Rr322105 High Speed Aerodynamics

Code No: RR322105 Set No.
1
III B.Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2006
HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks

1. (a) Elaborate that entropy is an extensive property and
(b) That for a real process occur only if the change is larger than the value of
Q
T
.
(c) Show that
U
S
V
= T , Thermodynamic temperature and
U
V
S
= p pres-
sure. U is the internal energy of a system under equilibrium. [6+5+5]
2. (a) Prove the relation M
2
2
=
1+
1
2
M
2
1
M
2
1
1
2
for a Normal shock and
(b) Comment on the situation when M
1
= 1.
(c) What happens when M
1
just becomes greater than 1. [8+4+4]
3. (a) How does a shock wave dier from a Mach wave?
(b) Illustrate the characteristics of oblique shock waves with sketches and plots.
(c) Hence demonstrate with calculations across an oblique shock that the changes
across an oblique shock wave are governed only by the component of velocity
normal to the wave. [5+6+5]
4. Air at M
1
= 2.0 and at a pressure of 70 kPa ows along a wall which bends away
at an angle of 12
0
from the direction of ow. Determine the Mach number and
pressure after the bend. If in another case the ow experiences a compression over
the concave wall which actually bends through the same angle, determine the Mach
number and pressure with the same free stream conditions. Sketch the ow elds
in both the cases. [16]
5. Consider the equation of continuity under isentropic ow conditions and dene the
non-dimensional mass ow parameter .Show that the value of maximum mass ow
parameters is as given below
m
T
0
Ap
0
= 0.0404 [16]
6. Describe the behavior of ow in a convergent-divergent nozzle when it is operated
at
(a) the design pressure ratio,
(b) pressure ratio higher than the design value,
(c) pressure ratio lower than the design value. Make use of sketches and plots to
illustrate your answer. [16]
1 of 2
Code No: RR322105 Set No. 1
7. Make use of the partial dierential equation for compressible subsonic irrotational
and isentropicow eld, develop the linearized potential equation for subsonic com-
pressible and isentropic ow as given below; (1 M
2
)
xx
+
yy
= 0 in usual
nomenclature. [16]
8. Consider an airfoil placed in a trisonic wind tunnel. Some systematic studies were
made for studying ow over it up to sonic speed. Present the variation of lift and
drag through plots and sketches with illustrations over this Mach number range.
[16]

2 of 2

1. (a) Dene the terms enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure.
Air at a temperature of 288 K and a Pressure of 1 atm (101,325 kPa ) ows
isentropically at a velocity of 300 m/s. Assuming air to behave as a perfect
gas of constant specic heats,
(b) Calculate the enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure .
(c) Explain the signicance of stagnation properties. [6+6+4]
2. Consider upstream and downstream Mach numbers across a Normal shock .Now
demonstrate from the equations developed that
(a) entropy increase takes place across a shock wave.
(b) there is an increase in static temperature across the shock wave.
(c) there is an increase in static pressure across a shock wave and
(d) that velocity decreases across a Normal shock. Show these variations across a
normal shock wave as a function of Mach number on a single plot. [4x4=16]
3. Consider a supersonic ow with M =2, p = 1 atm and T =288 K.The ow is defected
at a compression corner through 20
0
. Calculate M ,p, T ,p
0
and T
0
behind the
resulting oblique shock. [16]
4. Consider a 2D circular cylinder, a thin wedge, a thick wedge, compression corner,
low speed airfoil section and a high speed airfoil section. Detail out characteristics
of supersonic ow around each of these sections. Sum up your work in a para
.explain with sketches and plots. [16]
5. Consider the equation of continuity under isentropic ow conditions and dene the
non-dimensional mass ow parameter .Obtain the relationship for the same as given
below
m
T
0
Ap
0
_
R
=
_
2
+1
_
(+1)/2(1)
2
1
_
_
2
+1
_
(1)/(1)
1
_
[16]
6. A Conical diuser has entry and exit diameters of 15 cm and 30 cm respectively.
The pressure, temperature and velocity of air at entry are 0.69 bar, 340 K and 180
m/s. Determine the exit velocity and pressure and the force exerted on the diuser
walls .Assume isentropic ow conditions. [16]
7. Given that V = , where = (x,y) , then obtain for isentropic ows the equa-
tion
1 of 2
_
1
1
a
2
_
x
_
2
_

2
x
2
+
_
1
1
a
2
_
y
_
2
_

2
y
2

2
a
2
_
x
_
_
y
_

2
xy
= 0 Elaborate the na-
ture of this partial dierential equation . State the conditions under which this
application is used for obtaining approximate ow eld around a given object.
How does it dier from the Laplace s equation? [16]
8. Dene the following terminology in the compressible aerodynamics; critical Mach
number, sub-critical Mach number, super critical Mach number, crest critical Mach
number and transonic Mach number. Hence present all of the above on a single
plot and comment in as much details as possible with reference to the ight of a
satellite launch vehicle from t = 0 , at the launch till it reaches supersonic speed.
[16]

