Mechanics of Solids

Axial Load

Thermal Strain
Thermal Deformation

Thermal Strain

Thermal Stress

thermal = E thermal

Thermal Strain
4-85 The AM1004-T61 magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with a rigid plate. The gap between E and end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the temperature is 30oC . Determine the highest temperature to which it can be raised without causing yielding either in the tube or the rod. Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap. (p. 157) Segment AB: EAB = 44.7 GPa; AB = 26 x10-6/oC Y-AB = 152 MPa Segment CD: ECD = 68.9 GPa; CD = 24 x 10-6/oC Y-CD = 255 MPa FAB = FCD = F 107.5 kN
FAB
25 mm 20 mm

a A a
300 mm

E B C
0.2 mm

Section a-a
D=25 mm

D
450 mm

E
D=25 mm

FDC

= 152 x

(252-202)

A = 107.5 kN

B C

= 255 x 12.52 = 125.2 kN

Thermal Strain
4-85 The AM1004-T61 magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with a rigid plate. The gap between E and end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the temperature is 30oC . Determine the highest temperature to which it can be raised without causing yielding either in the tube or the rod. Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap. (p. 157) FAB = FCD = F 107.5 kN a AD= 0.2 mm = AB + CD (Compatibility) A a
300 mm 25 mm 20 mm

E B C
0.2 mm

Section a-a
D=25 mm

D
450 mm

FAB

E
D=25 mm

FDC

A = 0.2 mm
F
FDC

B C
T
D=25 mm

D
FDC

Thermal Strain
4-85 The AM1004-T61 magnesium alloy tube AB is capped with a rigid plate. The gap between E and end C of the 6061-T6 aluminum alloy solid circular rod CD is 0.2 mm when the temperature is 30oC . Determine the highest temperature to which it can be raised without causing yielding either in the tube or the rod. Neglect the thickness of the rigid cap. (p. 157) FAB = FCD = F 107.5 kN AD = 0.2 mm = AB + CD (Compatibility) A = 0.2 mm =- 1.02 mm = -1.43 mm =2.65 mm
FAB
25 mm 20 mm

a a
300 mm

E B C
0.2 mm

Section a-a
D=25 mm

450 mm

E
D=25 mm

FDC

B C

T = 142 oC Th = 30 + T = 172 oC

Segment AB: EAB = 44.7 GPa; AB = 26 x10-6/oC Y-AB = 152 MPa Segment CD: ECD = 68.9 GPa; CD = 24 x 10-6/oC Y-CD = 255 MPa

Axial Load: Deformation

Saint-Venant Principle Hookes Law a

= E
a

N [kN]
20 kN 15 kN NAB NCD

0 NBC

NBC - NAB = - 20 kN NCD - NBC= + 15 kN

Poissons Ratio
When a deformable body is stretched by a tensile force, not only does it elongate but it also contract laterally, i.e. it would contract in other two dimensions. Likewise, a compressive force acting on a deformable body cause it to contract in the direction of force and yet its sides expand laterally

Poissons ratio is a constant. Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction; Usually 0 v 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v 0.3;

Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio is a constant. Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

yy

Usually 0 v 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v 0.3;

'yy

zz xx

'zz

zz

+
'xx

'z =zz/E
y z x o

''z = - (yy/E)

z = - (xx/E)

= z + z + z = [zz - (yy + xx ) ]/E

x = [xx - (yy + zz ) ]/E y = [yy - (xx + zz ) ]/E

Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio is a constant. Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

yy dx dz dy xx dV=dx dy dz y z x o zz

Usually 0 v 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v 0.3;

z = [zz - (yy + xx ) ]/E x = [xx - (yy + zz ) ]/E y = [yy - (xx + zz ) ]/E

(1+x)dx (1+z)dz (1+y)dy

V = (1+x) (1+y) (1+z) dx dy dz V = (1+x) (1+y) (1+z) dx dy dz - dx dy dz = (x+y+z) dx dy dz

V 1 - 2 ( + + ) Volume Strain: e= = x+y+z = zz yy xx dV E

Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio is a constant. Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

yy dx dz dy xx zz

Usually 0 v 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v 0.3;

(1+x)dx (1+z)dz (1+y)dy

Volume Strain: e= V = 1 - 2 (zz + yy + xx) dV E zz = yy = xx = p

dV=dx dy dz y z x o

V = (1+x) (1+y) (1+z) dx dy dz p E = Volume Modulus of elasticity: k = e 3(1 - 2) (Bulk modulus)

Poissons Ratio
3-25 The plastic rod is 200 mm long and 15 mm in diameter. If an axial load of 300 N is applied to it, determine the change in its length and the change in its diameter. E=2.70GPa, v=0.4. (p. 111)
200 mm

300 N

300 N

A Ans.

= 0.126/200=0.00063

= - 0.00063 x 0.4 = - 0.00025 = - 0.00025 x 15 = - 0.00377 mm

Ans.

Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio is a constant. Lateral strain is the same in all lateral direction;

yy dx dz dy xx zz

Usually 0 v 0.5. For most linearly elastic material v 0.3;

(1+x)dx (1+z)dz (1+y)dy

Volume Strain: e= V = 1 - 2 (zz + yy + xx) dV E zz = yy = xx = p

dV=dx dy dz y z x o

V = (1+x) (1+y) (1+z) dx dy dz p E = Volume Modulus of elasticity: k = e 3(1 - 2) (Bulk modulus)

Strain Energy
Work of a Force: x

W=Fx F = f(x)
W

Axial Load:

F=kx
F P (k = P/=EA/L )

W 0 External Work

Strain Energy
Axial Load: External Work W 0 Internal Work Strain Energy x P y dz dx dy

F=kx

We = Ui

F P

(k = P/ )

dFy = ydA = ydxdz dz = dz

Strain Energy
Internal Work Strain Energy y dz Strain Energy Density - Strain-energy per unit volume
i

dx dy

Modulus of resilience - When stress reaches the proportional limit, strain energy density is x referred to Modulus of resilience fr pl z

Modulus of toughness -The higher the modulus of toughness, the more strain energy can be stored (absorbed) inside the material before fracturing.

pl

Strain Energy
Internal Work Strain Energy Total Strain Energy inside deformable body The above equation is the elemental strain energy, by integrating it, the total volume and substituting Hooke's law we have that: y dz dx dy

External Work If the deflection of a structure or member under a single concentrated load P is known, the corresponding Work W may be obtained by writing W F

Strain Energy
14-73 Determine the horizontal displacement of join B. Each A-36 member has a crossB sectional area of 1250 mm2. (p. 760) 1 kN

2.4 m

C
1.8 m 1.8 m