Sem Craig Comartin

Performance-based guidelines for practitioners
Foundations and SSI aspects of FEMA 356 and 440
Craig D. Comartin
EERI Technical Seminar Series
Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures
Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations
Outline
Example building Foundation modeling Inertial effects Kinematic effects Response spectrum for analysis Bearing capacity
Example building plan

160-0
100-0
8 R/C wall 20L typical
Plan
Example building wall elevation and section

20-0 Roof 10-0 typical 2nd 1st
3D Footing 26L x 3B x 1.5d
Elevation @ wall
Section @ wall
Example building description

Two story concrete structure: FEMA model building Type C2 Story to story heights 10 ft: total building height of 20 ft. Plan dimensions: 100 ft. by 160 ft. Floors and roof construction: two-way reinforced concrete flat slab Roof DL = 140 psf Floor DL = 160 psf Vertical support: concrete columns and interior and exterior reinforced concrete bearing walls Lateral system: six shear walls in each direction, 12 total L=20 ft., t=8 in. Foundations: spread footings bearing 3 ft. below grade and reinforced concrete slab on grade Soils conditions: very stiff alluvium, u= 1200 fps, NEHRP Site Class C Ground motion: shaking with a 10% chance of being exceed in 50 yrs. Analysis objective: Maximum global displacement for specified ground motion NOTE: See FEMA 440 for complete example.
EERI Technical Seminar Series Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures
Generic Foundation Element Models

Fy Fx Mz Sy Siy
i=1 to 5
Structural Component
S Sx
Geotechnical Components
Sx
a. Foundation Actions
b. Uncoupled Component Model
c. Winkler Component Model
Flexible base properties

20-0
Mroof
10-0 typical
Mfloor
Footing 26L x 3B x 1.5d 3D
Flexible base model

Gazetas equations (stiffness)
Gazetas equations (embedment)
Soil properties initial shear modulus
ATC 40 Sect. 10.4.1.2
Foundation dimensions length, L= width, B= thickness, d depth, D=

FEMA 356 Table 4.7
2 G 0 = s = 31 ksi g = unit wt. of soil, 100 pcf s = shear wave velocity, 1200 fps
26 3 1.5 3
ft ft ft ft
effective shear modulus G/ G 0=
0.75 23 ksi 0.3
G=
Poisson's ratio
Soil properties
soil unit weight = 100 pcf shear wave velocity = 1200 ft/sec gravity = 32.2 ft/sec2
G0 = 31 ksi G = 0.75 G0 = 23 ksi
FEMA 356 Fig. 4.4 ATC 40 Table 10.2&3
Rotational stiffness at surface embedment factor at depth

2.4 L K ,sur + 0.47 0.034 X 6 walls = B 0.6 1.9 0.6 d d d = 1+1.4 1.5 + 3.7 = L L D
GB3 = 1
7.8 x 108 k-in/rad 780,342,531
1.39
K = K,sur = 1,081,161,315 1.1 x 109 k-in/rad

FEMA 356 Fig. 4.4 ATC 40 Table 10.2&3
Translational stiffness at surface embedment factor at depth

K x,sur GB L = 3.4 2 B
0.65
0.4 Dd ( B + L) D 1+1.6 x = 1+ 0.21 = 2 B BL
+ 1.2 X 6walls =
44,505 k/in 1.86 82,607 k/in
Kx = Kx,sur x =
Linear periods
Evaluate the linear periods for the structural model assuming a fixed base, , and a flexible base, , using % T T appropriate foundation modeling assumptions.
20-0
20-0
Mroof
10-0 typical
Mroof
10-0 typical
Mfloor
Mfloor
Footing 26L x 3B x 1.5d 3D
Kx
Fixed base model

Flexible base model
T = 0.14 sec
% = 0.20 sec T
Initial spectrum for analysis

Select ground motion spectrum
FEMA 356 Sect. 1.6 ATC 40 Sect. 4.4
Site class C and shear wave velocity,
vs = 1200fps
Acceleration parameters for MCE shaking short period 1.5 g Ss = long period 0.6 g S=
1
Damping coefficients for initial

Bs = 1.0 B 1 = 1.0
F a = 1.0 F v =1.3
= 5%
Adjustment for site class C short period long period
Sxs = Fa Ss = (11.5=1.5 g ) Sx1= FS v 1 = (1.3) 0.6 =0.78g
To reduce to design level motions (e.g.10% chance of being exceeded in 50 years), multiply accelerations by 2/3 2 1.0 g SDS = SXS = short period long period
3 2 SD1= SX1= 3
0.5 g
Initial design spectrum for =5%

Acceleration vs. period
Sa 1.20
T=0.2 sec
free field motion (FFM) @ 5% damping
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
Period, T (sec)
Foundation (inertial) damping

