u
A C F force Drag
2
2
= =

where C
D
is the drag coefficient, A is the frontal area of the body exposed to
the flow, and other variables are as defined before
2
D
s
T
e
T V,
Average heat transfer coefficient
Because of the complicated nature of the flow separation process, it is
not possible to determine analytically the average heat transfer coefficients in
cross flow
3 / 1
Pr
f
n
f f
df
d u
C
k
hd
Nu
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =


Interferometric images of cylinders in cross flow
Interferometric images of cylinders , contd
At lowest Re = 23, shape of interferometric fringes displays behavior
resulting from superposition of free-convection currents of the same order as
the forced-convection ones
In this regime, the heat transfer depends on Grashof number Gr
x
( )
2
3
x T T g
Gr
w
x

=
Comprehensive relation for Nu
d
Introduced in 1977 by Churchill and Bernstein
2 . 0 , 10 Re 10 4 000 , 20 Re 10
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr
4 . 0
1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
7 5 2
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 2 / 1
> < < < <
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
d d d
d
d
Pe
Nu
and for
2 . 0 , 000 , 400 Re 000 , 20
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr
4 . 0
1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
2 / 1
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 2 / 1
> < <
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
d d
d
d
Pe
Nu
for
3
Noncircular cylinders
3 / 1
Pr
f
n
f f
df
d u
C
k
hd
Nu
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =


Spheres
McAdams (1954) recommended the following equation for heat transfer
from spheres to a flowing gas
000 , 70 Re 17 37 . 0
6 . 0
< <
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

d
f f
d
d u
k
hd
Nu for
In 1978, Achenbach obtained relations applicable over a still wider

range of Re for air with Pr = 0.71
( )
17 9 3
6 5 3 2
5
2 / 1
6 . 1 4
10 1 . 3 10 25 . 0 10 5 . 0
10 5 Re 10 3 Re Re Re 430
10 3 Re 100 Re 10 3 Re 25 . 0 2

= = =
< < + + + =
< < + + =
c b a
c b a Nu
Nu
d d d d d
d d d d
where
for
for
Spheres, contd
For flow of liquids past spheres, Kramers (1946) data reduces to
000 , 2 Re 1 68 . 0 97 . 0 Pr Pr
5 . 0
3 . 0 3 . 0
< <
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =

d
f
f
f
f d
d u
k
hd
Nu for
In 1972, Whitaker developed the following single equation for gases and
liquids flowing past spheres
( )
380 Pr 7 . 0 , 10 8 Re 5 . 3
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 2 / 1
< < < <
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =

d
w
d d d
Nu
for

Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers, contd
Heat exchangers, contd
Air flow
Liquid flow
4
Tube banks
p
S
n
S
d

T u ,
In-line
p
S
n
S
d

T u ,
Staggered
Flow across tube banks
3 / 1
Pr
f
n
f f
df
d u
C
k
hd
Nu
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =


Tube banks, contd
The Re is based on the maximum velocity occurring in the tube bank,
i.e., the velocity through the minimum flow area
p
S
n
S
d

T u ,
d S
S
u u
n
n
=
max
( ) | | d S S
S
u u
p n
n
+
=
2 / 1
2 2
max
5 . 0
5 . 0
Staggered
In-line
Tube banks, contd
Pressure drop for flow of gases over a bank of tubes may be calculated
from
14 . 0
2
max
'
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
w
N G f
p
where the empirical friction factor f
is given by
15 . 0
max / 13 . 1 43 . 0
' 16 . 0
max 08 . 1
'
Re
08 . 0
044 . 0 Re
118 . 0
25 . 0

+
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
p
S d
n
p
n
d
d S
d
S
f
d
d S
f
Staggered arrangement In-line arrangement
Flow through packed beds
A packed pebble bed is
used, e.g.:
to store energy
in regeneration
etc.
Flow through packed beds, contd
Void fraction

=
Bed volume Packing volume
Bed volume
Specific surface area a
Total surface area of particles
Bed volume
a =
5
a =
A
p
V
p
1
( )
Specific surface area a
A
p
Surface area of each particle
V
p
Volume of each particle
Spherical particle
p p
p
p
p
d d
d
V
A
6
6
3
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
p
d
a

=
1 6
a =
A
p
V
p
1
( )
=
H
D
Volume of bed available for flow
Wetted surface in bed
=
Void volume / unit volume
Wetted surface/unit volume
=

a
Hydraulic diameter
p
p
H
A
V
D
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
Using
a =
A
p
V
p
1
( )
p
p
p
A
V
d 6 =
Effective particle diameter
(yields d for a sphere)
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
p char
d L
Characteristic length
Superficial velocity
c
A
m
V
&
= (if no packing is present)
c
char
A
m
V
&
=
Characteristic velocity
Velocity in available
cross sectional area
Use correlations based on V
char
and L
char
to predict pressure drop
and heat transfer
dP
dx
=
150V
char
L
char
2
+
1.75V
char
2
L
char
1< Re <10
4
Pressure drop (Ergun equation)
Nu = 0.5Re
1/ 2
+ 0.2 Re
2/ 3
( )Pr
1 / 3
20 < Re <10
4
Heat transfer
P
trans
= aA
c
A
c is the cross-sectional area of the bed
Total surface area of particles
Bed length
P
trans
=
Sometimes the transfer perimeter is used to characterize the
surface area
Liquid metal heat transfer
Liquid metal heat transfer is of considerable interest because of the high
heat-transfer rates that can be achieved
Also, liquid metals remain in the liquid state at higher temperatures than
conventional fluids
Compact heat exchangers (HEX)
Liquid metals are difficult to handle
Corrosive
Violent action possible
6
Liquid metal heat transfer, contd
Consider a flat plate, heated over its entire length, with a liquid metal
flowing across it
The Pr for liquid metals is very low (~0.01)
Thermal BL thickness is much larger than hydrodynamic BL
thickness
1 <
t
BL thermal the through
= u u
Slug model for calculation of the heat transfer
The integral energy equation
( )
w
dy
dT
udy T T
dx
d
t
=
(
(

0
where the temperature profile is given by
3
2
1
2
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
t t w
w
y y
T T
T T

becomes
t t t
dy
y y
dx
d
u
t

2
3
2
1
2
3
1
0
3
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
dx
u
d
t t
=

8
2
dx
u
d
t t
=

8
2 x
u
t
8
( )
2 / 1 2 / 1
530 . 0 Pr Re 530 . 0 Pe
k
x h
Nu
x
x
x
= = =
Pr 64 . 1 Pr
8
64 . 4
= =
t
01 . 0 ~ Pr 16 . 0 ~ for
t
Heat transfer depends on Pe

( )
60 100
Pr Re 025 . 0 0 . 5
8 . 0
> >
+ = =
d
L
Pe
k
hd
Nu
d d
and for
Flow of liquid metals in tubes with constant wall temperature
Flow of liquid metals in tubes with constant heat flux
( )
5 3 4
827 . 0
10 05 . 9 Re 10 6 . 3 10 100
Pr Re 0185 . 0 82 . 4
< < < <
+ = =
d
d d
Pe
k
hd
Nu
and for
Hwrk P-6-79
Announcements
SEMINAR
MEMS programs at DARPA: current and future
by
Dr. William C Tang
DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Arlington, VA
Higgins Laboratories, Room 116
Thursday, 29 November 2001
3:00 PM to 4:00 PM
Refreshments at 2:45 PM

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1

CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

at the outer edge of BL to zero at

CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

In 1978, Achenbach obtained relations applicable over a still wider

CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

where the empirical friction factor f

BL thermal the through

Heat transfer depends on Pe

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