24.01.

13 Term Project -1: Design of Steel Structures (CEL718)

Carry out a literature review on Uniaxial stress-strain model structural steel under cyclic loading.

Submitted by: Manpreet Kaur Khanuja 2012 CES2318

Paper I: Uniaxial Stress strain Behavior of Structural steel By: Nathaniel G. Cofie and Helmut Krawinkler

Work Done: a) A simple mathematical model for the uniaxial cyclic stress strain behavior for arbitrary loading histories in the inelastic range was proposed. b) Phenomenological behavior of structural steel is examined. c) Stable material parameters that can be used to describe the material behavior are identified. Assumptions: Stress bounds exist, (referring stress strain curves under cyclic loading) which cannot be exceeded in any given cycle. Limitations: The model is limited to the behavior at moderate strains and at room temperature. Structural Steel Used: A36, Numerical values for modal parameters are obtained from a series of cyclic load tests on standard ASTM cylindrical test specimens. Characteristics of Cyclic stress strain behavior: Cyclic Stress strain Curve: It is the locus of peak stresses obtained by cycling the material at various strain amplitudes until a saturation stress is obtained. Cyclic Hardening: It refers to the phenomenon in which the stress amplitude increases with the number of reversals. Cyclic Softening: It refers to the phenomenon in which the stress amplitude decreases with the number of reversals. Mean Stress relaxation: It refers to the phenomenon in which mean stress decreases with the number of reversals. Model Concept: The concept of the analytical model is based on the premises that at any time during cyclic deformation the material tries to work its way back to steady state and that the path of the subsequent stress-strain excursion is determined by the peak stresses and the strain amplitude of the current excursion. Using the straight line bounds as reference lines, cyclic stress-strain behavior of structural steel is described using following concept. After any excursion of a loading history, a positive and a negative bound (lines 1 and 2 in Fig. 1) exist whose position is a function of the past loading history. One of the two bounds is updated after the excursion in order to account for the hardening or softening and mean stress relaxation that are expected to occur during the next excursion. The movement of the bounds depends on the mean stress, m and the stress amplitude of the last excursion, a. The movement of the negative bound is governed by the expected hardening or softening. If Stabilization stress is greater than a, Cyclic hardening takes place else Cyclic softening is there. The combined movement of the bound due to mean stress relaxation and cyclic hardening or softening determines the final position of the bound (line 3 in Fig. 1).

Fig1: Shape of Hysteresis curve and Movement of bounds. Using the above Concept, mathematical model was prepared; results of experimental & analytical models are compared, as shown in Fig 2.

Fig. 2: Comparison of Analytical and Experimental stress strain Results. Conclusion: a) The model accounts for all important cyclic loading phenomena under random and well-defined loading histories, therefore it is applicable not only to earthquake engineering problems, but also to other low cycle fatigue problems. b) Though the model has been developed specifically for structural steel, its application to other high-stacking fault energy metals such as aluminum and copper can be explored.

References: 1. Cofie, N. G., "Cyclic stress-strain and moment-curvature relationships for steel beams and columns," thesis presented to Stanford University, Stanford, California, in 1983, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2. Polak, J., Klesnil, M., and Lukas, P., "On the cyclic stress-strain curve evaluation in low cycle fatigue," Journal of Material Science and Engineering, Vol. 28, 1977, pp. 109-117. 3. Feltner, C. E., and Laird, C, "Cyclic stress-strain response of F.C.C. metals and alloysI, Phenomenological experiments," Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 15, Oct., 1967, pp. 1621-1632. 4. Feltner, C. E., and Laird, C, "Cyclic stress-strain response of F.C.C. metals Vol. 15, Oct., 1967, pp. 1633-1653. 5. Dafalias, Y. F., and Popov, E. P., "A Model of nonlinearly hardening materials for complex loading," Acta Mechanica, Vol. 21, 1975, pp. 173-192. 6. Dafalias, Y. F., and Popov, E. P., "Plastic internal variables formalism of cyclic plasticity," Journal of Applied Mechanics; ASME, Vol. 43, Dec, 1976, pp. 645-651. 7. Jhansale, H. R., and Topper, T. H., "Engineering analysis of the inelastic stress response of a structural metal under variable cyclic strains," Cyclic stress-strain behavioranalysis, experimentation and failure prediction, ASTM STP 519, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1973, pp. 246-270. 8. Martin, J. F., Topper, T. H. and Sinclair, G. M., "Computer based simulation of cyclic stress-strain behavior with applications to fatigue," Materials Research and Standards, Vol. 11, No. 2, Feb., 1971, pp. 23-29. 9. Broom, T., and Ham, T. K., "The hardening and softening of metals by cyclic stressing," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 242, 1957, pp. 166-179. 10. Landgraf, A. W., Morrow, J. D., and Endo, T., "Determination of the cyclic stress strain curve," Journal of Materials, Vol. 4, No. 1, Mar., 1969, pp. 176-188.