% % T T eff eff 1 + a2 1 f = a1 Teff Teff
a1 = ce exp 4.7 1.6h* / r
* a2 = ce 25 ln h / r 16
Fixed to flexible base period shift
Ratio of effective height to foundation radius for rotation
ce = 1.5 ( e / rx ) + 1
Ratio of effective height to foundation radius for translation
Foundation (inertial) damping Parameters necessary to compute:

% T eff Teff
h*
r
Effective building height Equivalent foundation radius for rotation Embedment of structure Equivalent foundation radius for translation Effective period shift
e
rx
Effective period shift

Fixed to flexible base period shift
% T eff Teff
1 = 1 +
T % 1 T
2
0.5
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-8
is the expected ductility demand for the system (i.e. including structure and soil effects). This is an approximation that assumes all inelastic behavior is concentrated in the structure.
Example building
Effective period lengthening Assume
=
2 0.5
1 T % % T eff = 1+ 1 = Teff T
1.2
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-8
Effective building height

hMii
N
h* =
M
i =1
i =1 N
174 in.
FEMA 440 Sect. 8-3
This is a simple dynamic property of the structure.
Foundation radius for rotation

3 (1 ) K r = 8G
1 3
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-7

3 (1 ) K r = 8G
From previous calculation
1 3
= 231 in.
K = 1.1 x 10
Alternative approximation
K = K
* fixed
(h )
*
2 * % T Kfixed 1 Kx T
FEMA 440 Eqn.8-6
Fixed base stiffness

K
M
K
* fixed
* 2 =M T
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-3
* is the effective mass for the first mode calculated as
the total mass times the effective mass coefficient (see ATC 40 Eqn. 8-21).
2 = M = m M = T
*
2
* fixed
23,250 k/in
ATC 40 Eqn 8-21
N where w / g i im = m = N i =1 N 2 wi / gwiim / g i =1 i =1
0.77
Translational stiffness of the foundation

This can be evaluated using the procedures in FEMA 356 (Chap. 4) or ATC 40 (Chap. 10). For many applications, it can be estimated as
8 Kx = Grx 2
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-5
where G = effective, strain-degraded soil shear modulus and = soil Poissons ratio (0.3 for sand, 0.45 for clay).
Foundation radius for translation
rx =
Af /
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-4
Af is the area of the foundation footprint if the foundation

components are inter-connected laterally.
rx = Af / =
71 ft.
856 in.
Translational stiffness of the foundation

This can be evaluated using the procedures in FEMA 356 (Chap. 4) or ATC 40 (Chap. 10). For many applications, it can be estimated as
8 Kx = Grx 2
8 Kx = Grx = 2
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-5
where G = effective, strain-degraded soil shear modulus and = soil Poissons ratio (0.3 for sand, 0.45 for clay).
93,867 k/in
K x = 83, 000
Foundation rotational stiffness

K = K
* fixed 2
(h )
*
* % T Kfixed 1 Kx T
= 6.0E+08 k-in/rad
Adjust for embedment
K = 8.4 x 10 K = 1.1 x 10
3 (1 ) K = r = 8 G
Neglecting embedment and using
1 3
189 in
8
K = 6.0 x 10
Foundation (inertial) damping

Determine the basement embedment, e, if applicable and calculate
e rx
Relative translational stiffness index
Example building
No basement so e = 0
Example building
Calculate foundation damping

2 % % Teff Teff 1 + a2 1 = f = a1 T T eff eff
3.73 %
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-9a
where
a1 = ce exp( 4.7 1.6h/ r ) =

a2 = ce 25ln( h / r ) 16 =
25.19 -18.06 1.00
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-9b FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-9c FEMA 440 Eqn 8-9d
ce = 1.5( e/ rx ) +1=
Foundation damping
Graphical approach
30 Foundation Damping, f (%) =0 (radiation damping only) 20
= 0.5 1.0 e/r
10 2.0 0 1
4% 1.2 1.5 Period Lengthening
h/
Flexible base damping ratio

0 = f +
% T T eff eff
6.9 %
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-10
where
i =
5%
Reduce spectrum for increased damping

Evaluate the effect on spectral ordinates of the change in damping ratio accordance with Section 6.3.
( Sa )
B0 =
( Sa )5%
B( 0 )
( Sa )FIM
B( 0 )
FEMA 440 Eqn.6-16
4 (5.6 ln 0 (in %))
1.09
FEMA 440 Eqn.6-17
Spectrum adjusted for foundation damping