2 of 2

1. (a) Dene the terms enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure.
Air at a temperature of 293 K and a pressure of 1 atm (101,325 kPa ) ows
isentropically at a velocity of 310 m/s. Assuming air to behave as a perfect
gas of constant specic heats,
(b) Calculate the enthalpy, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure .
(c) Explain the signicance of stagnation properties [6+6+4]
1
M
2
= 1 Hence
(b) Show that M
2
2
=
1+
1
2
M
2
1
M
2
1
1
2
.
(c) And show that the downstream Mach number is function of the upstream
Mach number alone.
(d) Comment on the situation when M
1
= 1. [5+5+3+3]
3. (a) Consider a wedge and a cone with the same semi wedge /semi vertex angle
= 20
0
in a stream of Mach number = 2.
i. Sketch the ows over the two congurations and compare the same. What
dierences do you notice?
ii. Provide your detailed comments
(b) Consider an oblique shock wave with = 35
0
and pressure ratio p
2
/p
1
=3.
Calculate the upstream Mach number. [6+6+4]
4. Air at M
1
= 2.4 and at a pressure of 70 kPa ows along a wall which bends away
at an angle of 12
0
from the direction of ow. Determine the Mach number and
pressure after the bend. If in another case the ow experiences a compression over
the concave wall which actually bends through the same angle, determine the Mach
number and pressure with the same free stream conditions. Sketch the ow elds
in both the cases. [16]
5. Consider the equation of continuity under isentropic ow conditions and dene
the non-dimensional mass ow parameter .Obtain the relationship for the same in
terms of the area ratio as given below
m
T
0
Ap
0
2
+1
(+1)/2(1)
A
A
[16]
6. Air ows isentropically through a nozzle of throat area 6cm
2
and exit area 24cm
2
. If p
0
= 600 kPa and T
0
= 200
0
C, compute the mass ow, exit pressure and exit
mach number for
1 of 2
(a) subsonic ow,
(b) supersonic ow. [16]
7. The equation of 2-D motion of uid in small perturbation potential is given by
(1 M
2
x
2
+

2
y
2
= M
2
( + 1)
x
2
, where is the perturbation potential and
M is the free stream Mach number of the ow. Develop the expression for the
pressure coecient C
p
[C
p
=
pp
1
2
V
2
in incompressible ow ] in terms of the ow

over a planar wing. [16]
8. State the Prandtl-Glauert rule. What are its basis of this correction for compress-
ibility?(Hint: consider the small perturbation potential equation) . Hence show
that c
l,c
=
c
l,i
1M
2
where c
l,i
andc
l,c
are the coecients of lift at incompressible and
compressible Mach numbers. [16]

2 of 2

1. (a) Dene the stagnation state, stagnation pressure, stagnation enthalpy , stag-
nation
temperature and stagnation velocity of sound. Obtain from the
a
2
a
2
0
+
V
2
V
2
max
= 1
, and
(b) Describe various regimes of compressible ow from a v/s V plot. [10+6]
2
2
=
1+
1
2
M
2
1
M
2
1
1
2
for a Normal shock and
(b) Comment on the situation when M1 = 1.
(c) What happens when M
1
goes to innity?. [8+4+4]
3. (a) How does a shock wave dier from a Mach wave?
(b) Illustrate the characteristics of oblique shock waves with sketches and plots.
(c) Hence demonstrate with calculations across an oblique shock that the changes
across an oblique shock wave are governed only by the component of velocity
normal to the wave. [5+6+5]
4. The - - M relation for an oblique shock wave is given by
tan = 2 cot
M
2
1
sin
2
1
M
2
1
(+cos 2)+2
.Consider the - - M diagram and explain the fol-
lowing situations;
(a) If in a given physical problem is xed and M
1
is increased
(b) if >
max
. Make use of sketches and plots along with a drawn - - M
diagram on your answer sheet. [16]
5. Derive the quasi-one dimensional form of the area-velocity relationship is
dA
dV
= (1 M
2
)
A
V
Explain the behavior of area v/s curve when
(a) M>1
(b) M = 0
(c) M < 1.Explain with one example each for the Mach number . [16]
6. Air ows isentropically through a nozzle of throat area 6cm
2
and exit area 24cm
2
. If p
0
= 600 kPa and T
0
= 200
0
C, compute the mass ow, exit pressure and exit
mach number for
(a) subsonic ow,
1 of 2
(b) supersonic ow. [16]
7. Given that V = , where = (x,y), then obtain for isentropic ows the
equation for ow over an airfoil which introduces small perturbation potential in
the ow. Specify the limitations .You may make use of the velocity potential
equation developed for compressible, isentropic ow. [16]
8. Dene the compressibility of air as a medium in aerodynamics. Establish the lowest
Mach number at which it starts showing its presence. Show that the pressure
coecient C
p
at Mach number is dierent from that in an incompressible ow.
Can you show it by another method? Make use of sketches and plots. [16]

2 of 2

Rr322105 High Speed Aerodynamics

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Rr322105 High Speed Aerodynamics

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Code No: RR322105 Set No.

in incompressible ow ] in terms of the ow

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen