CONTENTS

What iss PPs

sychol
ogy?
Psy
What
chology?
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

s
s s

Contents

P
P
P











r
r

r q



q
q



q
q




q






q




q

s s
s s s
s s ss
ss s
s ss s



s ss s s
ss ss s
ss s s
s s s
s s s
sss

s s
s ss
ssss ss
r s sss
s
s s
sss s
s s
s s
s s
s s
sss s
s
s
sss
s s
s s s
s s s s
s s
ss s ss
s sss
s s
s
ssss s
sss
s
s s s
s s
s s
sss s s
s
sss s s
s
sss P s s sss

s s
s ss s
s s
sss s s r
s s
s s
ss s
ss s
s Ps s
ss ss ss
sss s s
s
s
ss s s
s s s s
P s s s s
sss s s
s
ssss s
s

s s
s
s
s
s
s s
s s s Ps
s
s s
s
r sss s
s
s s s
s


s s
s s
P s ss
s
s
ss s
ss
s
ss s ss
s
s
s





s










s




t









s


P

s








q


ss

s t ss


s

ss
s
t
ss


sst
s s
t

sst
s
st s

t
s


t
t s
s

st
s

t

st

s s
s t
t
s
s
t


s

s
s

s


t
s





t
s
s
st s
t


ss
s s
s

A ctivity
i

qr
r
sst
s s

t t t
t
t t t t t
t
t
t tt t t t
tt t
t
t

t t tt
t t tt
t
t
tt
t tt t
t ttt
t t
t t t t
t t s
t t t s t
t t ttt
t t
t t
t
t t t
t s t t
t

t t
t t t s
t tt t
t t t

t
tt t
t t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t
t t t
t t t tt
t t
t t t
t t

t tt t
t t tt t
t t
t
t
t
t t
t t t tt
t t t t
t t t
t t t t
t t
t t t t
t
t
t t
t t
t tt
t ttt t t t
t
t t t t
t t t
t tt tt t
t t
t tt t
t t t
tt t t t
t
t tt
t t
tt t t

t tt t t
tt tt
t
t tt
t t t
t
tt t
t t t
t
A ctivity
i

P
P P
P P
P

s














t




s








s
s

B ox

P P

q
r t

s






s

S ome
o e I nter
n r esting
e g L andmar
a ks
s in the
h E volution
lu i o off M oder
o r n Pssychology
h g

r

r
P




P




















t















t







t

t







t
















t





q r
sqqq







t


t t


t t

t t

t
t
t t
t t t

t
t t

t
t
t

ttt tt t
t t t
tt t
t

t
t
tt t
t
t t t
t t
t
t t
t
t tt t
t tt
t t
t
tt t

t t
t t
t t
t t t
t tt t


t

t t t


P t
t
t

t

t
t t s
tt t

t
t t tt
tt
t
t
t tt

P
t
t t

tt t
tt
t

t
P t
t

t
t
t t

t
t t
tt t
tt
t t
tt t
P
t t tt

t t
tt




t


t


t

s


t


s
t
t
t




t t

A ctivity
i

t

PP
t
t


t
t t

t

ss

t
t

q r
qr q r
r q

t
t






t
t

t
t
t t









P




t

qrs s

r r
r r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r r

r rr
r r
rr r
r
r
r
r r r r
rr
r r
r r
r r r r
r r
r
r
rr r
r
r r r rr
r
r r
r r
rr
r r r
r
r r
r r
r rr r r
r r r r
r
r r r r
r
r
r r r r
r
r

r
r r r r
r
r r
r r
rr r r
r r
r
r r
r r r r
r r r


r r r
rr r
r r r
r r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r r
r rr r

r r
r r

r r rr
r r
r r r
r r
r r r
r r


r

r
r r r
r
rr
r r rr
rr
r r
r r

PP

s












s
















r











P

r

r

r
r
r

r
r

r
r



r
r

r

r
r r r r r


r

s io
Re
eview Q u
uestions

Pr oject
c I deas
de

q q

t

M tthods
hod s of EEnquiry
qui
ry
Methods
quiry
in PPs
sychology
holog
Psy
in
hologyy
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

qt t qqq t
t q t t t qt
t q t t qt

P






rs
r
ss
r s

qr t t t t t t r
tr qr rr t
t r t t t t t r
r tr t
t t r t t
t r t t
t t r Pt r t
t r r r tr tr rr t
r t t rt
t r t r
r r r t t t t
r t t t r t r t
t r t t
t r t r
t r

P











s

s ss s s
s s s s
s
s s

s s s
s s rs
s ss

s
t s s
s s
s t

s
s s
s s s

s s
ss s
s
s s s
s s s s
s s s
ss s s s
s r
sss s
sss

s s s
s
ss s s

s s
ss s ss
s s s

r ss s
s
ss s

s s s
s s
s s s
s t
s s s
s s s
s s s
ss s s
ss


s s sss s
ss s
ss
s s s s

q qq

ss s s
s s s s
s ss s s
s s ss s
s ss s
s
s s s s
s s ss s s
s s s
s s s s
s s s s ss

s s s
s
s s s
t s t

s
s
t s
s t s
s s
s s
s
s s
ss s t
s t
s s
s
s s
ss
t t
s s s
t s
t s ss
sss s
s
s s s
s s s ss
s s
s


s s
s s
s
s
ss s
s

s s ss
s s s
s s
s
t P s s
s s s
s s
s s
s ss
ss t s s
t s t s
s s t

s s s
s t s
s s
ss ss s
s s s
s s
s
s s s s
s s s s
s
s s
s s
s t s
s s s
s s s
s s
t s
s
t P s s
s s s
ss s s
s
ss ts s