Sa
1.20
T=0.2 sec
free field motion (FFM) @ 5% damping
1.00
0.80
free field motion including foundation damping
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
Period, T (sec)
Kinematic effects
Evaluate the spectral reduction from base slab averaging (RRSbsa) as a function of period.
1 Foundation/free-field RRS from base slab averaging (RRSbsa) 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Period (s)
Simplified Model
b e = 65 ft b e = 130 ft b e = 200 ft b e = 330 ft
Kinematic effects
An approximation to curves is given by: 1.2 1 be RRSbsa = 1 T 14100 the value for T= 0.2 sec.
FE M A 440 E qn. 8-1
Kinematic effects
Evaluate effective foundation size where a and b are the full footprint dimensions (in feet) of the building foundation in plan view.
be = ab
Kinematic effects
1.2 Foundation/Free-Field RRS 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0
If the structure has a basement embedded a depth e from the ground surface, evaluate an additional spectral reduction from embedment (RRSe) as a function of period.
e = 30 ft
Vs = 2500 ft/s Vs = 1200 ft/s Vs = 600 ft/s
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Period (s)
Kinematic effects
An approximation to curves is given by: 2 e RRSe = cos T nv s the larger of 0.453 or the RRSe value
for T=0.2sec.
vs = shear wave velocity n = shear wave velocity reduction factor for the expected PGA
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-2
Adjust for kinematic interaction

Modify kinematic soil-structure interaction Effective foundation size: a = 100 ft. b = 160 ft.
be = ab =
Embedment: e =
no basement
RRSe = 1.0
126 ft.
Ratio of response spectra for base slab averaging

1 be RRSbsa = 1 the value for T= 0.2 sec. 14100 T
1.2
FEMA 440 Eqn. 8-1
Foundation input motion (FIM)

(Sa )FIM = RRSbsa RRSe (Sa )FFM
Final spectrum
Sa
1.20
T=0.2 sec
free field motion (FFM) @ 5% damping free field motion including foundation damping foundation input (FIM) with foundation damping
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
Period, T (sec)
Displacement demand and base shear

Base shear, V/W
0.6 0.5
roof = 0.4 in.
V = 0.4 g W
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5
Roof displacement, D
Elasto-Plastic Behavior
Possible Stress States l Elastic prior to 1 uplift q< qu l Yield prior to uplift qu
Elastic at uplift
q< qu
Yield after uplift
qu
Elastic after uplift q< qu
6 Inelastic limit
qu
Elasto-Plastic Behavior
Moment, M Pl 2 Pl - P 2 2 2quB 2 Pl 6 4 1 Stress (q) distribution
u
Infinitely strong soil 5 5 3 5 l 6
P M
B Rotation,
Ultimate soil capacity = q
Check soil bearing capacity

20-0 ,V M slab
slab
F roof
10-0 typical
= mroof
Vy W
Vy W
= 149 ft k
= 171 ft k
F floor = mfloor PDL F total qu

La 2
PDL
540k
Mslab + Vslab
L 2
500 ft k
L MOTM = Ffloor (13 ) + Froof ( 23 ) 3(Ffloor + Froof ) Mslab + Vslab = 2

La MOTM = PDL 2
a =L2 MOTM = 10.4 ft PDL
4193 ft k
qu =
PDL = 17.2 ksf Ba
Ultimate capacities for shallow foundations

Presumptive values tabulated for classes of materials
Vertical bearing pressures increase with depth and width Lateral passive pressures increase with depth
Prescriptive values based on original design data

3.0 times specified "allowable" dead plus live loads 1.5 times all required "working loads"
Site-specific values based on geotechnical investigation

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Performance-based guidelines for practitioners

Foundations and SSI aspects of FEMA 356 and 440

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Example building plan

8 R/C wall 20L typical

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Example building wall elevation and section

3D Footing 26L x 3B x 1.5d

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Example building description

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Generic Foundation Element Models

b. Uncoupled Component Model

c. Winkler Component Model

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Flexible base properties

Flexible base model

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Gazetas equations (stiffness)

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Gazetas equations (embedment)

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Flexible base properties

Soil properties initial shear modulus

ATC 40 Sect. 10.4.1.2

Foundation dimensions length, L= width, B= thickness, d depth, D=

effective shear modulus G/ G 0=

0.75 23 ksi 0.3

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

G0 = 31 ksi G = 0.75 G0 = 23 ksi

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Flexible base properties

FEMA 356 Fig. 4.4 ATC 40 Table 10.2&3

Rotational stiffness at surface embedment factor at depth

7.8 x 108 k-in/rad 780,342,531

K = K,sur = 1,081,161,315 1.1 x 109 k-in/rad

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures

Seminar 1: Practical Applications to Shallow Foundations

Flexible base properties

Translational stiffness at surface embedment factor at depth

0.4 Dd ( B + L) D 1+1.6 x = 1+ 0.21 = 2 B BL

44,505 k/in 1.86 82,607 k/in

EERI Technical Seminar Series

Impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on Response of Structures