CL-251: Chemical Engineering Lab-1 Experiment: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium K.

Abhishek 12110002 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to study binary liquid-vapor equilibrium (in this case, benzene and acetone). The set-up includes a flask into which the mixture is poured. There is a heater for heating the flask. A collector is setup for collecting the condensed vapor. A temperature sensor is also present to measure temperature. A refract-o-meter and a measuring cylinder, apart from the set-up itself, are required for the experiment. Introduction: In this experiment we are going to study the vapor-liquid equilibrium of a binary mixture (acetone and benzene). The experiment is used to determine the effect of composition of a mixture on its boiling point. Unlike the pure compounds in which the vapor and liquid have the same composition, boiling mixtures will have a different composition in the liquid phase than in the vapor phase. In this case, acetone is more volatile than benzene. In real world, this process is applied when separation of two different liquids (based on their boiling point) is needed. Procedure: The mixture is made such that the lesser volatile component is taken in a relatively larger proportion. Hence, initially, a mixture of 100 ml of acetone and 400 ml of benzene is taken (the resultant volume need not necessarily be 500 ml; hence we take each component separately to avoid confusion). This mixture is poured into the flask (500 ml makes up to 2/3rd of the flask) and it is heated. It is left untouched until it starts boiling. The vapor goes up into the condenser and is collected in the collector. After a considerable amount of time, when the temperature is observed to not/infinitesimally change, the temperature is noted. The power supply is then turned off. A sample of the mixture in the flask and a sample of the condensed vapor from the collector are taken and each is put in the refract-o-meter to get the refractive index. The same is repeated for different volumes of each component in the mixture. Results: The properties of pure components are stated below: Table 1: Molecular Weight (g/mole) Boiling Point (oC) Refractive Index at 30oC Benzene 78 80 1.5 Acetone 58 56 1.35

The results obtained from the experiment are as follows: Table 2: Refractive indices calculated using refract-o-meter Volume of Acetone (ml) 100 250 300 Volume of Benzene (ml) 400 250 200 Temperature (oC) 67.8 64.2 57.4 Refractive Index of condensed vapor 1.4757 1.4418 1.4005 Refractive index of the liquid 1.4935 1.4736 1.4060

The mole fractions of individual components are calculated by using: y = -0.1397x + 1.4995

CL-251: Chemical Engineering Lab-1 Experiment: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium K.Abhishek 12110002 Where x is the mole fraction and y is the refractive index value. Hence the mole fractions are as follows: Table 3: Temperature (oC) Refractive Index of liquid XA : Mole Fraction of Acetone (liquid) 0.043 0.19 0.67 XB: Mole fraction of Benzene (liquid) 0.957 0.81 0.33 Refractive index of condensed vapor YA : Mole fraction of Acetone (vapor) 0.17 0.41 0.71 YB: Mole fraction of Benzene (vapor) 0.83 0.59 0.29 KA = YA/XA KB = YB/XB

67.8 64.2 57.4

1.4935 1.4736 1.4060

1.4757 1.4418 1.4005

3.95 2.16 1.06

0.87 0.72 0.88

Using Antoine equation, we get PA which then can be used to calculate A. Antoine Equation: ln P = A + (B/(T+c)) Table 4: Values of A, B and C for acetone and benzene Acetone A 14.3145 B 2756.22 C 228.06 Benzene 13.7819 2726.81 217.572

Table 5: Values of A and ln A (A= Acetone) and B and ln B (B= Benzene) Temperature (oC) 67.8 64.2 57.4 ln PA 4.99 4.88 4.66 PA (atm) 1.46 1.299 1.04 A 2.7 1.66 1.02 ln A 0.99 0.50 0.02 ln PB 4.22 4.10 3.87 PB (atm) 0.67 0.59 0.47 B 1.29 1.22 1.87 ln B 0.25 0.19 0.63 ln (A/B) 0.7432 0.3168 -0.61

CL-251: Chemical Engineering Lab-1 Experiment: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium K.Abhishek 12110002

Figure 1: ln A vs XB and ln B vs XB

Table 6: Calculating Van Laar Constants, Temperature (oC) a 67.8 64.2 57.4 b

2.07 0.25 2.43 0.49 2.44 0.32

CL-251: Chemical Engineering Lab-1 Experiment: Vapor Liquid Equilibrium K.Abhishek 12110002 Discussions and Conclusions: There was a leak in the apparatus, but in no way did it disturb the experiment. On increasing the concentration of the more volatile component in the binary mixture, boiling point goes on decreasing.

Appendix: Least count of measuring cylinder = 5 ml y = -0.1397x + 1.4995 (y is the refractive index value and x is the mole fraction of the component). KI= YI / XI ( I= A or B) KA = (PA/A )A (a = total pressure = 1 atm, ln PI = AI + BI/ (T+cI) [Antoine Equation, T is temp in C, values of A, B, c can be obtained from literature.] Van Laar equation: log a = a / [1 + (a* Xa)/(b* Xb)]2 log B = b / [1 + (b* XB)/(a* XA)]2 References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Laar_equation http://www.thermopedia.com/content/4290/?tid=110&sn=26 Chemical Lab Manual