s s
ss s s ss
s ss ss

t P
s s
ss ss s
s
ss s s
ss s s


t


tt t
t t t
t

st
t
tt t
t

t t
t t
t t
t t
t t

t
t t
t
t


t
t
t

t
t

t tt
t t t
tt t t
t
t t
tt
t t t
t t


t t

t
t
t

t
t

t t
t t
tt
tt
t
t
t

t

t t

t
t
t t
t
t t
t
t

t tt
t
tt st tt
t
t

t
t t t
tt
t

t
t
t
t
t tt

t t t

tt
t

 t t t t
t t
t t t t t

t s t t tt

t t
t t t t t t
t t
t t
t t

t t t t
tt t tt t
t t t
t t t
t t t
t
t t
tt t t
tt t t t

s tt
t tt
t t
t tt
t t t
t
t tt t

P s t
tt t tt
tt t t t
tt t tt t tt
t
ttt tt t t
tt
P t
tt tt
t t
t
t
tt
tt t t
t t tt
t t t t
t
t
P tt
tt t t

t
tt tt
tt t t
t t
t
t

tt
s t tt t t
t t t t
t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t
t t tt t
t t
t tt
t t
t t
q
t t t t
t t tt
t t
t t t t
tt t t
rt tt
tt s
t t s t t t
t t t
t t t t

t t t t t
tt
t t t
t t
tt
t t
t
t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t tt t t

t t t
t t
s t t
tt t






t












s












s

s































s

B ox

E xample
xa p of
o a
e iment
m nt
an E xp
xper

q r



q







q

t
t

t
s
t

t

t
t t

t
t
t
t t
t t



tt
t
t

t

A ctivity
i

tt
t t
t tt
tt t

t
t

t
t
P P
t t
t
t t t
t t







s

s
s










q q




















q


ss
s s
s ss
ss
s
s
s s s
s s
s
s s
ss ss s
sss
ss s
r

s s s s
s s
s
s s
s s
s ss
s s s s s
s s

ss s s
ss s ss
s s s s
s s s
ss s
s s
sss ss s
s s s
ss
ss s s s
s s s

ss ss ss
s
s s
ss s
s s s
sss s
s s ss
s s
s
s s
ss ss
s

sss s s

s s
s
s ss
ss s
s
s s s
s s s

s s
ss s
s s s
sss
s s
s ss
s
s s

s s
s s
sss s
s
s ss
s ss s
s s

s s
s s s s s
ss s
ss s
s s
s ss s
s ss s
s s
sss s s
s
ss
PP sss
s s s s
s s
s s
ss ss
ss s
s s
s s s s
ss
s






t

t



t
s





t

t
t

t




q

t

t t
t

A ctivity
t it
r

r

r r r r
r r
rr
rr
r
r r

t

s t


t

t

s

t

t



s














s









t




























B ox

E xample
xa p of
o Su
e M ethod
t d
ur vey

q r s tr
rr rr rr
t tr r r r
s tr q
r rq q rrq rrq
rrq rrq rq r r
r r
rr r
s r
r
s st r
r rq
rq r rq
rq r
r t
rq t
rq r t r

rq r r r
t rq rq r
r r
r t r rrs q
q t
r r r
t t r s r
r r
r r r r
rs r r
tr t r t
q r r
r tr t tr t
r r tr r
q
r q r
t r s

s s

s ss






















q

q
q




r


r




r r


r

r





A ctivity
i

qqq q


r


r







r

r

r




r


r
P













r
t

r
sss


s
s
s


s s


s s


s

t

s

s
s



s
r r

s




r


s

t

s s



s
s
s

s
s
s







s
ss

r

s s
s
s
s
s

s
s

s
ss
s ss
r r rr
ts

ss



s

s
r

s
s


t
s
s

t t t
tt tt
t tt t t t
tt t t tt
tt
t t t
tt t t
t t
t t t tt
t t tt
t t t

P tt t
s tt tt t
t t t t tt t
t t t tt
t t t t
t t t t t
tt t t t
t t t tt
t t
t t t
t t tt t t t
tt t t
t
t t
t t t
t t t t t
t tt tt
t t tt t t

tt t
t tt t
t t t tt
t t
tt t t
A ctivity
t it

t t t
tt t
s
t t t
t t t
t
t
t
t t tt
tt

t t
t t t
ttt
t
t
t t
tt t
t t tt t
t t
t t t
t t t
t t tt
t t
t t t t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t tt
t tt t
t
t t t
t t t tt t

t t
t
t t tt t t
t t t
t tt
t t t
Pt
t t t t
t t
t t t
t t tt t
t t
t t t





s


q






q

q
s
s



s
s

t it t
A ctivity

s

s
q

q q
s

s
s qs
s
q s q

s
s

s s




s
s

s

s s
s s

q
s

s
q



s s s
s q s
s
s

r r
r
r t r r
r r r srt
r
r r t
rt
r t srt t
r
t rr
r
r tr rrtr
rt r r
rtr r r r
tr r rt
r rrtr
r r r
rrtr r rtr r
t t
tr tr r t t
r rrtr
t t
t tr tr
s r r
tr r
r
r trtr
rr r tr t r
rr r
t
rr

t
t rr
t r r r
t tt r
P t
tt r r r r
r s r
t r
r r r t
tt r
r r r s r
r r t
r t
t rrr

t r rt
rr r r tr
tt r
r rr
r
r r
tr r s
r tr
rr rr
r t
rt
r t r r
rt
t r r
r r r r
tr t q
r t rt
r t r
r t
t r r r
r r r
tt r
PP
tt r
r rtr
ts r s r
r t
r
r
r r r
r t t r
tr r r
r
tr r r r
r tr
r t
ts t rr

trtrt ts t
r
P
r r
r t t
rr r rrtr
r r
rr r r
r rr
t

ss s
s
s s s s
ss

s ss
s
ss

s s s s

s s s
s
ss s s r r
r r r
r
r r r
r
rr r
ss s s
s s s
s
ss ss
s s

s
s s

ss
s
s
s ss
s s s s

s s
ss s s
s
s
s
s s s
s s s
s
s ss s
s s s
s s
s

s s s ss
s s
s ss
s
s


s
s

s

s

s s
s ss

s s s s
s
s s ss
s s
s s s s
s ss
s s s
s
s s s
s s
s s

s s
s
s s
ss s
s
s s ss
s
s
s
s s

s s s s
s
s s s s
s
s s
s
ss ss
ss

s s
s s s


P



P

P

P


P
P

t t
t

s io
Re
eview Q u
uestions

Pr oject
c I deas
de

The Bases
Bas es of Human
Human
Beha
viour
Behaviour
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

qq q
t t
q qq q
t q t
t t t q
q t

r
r

P Ps

PP Pss
P Ps

s s
s

ss
s s
ss
s s
s
t
s

s s
ss


s s s


s ss

s

ss

s
s
s s
s
s

s
ss

s
s ts s
s
s s

s

s
s
s ss
s

s

t t
t t
t t

t t t
t
t
t t t t t
t t t t tt
t t t t
t t s t
t t
t t t
t t t t
t
t
t t t
t t
t t t t t
t
t
t t t
t t t t t t
t t t
t t
t

tt tt
t tt tt
t t t
t


t
t
t
t tt t
t t t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t t
t tt
t t t
t t t
t tt
tt t tt

t
tt

tt
t t
t
t r
t t t t
t t t t

P
t t
t
t t t
t t t

t t t
t t t
t
t t
t t t t t
t t
t t t t t t

t
t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t
P t
t t t t t
t tt t
t t
t t t t
t t
t t t
t t t t
t t
tt t t
t
t t t
t t
t t
t t










t tt








ss

ss

qr

 ss

s

s t s

t
s

s
s
s s
s

s
s
s

s
s s
s
s
s
s

r q

s
t

s
s
s
t

q qq q r
q

PP P

s t

s
s
s

s
s
s s

qrt rt t t

s






P

A ctivity
i

qrtqtr q r

t q


s
s
ss
s
s s

s

ss
ss s
s s

s s
P
ss s
s

ss s
s
s

ss


s

s
ss s s
ss s
s
s
ss
s s
s s s
s

s s
s ss
s
s s
s
s
s s
s s

s ss
s

ss

s

s s
s s

s s s
s s s
s ss
ss
s s
s s
s
s s
s
t
s



s
s

s ss
s ss
s s
s ss s
s

s
s s

s
s


ss s
s s
s s s


s ss
s
ss s s s s
s s




t t



t

ttt t

t
t
t
ttt

t
t

q
s

ss




t t
t t
t t
t

t



t

t

rt
t


t
t
r
t t
t

t


t


t
t

t

t


t tt
t
t

P

t t

t
t

t
t

t t
t t t



t t


t

t

t t

t

t t




t

t t
t t
t






t
t t



t t

t
t

t t
tt

t
t


t
t t
t t

t
t
t
t t
t
t t
q

t

r
s t

t
t

v
A cctivity

qrs
s r r
rq s qr
qrs r s rq
q qrs

tt r t t
t rt tr t
r rtr
rt t r t
rt t r t t
r s
r t tr
tt t r
r r rt

r r r
r
t t rs t
tt t r
r r rtr rr r
tr r
t rr r t
r t r
B ox

r r tr
r t r
tr r t r

trt tt
tr t r
rt r tr
r rt r t
r t tt
tr tr tr
tr r r
r
rt tr

r tt r
rt t t

B iological
i g a and
nd C ultur all T r ansmission
nm i

s s
s s
s ss
s
s
s sss
ss s s s s
s
s s
s s s
s
ss s s
t
ss s s
ss s
s rs s
ss s s s
s ss s
s
s

s s s
s
s s ss s
ss
s
s s
ss s
s s
s s s
s s s
s s
ss s s
s ss s
s
s s s tsss
s ss
ss s s s
ss s
s s s
ss s
s
ts s s
ss s s s
ss s s
s s s
s
tss s
s sss

s s s s s
s
s ss
s s s
sss s s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s s
s
s s s s ss
ss s
s s s
ss s s
s s
s s
s
ss s s
s s s s
s s s
ss ss
s
s s s
s s
s s
ss
s s
s rs s ss
s s s
ss
s s
ss s
s s
ss s s
s s s
s s sss
s ss s
s s ss
s s

A ctivity
i



























s




t t
t












t

P








s










r

s s
s
s s
s s
s s
s
s s

s

qs s s

s s
s s s
s
s
s
s s
s s s
s s s
ss s s
s s
s
s
s
s s s
s s
s s s

s
s
s s s
s s
s s
s
s
s

s s ss s
q ss sss
s
s s s s ss
s s
s s s
s
s s ss
s sss

s s
s
s
ss sss
s
s
s
sss
s s s
s s
ss s
s
s s s s
s s
ss s sss
t

s
s sssss
s ss s
s s
s s s
s
s s
s ss
ss ss s s
s s
ss ss
s s s ss
s sss s s
s s
s s s
sss s
q s s
s s s s s
s ss s
ss ss ss s
s
s sss

ss s
s
s
s ss
s s s s
s s s
s s
ss ss
s s ss s




s
s


s





s s

s







s
s
s

s


s
s



s



P s

s s s

s s
s
s
s






s





s



s

s



s
s
s


s


s




s

A ctivity
i

iv
A cctivity

s














P

e Qu
s io
Re
eview
uestions

Pr oject
c I deas
de

r
t

r
r

elopment
Deveelopment
Development
Human Dev
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

qt t t
qqq t q
q t qqq
q q t
q q tq t
q q q t q
q t t qq
q q

r r

r P


s

ss
s

 t sr t s q
s q ss r sq s q
r q s sr r r
r s s s sq q s q
sr q q tr q sr sr s q
s q s r t
t t s t s t
t q s sq
s s t s s
q q s sq r tr
ssr sr ssr s s q s t
ssq s st s t s
st s s t s

P












qr str s s q
q s
q

t


t t





t

B ox

G r owth,
o , De
mn
a ation,
t , and
nd E
vvolution
o
n
Evo
evelopment,
ntt M atur

r

















r

t










t

q




s
s

P

t






















qr


s





r



t

s s




s


s s
s

s
s
s s
s


s s
s





s

Be li
e fs

Exosystem
Mesosystem
Microsystem

Friends
Family

de s
titu
At

The
Individual
Mass
Media

Neighbour

School

Religious
settings

Peers

Neighbourhood

Work
Place

ns

Macrosystem
gies
olo
Ide

Tra
diti
o

s


s
s
s

s
s



s

Time

Chronosystem

s

s






s


s s s

s s
s s s
s
s


s
s
s

s

t














t

A ctivity
i

P









ss











q

l
Ta
able

exe in
n the N e
S ome M ajor Reflexes
ewbo
or n

s

s

s
s
s
s

s

q r s

t

t











t

r s

s
q s

s

t

t t t t


t
t

t

t

t






t
P








t

Ta
able
l

Piagets
P a t s S tages
ta
of Cognitive
e
ta
Cog v D evelopment

t t
s s
t
t

s t
s s tts
s t
ts s
s s
s
s s
s
s
s t
s t s s
s
t s
s s
st s
s


s
t s s
s s s

s s s
t

ttt t


s ts s
t t

t s t
t
t
t t
t
t t
t s
t s
t


t
t t t s
t
t
t t
s
t ts

st
t t





t
s
t




t
t
P t
t


t






t

r
t



t
t
t

Ta
able
l

t



s





r
tt
t

t

t
s
t

t




t


t t

rr


t t

M ajor
a A ccomplishments
om l s e s in
i G r osss and
otor S kills
a Fine
ne M ot

q q

q

q

q
q
q


s
s s
t

s


s

s
s
s ss
s t
s




t




s s


s s s

t s

s


s s
s

s


s
s
s

s s
s
s
s s

s
s s
s
s




s
s s
s




ss

A ctivity
i


qq r

s s
s s
s
s s
s

s

s
t


s
s s

qs s
t
qs s
s
s

s

B ox

s
s
t t
s

s s t
t s t s

t s

s

G ender
e de and
n S ex Roles
o s

P




























P

P

P

s s s s s
ss s
s s s
s s s s
s
s
s s
t s s
ss s s s
ss s s s s

s s
s s s
s
s s s s
s s ss

A ctivity
i






t
s s s
ss
ss s
ss
ss s
s s
s
s s ss
s ss
ss
s s s


s ss s
s s
s s
t

s
s s s
t

s s s s s
s s s ts
s s s
s s s s
s s s s s
s s s
s s s
s
s s
s s s s
s
s s s ts
s
s
s
ss
s s
s
s sss s s
s s s
s

A ctivity
i

qr
s s

s s
s s
s
s

s
s
s s
s s s
s s s
ss ss s

s s s









P








s










t











































t
t




t

t





t s
s

t t







t

t t
st t
tt t t t
tst t
t st t s
t s
s t t t t
tst t t t
tt t st t
t st
s t t t
t tt t t
s t tt t
qst t s t s
s qs t t t t st
t sts t t t t
sts
t t s t
st t t sts
t t t t
t t t
t t t t
s t
t st s
t
t tst s s
s
st
st
t s t
t t stt
s s t
t s s
s
s t
st s t
s t t t
t t t t
s
t s t
t tst s t
t t t t
stt st
t st t
t sts t t
tt t
t t t
s st
t t

qs st s t

qs t
t s
st s t
t s ts
s t s
t t t
qs s t t
t tt tst
t qs
t t t t st
t
t t st
t t st
t t
t t t ttt
t s t t
t qst t
qst t s
t
t
t tt t s t
t ttts
t st
qst s
P t
s t
s s t t s
t s t
t t t t t

s
s s s t
t t t t s
t t st
t t s
tt t t
t st t t t
s tt t
s t s t s
s s
st t
tt t s
t t t t s
t t t t t
t t t s
s s s
t s s t





s
s r r

r

s
t
r
t
s s

s


s s s


r


s
s


s
s s
s

s
s

s

s

s
s

s
s
s

s s
s

r
s
s



s s












s
r s
s
s






r s

s

r s
s

s ss
s
s
s



t

t

t
t
q t
t
t t


q

P







t




t













t
t

q

t








st





t




q







t









s

s

A ctivity
i






t

s

s
s
s

s


s s
s s







s s

Re
Qu
s io
Review
Questions

c I deas
Pr oject
de

Sensory
Sensory,
Senso
r y, AAttentional
tttentional
tent ional and
uall Processes
Proc esses
rceptual
pt ua
Process
Peerceptual
erc
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

P


P P
P P P

P

P
t

ss
qrs


q s
t q q
q
s
q q q s q
q q
s
q
s qq q
q q s q
q s

q q s

r














P

r r r
r r
r
r
r r r
r rr r r r
s r r r
r r r r
r r r
tr r r s rs s
s r r rr
r r s r r rs
r s r s
r r tr s
rs s rr
rs s r
r tr
rs
r r
r r r
r
r r r
rs rr r
r r ts
r r r s r
s r r rs
r r s
r r rs
r r
rr r r

r r r r
r r tr r r
r tr r
rr rr
r r
r r
rr
tr
rs rs rs s
s r r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r r
r rr
r s

r
rs r r
r r r
ts r
r r r r r r r r
r r r r
r r r r
s
r r
r rrs
r
r

s
rr
rr r
rr
r
r
r ts r r
rs tr
r
r r
r r
r rs r
r
r r r rr
r

t r r
r
r r
s
r r
r r r r
tr r
r
r r r
rs r rr
r rr r

r
s r
rr
r r rs r
r

 t

t t

tt

t
tt


tt t
t
tt

tt


ttt

t
t
t t

t
t

tt

tt t t
t
t
tt
t


t t
t

t
t
t t


t
tt
t

t t t

t
t t t
t
t

t




t t
P P
t
t

t
t
t tt
t t
t
t
t t

t
t
tt

t
t t
t t
t
t
t t
t t
t
t
t

t
t t
t

t t

B ox

O ther
e H uman
um n S enses
e s s

s s
s s
s s s

s

s s s
s

ss
s s s s

s
q
s r s
s
s s



s
s
s
s
s

s

s

s
s
s

s

s s
s
s s s
s s

s

ss s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s s

s


ss s ss
s
s
s
ss s
ss

t

t

PP















t

r

t


s











t

rr r
r r r
r r r
r r
r r r r
r
r
r r

A ctivity
i

q s t t qs

t s ts
q
q s t t
qs
q t t t
s q

s s t t
tqtt s t q

r
r r
r
r r
r r

r r

r r r

r r
r
r r rr r
rr r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r
r
r r
r

r r r
r r
r r r
rr r r
r r r r
rr r r r
r r rr
r r
r r
r rr r r
r r
rr r r
r r r r
r r
r r
r r r
r r r r


r r r
r r
r r r r
r r r
r
r rr r
r r rr
r r r
r r
r

r r
r r r r
rr
r rr
r r r
r
r r
r r
r r r
r r
r r
r r r
rr
r
r r r
r

q rP

P














t

s












s
s ss


s
srr

qr

r
r q
r q

r
r

sr

t tt
t t t

t
t

t t

t
t
t


t
t
t tt

tt
t

t

t


t
t
t

t t
t

t t t
t
t t t
t

t t t t t
t t t t t
t
t tt
t t
t
t t r
t

t
t t
t t t
t
t t t
t
t t t
t t
t t
t
t t
qq t t
t t t
t s t t
t t

t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
tr t
t t t t t

t t t t
t t t
t
A ctivity
i

t t
t tt
t t t t
t t
t
t t t t
t t t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
tt t tt
t t
t t t t


t t t t t tt
t ttt t t
t r t tt
t t
t t t tt
tt
t t
tt t tt t
tt t t t t
t tt t
t t
t t t
t tt tt

t t t t
t t
s
t t t
ts t t
t t t
t t
s t tt
t t t
s ttt t t t
ts
ttt s
t t
t t t t
t t ttts t t
t t t t
t
t t t t t
ttts
ttt
s t t t
t t s
t t
t t ttts t
tt t t t t t t
ts t t
s s
t ttt s

t ttt t
t t t t
t ts

B ox

t t ttts
t t t tt
t t t t
s
t t ts
t t t t
ts t t tt t
tt t t t
tt tt ttts
t t t
ttts t
t t t
s t t t t
t t tt t
t t t t ts
t t t
tt t t ts
t t
t t ttts
t t s
t t t
s tt t t ts
t t

D ivided
de A ttention
t e t io

q r
r r
r

r

t tt t
t t t t
ts tt t
t t t t
ts t t t
t t t
t t tt
t t t ts

r
r



r q
r
r









q




P







t







r

B ox

s









q


q

S pan
p n of
o A ttention
e io

rr r
r r r r

r rr r
r r r rr rr
rr r

r r
rr
r rrr
s r
rr

r r r
rr

rr rr
r r
r r

B ox

A ttention
t nt
ic H yperr activity
c v i D isor der
e ((A
A DH D )
De
eficit

q
t
q
q
q
q

q
q

r
r
r rr
r r r rr
r r r
r rrr r
r r
r r r
r r
r r

r
r
r
r
r r
r r
r r
r r rr
r
r r
r rr

q q

q


q q


q


q
q q
q

P P

t t
t t
tt t
tt
t
t t

t
t

t
t
tt


t
t
t

t t t
t

t

t qr

t t
q
s
t t

t
t

t


t
P
t
t t
t
t t

tt t
tt t
t t t
t t

t
t t
tt

tt

t

s s s
t s s s
s
ss

s
t t s s
s
s s
s s s
s t ss

ts

s t s
s t s
s s

A ctivity
i

r r r r


r r r
r

r

t s s ss
t s
s t t
st t ss
s t t s
st s ss s
t
s t
s
s
t
s s




ss ss

s
s


s
s t
s s s
ss
t s s
s s s
s ss st
s
s s
s s t
s s
s qss t
s t
s
s t
s s
s s

s ss t
s ss
ss s
s s s
s s s
s
s

P P






s

r t






s

qr

t

st
t

t

t t t

t
t t

P


s t

t



t
t
t
q
t
t

t

r t
st

t
t

q
t t

t

t
t t
t

P



t

s t
t
t t t

t

t




t

st

t
t t
tt t
t t
t t

t
t
t
t
t

t tt


t tt t
tt tt

t t
t

t

qrsq qs
t
t

t
tt

t

t t t





t
tt

t

t
tt


tt

tt t
t t
t tt t
t

t





t
tt t




t t t
t t

t t
t
t t




A ctivity
i

P
P
P
P
P








q


rs
t




t


t


t

t
t
r

t t
t t
tt

t
s s t t
t t t

t tt t tt

t

t

t t
t st t t
t t
t t t

t t t t
t t t t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t t t t
tt t t t
t t
t t t
t t t
t tt t t

t tt t t t
t t t
t t t
t t t tt
t
t tt
t t t
t t t tt
t t t t
t t
t t t
t t tt

t t t
t t
t tt t t t t
t t t
t t
t t tt t
s t t
t t t
tt
t t t t
t t tt t
t t t
t t t t
t t t
t t
t
t t
qt t t

s t
r t t t t
t t tt
t s
t tt t
tt s t t
tt t tt
t t t
tt t
t t t
t t s
t tt
t t t
tt t t

vvii
R eview
Q uestions
e n
nss

eas
Project
r cctt I deas
e
as

Learning
Lea rning
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

P
















P
qrt tqqtq qttt
q r r q r

ss
s

s s ss
s s
s s s s
s


s s
s s s
s
s



ss s s
ss

s ss
s
s s
s s ss
s s
s s
s s s
s s
ss
s s
s s s
s


s
ss s

s













P

q
q q
r
t t

P P






P

T able
b

R
e ti
e ations
ns
Relationship
Re
of
o S tages
t g of Condi
Conditioning and
a Op
per
pe

qrtq

r q q

qtq qr q q

r q q

rqt

r q q

P










qrq

A ctivity
i

t

s





P P P
P PP P
P P P P

t
t t
s



s
s
s



t

qrr

ss
s s
ss

t ss s
t s

s

s










t t

t

B ox

P
P
t

C
s la
p ra
di ni : D iff
i e
nc
Classical
and O per
ant C
Conditioning
er ences

q
r s r qr

qr





r

r

q
q q
r

s





q q
q

s



q
q
qr

B ox

L ear
a ned
d H elplessness
lp
n

q
t
t
t
t




t

t









t t

rr
r

s r
s
rr

s

ss







s rr
rrr s



s


r
rrr

s
s
s
s s

r



s



s
s
s


s
s

t tt t t tt
t
t t t
tt
t t t t
tt t t tt
t t t
t t
t t t tt
t
t t t t t tt
t t
t t t
t t t t t tt
tttt t t
t t
tt t tt



t t
tt t tt t
t t t
t t
tt t
st t t
t t t t
t t t
t t t t

s
t t
t t
t P t t t
t t t t
t t t
t t t t
t t t
t t t t t t
t t t t t
t


st t
t t t

t
t t t
t t
tt t t
t t t

t t t
t

t t
t
t t
t t t
t

t t
t
t
tt t t t
t t s t
t t
t t t
t t t tt
tt t t t
t t
t t
t t t t t t
tt t t
t t t t

t t
t

qrq q qq q

A ctivity
i
qr t rrrr t rq
r r t rrr
r t tqr r
rr r t rr t
r rr r r r
rqr rt tr q
t r r ttrr t r t
r qr r rr t r r
r
r r r r
rt






t t

T able
b

sse
e in
i V er bal L earr ning E xperr iments
e
nts
S ample
e L ists of I tems used
ents

q
P

P
rr

sr
Ps
s
qs

qr

sq

s
s

s
s

T able
b

E xamples
a pe
ess of S timulus
t u u Response
ons Pair
i s used
ed-- A ssociates
e ning
sse
e iin Pair e
sso
o a L ear
ng

qr

qs

sP
q

rs

s
s



t


t
t

s



r t
t


t









t

s







r P Pr


t
t
t

t

t


t


t

P r

t

Pr P r
rr P r


t


t



t t
t t



t

s t t

t
t
t t t

A ctivity
i

qr


t


t t





r rs


t



t
t


t

q
r s

t t



P
ss s




t

t

t







ss s




t





t







t

s


t

T able
b

qtt t t t









tt tt t

E xper
p imental
e
used
u e in
i the
he S tudy
ansf
ans
ects
ec
ning
m nt l D esign
d of T r a
ns err E ff
fe
c of L ear
a ni

r r



rr













T able
b

S
r t D issimilarity
s
a i y R elationship
b
e w e the
th
n t l and Subsequent
rn T asks
ss
Similarityla n h between
be
h I nitial
q
L earning

P PPP
P PPP P
P PPP
PPP P
P PPP PPP

qst s


r r rr
rr r rr r

r
r
r rr
r rr r
r r
r r r r
r r rr
r r r r
r r r
r
rr r
rrr r
r rr
r r
rr r r r
r rr r r r
rr r
r r
r r r
r r r
r rr r r
rr r r
r r
r r rr rr

r r
r
rr
r
r r
r


r
r r r rr r
r

r r
r

r

r r rr
r r r
r r r
r

rr r r
r r

r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r
r r r
r r
r r r
r r
r r r
r
r
r r r r
r r r r
r r r r r
r r r r
r
tr r r
r r
tr

r r r r
r r r r r
r
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r r r

r rr r
rr r
r r
r
r r r
r
rr

 rr
r r
r r r
r r r
r r
r r r r
rr r

r r r
r rr r rr
r r
r

r r
r rr
r r r
r rr
r r r
r r
r r
r
r r
r


r r


r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r r
r rr r
r r r
r

rr r
r rr
r rr
rr r r
r r r r
r r r r r
r r r
r
r r r r
Pr r Pr

Pr Pr r r
r r
r
r r
rr rr r
r r
r


r rr
r rr
r
r r r
r
r

r
r r rr
rrr
r r
r r r
r r
r
r
r r
r r
r r r
r r r r
r
r r
r
r r r r
r r
r r
r r r
r
r r r
r r
r
r r
rr r
r r
r r r
rr
rr rr
r
r rr r
r r r
r rr

T able
b

L ear
ar ni
y
ning S tyles

s s


s
s s s

qs q
s
s r
s s
s r
P s

s

t t t
t t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t t
tt t
t ttt tt
tt t
t ttt
t tt
tt t
t t
t
t tt
t
t
t t t
t tt t t
t tt t

s s
s
s s

s s
s

qs
s
s

tt t
t
ttt t t
t ttt
t t t t
t
t tt
t tt
tt t t
tt t
t tt t
t tt
t t
t t t

t tt
t t t
tt t t
tt
t t tt
t t t
t t t
t t
tt
t










P





s









s














q

rr








t
































qqr

P

s
s



r r

r

vvii
Review
Questions
e n
nss

Project
r ec
ectt I deas
ea

Memory
Human
Human Memory
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

r
r r
r

r

r

Contents

P



r



s
qt
qss
ts

s

s
r s
s


s

sr s s

s ss
s s


s s

s
s s s

s
















t

t

PP

qr sqr
qqs sqr qs
sqr



ss

















s







t

B ox

k
M emor
Wor
or king
m y

qr





t

s

















PP

PP

t tty
y
A ctivity

r r r r
q r

r r r r

r r

r q
r r r q r r
r r
r r r r
r
r
r
r

rr r
r r r r
r
r r
r
r r r





r
r
r r t



t r
r
r

B ox

q

q r

L ong-- terr m M e
or y Classification
s i c ti
emor

P

P

P
P
P

P
P

P



P
s
P
P
P

P
P

PP P

P
P

P
s

P
P
P

P

P
P
P

P

P
P
P
P
P


P
P







qrs
s





q


q

A ctivity
iv

t t

A ctivity
iv


t

t

t t

B ox

ds of M emorr y M ea
s e t
M ethods
easurement

P PP
P
P
s
s P P P PP
s
P
s s
q
P P
PP P
P
P P P
P P
q s s
s P
P P P s P
P P P P
P s PP
P P P P s P
s
P
s
P



r rr
r r r r r
t r r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r r t
r
r r
r r r r
r
rr t r r
r rrr r
rt r
r
r r
r rt

ss s s
P q
P PP P
s P
P
P
P
s
s s

P


P PP
q s P
P P s
s P P P P
P s P s P
P P P

P P P
P P P
P P P s
r r
rr t
r r
r r
r r r
rt
r
r r
r r rrt
r rr
r r
t r r r
r r
r r r t
r r
r r
r r
r rt r
r r
r r

r rt

 s













t

qq
q qr

qr

r
q

B ox

Me
o
n :E
yyewitness
n
e and
a F
a M emor
e o iess
Ey
Fa
emor
orr y M aking
a iin
ne
alse

P P
t t t
P t
P t PP
P t
P t t t
t P

t P
P
P PP t t P t
tPt
t P t t
qt t P t t
t Pt ts t t
rr P t t
t t t
tPt P t rr t
t P t t t
t P t t
t t t P
t t
Pt t P t
P t
t
P P P t
P P
t
t
t P

t P P
P t
P
Pt P
t
t t P
t t P t
PP t t t t
t t t t Pt
t P P t t
t Ptt
t t
t
t P t t P
tPt t t
PPP Pt t
t t P t t
t t t t
t t t P
t t tPt t t
t t t t
P t P
tPt
t t t
tt t
P t t P
P t t t
P P tt
t
t P




r r


r
r

r
r r
rr r

r r
r r
r
r
r
r

r r
r
r

r

r
t
r


r rr

r
rr
r


r r
r r

r


r

r
r rr
r

r
s


r


rr r
r


r


r
s



r


r

r
r

r
r r
r
r t
r
r r
r r


r r
r

r
r
r
r

t s

t s
s s
tt

q
s s
s s
s t s
s
s t


s
t

s
t

st


s st
s

r
rPt
s s
t
t s
s

s s


t
t
s
s
t

s
s s
s
s s
s s
s st

s s
s s
s
s
s s
s
t
s s


t
s
st
s
s s
s
t s
t
s s
s
s
s t s
s s
s s
s
s
s t
s s
st s
r s
s

T able
a le

E xper
D esigns
for Retr
tii I nterr ffe
er
ee
ence
x e imental
i
i
Re r oactive
c i e and
nd Pr oactive

t t
rr t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t t t
tt t t
t t t t t

t t t t
t t
t t t
t tt
t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t t
t t

B oxx

tt t t
t t
t t t
t t t t
t t t t t
t t t t t
t t t t t
t t t t

t t t

t t
t t tt tt
t t
t t
tt t t t

R
p essed
s
o iess
Repr
M emor

qs q
s s sqq
q s q
q qq
q q qs ssq
q q
s ssq q q
qq
qs q s s
q qq s qs

q q q
s q
q s qs s

s q q
s q q q
q q qs s q
s s
q q q q q
q q
q q q q ssq
q qssq
q sq q
q sq q
q q
q qs
s q q

A ctivity
iv
iv

qq r sq q q q q
sq qs q s q
r q s s q q r
sq rq q s s r sq
s s r sq s

r
q

rr
q
r r rsq s q q sq r q
q qs q q q s r
s q q r q q
s sq q s qs
s rs




t

t












P P P
t P P P

t




t









t


t





t











t



t

t




t

t
t


t




t
t

t

tt








t
t

t
t



t

t


P P P
P
P P
P
P P P
P
P P
P PP P
P P
P
P P P P
P P
P P PP
P
P P P
P P P
PP P P P
P q P
P P
P P
q P P P
P P P P

P P P P
P P P
P P P P P
P P P P
P P P P
P P
PP P s
P P P P
P P P P
P P P
P P P

Review
ues
evi Questions
u
es o

o ec I deas
Project

Thinking
Thi nking
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

q
qq q q
qq
q q q
q q
q q
qq

trt
tr


r
r

tr r rt


P
rt


t
t

s

ss
s



s s
s







q

t s
s
q q

r r

r r r r
r r
r
r r rr
r rr
r r r
r r
r
r r
rr r
r r
r r
r
r r r
r

r
r r r
r
r r
r r
r r
rr r
r r
rr r r r
r r
r r r
r
r r
r r r


r r
r
rr r r
r r

t t
t t
t
t t t tt
t tt t t t
t t t
t
t t t t
t t
t t t
t t t tt

t t tt
t t t t t
t t t
t tt
t t t t t
t t t

PP
tt t
t t t
t t
t
t t t t
t t t
t t t
t t
s t

t t t t
t t
t t
t
rr t
t t t t
t t t tt
tt
A ctivity
i

PP


P
PP
P
P
P

P

PP

tt t
t t s t
t q
t t t
t t t t t tt
t tt t t t t
t t t t
t

r s s
s s
s s
q
q
s

s

A ctivity
i

s


s

q
s
s
ss
s s
s

r
s

r


s
s
s

s s

r s
s
s

s
q






s





s




s
s

s
r s
s













t
t

B ox

t








P



r

rr

r
r

r
r

Cultur
e and T hinking
C
kkii

s

s







r








t tt

e
T able

nt l O per
p ations
ons I nvolved
nv ed in S olving
v i a Pr oblem
m
M ental

qq s q q s
q q q

qs

q s s q
qq s

qq s q qqqq
q q
q s

s q q
s q
q s q
qq q qqqs
q

q s

qq

q q

qs q q
q s

s q q q q
s
s s q

q q
q

q q q s q q
s s q

A ctivity
i

rr sr rssr s
ss r

s ss s r sr
r rs r s
ss r

s sr sr srr ssr ss s
r
rr r srr ssr ssr

r s r s rs
sr s sr r srr srr ssr rr
r r r r s rr rr
r r r r
r r rr
r s sr
ss
ssr

r r r s sr r sr sr





q

q
q q
q

t



P




t

t

t
t
t



t
tt

t
ttt

t


t

t

t
s
r

t

t

t



t
t

t

t


t


t
t




t

t
t


t

t


t


s t

t

t

r



r




r

t
t
r


t

r



t

t
t





s




t
t

tt

s


P




P






r
tt


r r r
t t
r r r
rs r
r t
r rts r
r t
rt r rr
r s rt tr
rrr r
r r t
r r r
rs r
rr rt
r rt s
r r t
rr t rr
rrs r r
r r
rr r rs
r r r r
r r r
rr rr s
t r t
r t
r t
t r r rr
r r s
rr r
r

s
ss r r r t
rr r t
s r
rr rr
r t rr
rs r rr
s r
s r r
r t rs t
r r s

t rs r

r rr
r
r
r r r r
r r rs
r r
s
r rt
t t rt
rs
t r t
r r rs
r r r r
t ts qr r
r r r
ts
rt s
t r
r r rr
r rt r r t
rs r
r t
r r r r s

t rt r
r r r r

B ox

L ater
t e all T hinking
i nk

t


P

P

P P
P
P
P
P
P
P

t
P
P

P
P
P


P
P
t PP
P

P

A ctivity
i

P
PP
P
qrs ss














s

rr r r
r r
r rr
r r

rr r r
r r
r r
r r r
r r
r r r r r
r r r r
r r
rr r
r r
r
r r r r
r r r r
r r

r r r
r
r r
r r

r
r r r
r r r r
r
r

r
r r
r r r

r
r r

r
r r r

r r r
r r r r
rr
r r r r
r r
r r r
r r
r r
r
r r
r r r
rr r r
r r
r r
r r r
r
r
r r r r
r r r t
r r
r r
r
r r r r

r r
r
r r
r r

r r r
r r r
r r
r
r r
r
r rr
rr

 tt t t
t t
t tt t
t t t t
t t t t t
t t
t t t t tt
t t t
t t t
t t t t
t t
t t
t tt
t t t t
tt t t
tt t t t
t t t
t tt
t t t
ttt t t t
t tt t t
t t t t t
t t t
t tt tt

tt t
t t t t
tt t t t t
tt
t t
t t t
t t
t tt t t
t t t
tt t t t
t t t
t tt t t
t
t t t tt
t t t
t tt
t t t t
tt t
t t
t t
t tt tt
t tt
t t tt t
t t t t
tt t

t t t t
t t t t
t t t tt
t t t t
t
t t
t tt t tt t
t tt
t t tt
t t tt
t
A ctivity
i

P







tt t
tt t t ttt
t tt t
t tt t
t t t
s
q t t
t t t
t tt rt
t
t t
tt t
tt tt t t t
tt t t
t t t
t t t
t t tt
t
t
t t t
tt t
tt t t
t t tt t
t t t
t
tt t t
t t t

P




P

t


s

s
















t


















t

s s s



s

s




























q

r





s













P

s





t
t


t








t

B ox

t


s


qr


t

B ilingualism
ua
nd M ultilingualism
lilin
n llism
ism
i
ua
and

r r r
r rr

r r


r r

qs

Review
e ie Questions
Que
Qu
et

Prroject I deas
d as

t
t
tt

t


s

r

Emott on
Moti
Motivvation
ation and
and Emotion
Emo
A fter reading this chapter, you would be able to

Contents

P












r r rr

sqts
q s

q
r

P







P

rst st

r


t


t
t


t
t
t
t t

t

t

t t

t
t

t
t

t

t



t





t
t t
t

r

t
t

t
t




t t
t
t t





t





t





t

t
t

t
t



t


t t

t











P

t





P




t tt

t t
t t tt
tt

t
t t
t t

t t
t t



t
tt tt
tt
t ttt

t t t

t
t

t tt t
t


t
t t t
t

tt t

tt t
t t
t t t
t



t
t

qr
t t t

tt
tt t
t


t tt

t t t
ttt t
t t

t t
tt t t t
t tt t
tt
t tt
t
t t
tt tt
t
t

t




ct i y
A ctivity

q r q
r s r s
q
r

rr r

t







P



t

B ox

Se
o
tio
elf- M otivation

r r r
r
r r

r rr r
t
rr r

r r r r
rr r
r

ss s
ss s s

r r
r r r
r

r r
r r

r r
r r r r

A ctivity
i
r r r
r r

r r
r
r r
r r
r rr r r
r r rr
r
r r r r
r
r r

r r rrr
r


q


r

t s


s

P
t




s

B ox

P
i g o
t
Physiology
off E motion

q t

s s
s
s s s
s s
sss s s
s
ss s
s s
s s s
s s
s s s
s
s
s
s s
s s
s s
s s s
s s ss

s s
ss s
s r
s
ss s
s
ss s s
ss
s ss
s s ss
s
ss s
s s s s
s
s s ss
ss s s
s

s sss
s s s

 P
P

PP

sss
sss s
s ss s
s ss

t sst
st s s s
s s
ss sss
s s s
s ss s
ss
ss ss s
s
s t
s s sss

B ox

ss ss

s sss
st st st
s ss s
s
s
s s
s s
s
s ss s
s s s
s s t

L ie D etection
ee t

qq r
q r
r
q
r q r
q q


r
r
r q r
q
q qq

r
qq q
q

qq r
q
r r
qrr
q r r

qr
qq r
r




r












r
s

r



r

q rt

s
P P

A ctivity
i




q
r r
s q


r q
r

r
s
q
r

r

t


















t


t

s s ss s
s s
s
s
s s s
s
s s s
s s s
ss
s
s ss s
s
s
s s
s s
ss ss s
ss s
s s
s
ss s s
s s

ss
sss s s
ss
s
s
s
ss s s
s s s s sss
s ss
s sss
s
s s r

B ox

s ss s
s
s
s s s
sss s s
s s s s
ss
s ss
s
s s
s s
s
s
P PP
s s
s
s
P P
s s s

s s s
s s ss s
sss
s s
s sss s
s s s

s s
s s
ss s
ss s s
s s

Post
a m t S tr
t r ess
iiss r der
ost-- T r aumatic
e D isor
de

q t
q q t

tt t t t

t
t
q
q t
tt q t

t q t
q t t
t tt
qt t tt t
q q t

t q
q
t
t

B ox

s


s r

Ma
g m n of E xamination
na i o A nxiety
n ty
anagement

q r

A ctivity
i

B ox

P P

E motional
m i o l I ntelligence
nt lli g nc

s
t

s
t t

t

t

t






t

s

s
s

s s

s s s
s
s
s s
s

s s
s s
ss s s

s
s s s s
s s
s
s s s
s
s s

s s

ss

R
v w Questions
s on
Review

o ec I deas
Project