Geothermal Energy Resources of India ( IBC Conference "Geothermal Power Asia 2000" Manila, Philippines, Feb.2000 D.

Chandrasekharam Professor and Head Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology !om"ay India
#"stract In!ian "eothermal pro#inces ha#e the capacit$ to pro!%ce &0,'00 M( of power) a fi"%re which is fi#e time "reater than the combine! power bein" pro!%ce! from non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces s%ch as win!, solar an! biomass. B%t $et "eothermal power pro*ects ha#e not seen the s%nli"ht !%e the a#ailabilit$ of &+2 billion tones of reco#erable coal reser#es. (ith escalatin" en#ironmental problems with coal base! pro*ects, In!ian has to !epen! on clean, cheap, r%ral base! an! eco)frien!l$ "eothermal power in f%t%re. ,%e to technical an! lo"istic problems with other non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces, present in!%strialists moo! is %pbeat an! IPPs are showin" -een interest in !e#elopin" "eothermal base! power pro*ects. (ith the e.istin" open economic policies of the Go#t., an! lar"e incenti#es "i#en to non)con#entional ener"$ sectors, the f%t%re of "eothermal ener"$ sector in In!ia appears to be bri"ht. Introduction /e#eral "eothermal pro#inces in In!ia characteri0e! b$ hi"h heat flow (12)3'2 m(4m2 an! thermal "ra!ients (31)&00o C4-m !ischar"e abo%t 300 thermal sprin"s. After the oil crisis in &+10s, the Geolo"ical /%r#e$ of In!ia con!%cte! reconnoiter s%r#e$ on them in collaboration with 56 or"ani0ation an! reporte! the res%lts in se#eral of their recor!s an! special p%blications ( G./.I., &+217 G./.I.,&++& . /%bse8%entl$, !etaile! "eolo"ical, "eoph$sical an! tectonic st%!ies on se#eral thermal pro#inces (9aila an! 9rishna, &++27 G%pta, &+2&7 :a#i /han-er, &+22 "eochemical characteristics of the thermal !ischar"es an! reser#oir temperat%re estimations ha#e been carrie! o%t b$ se#eral wor-ers ( Gi""enbach, &+1'7 Gi""enbach et.al., &+2;7 6e#a!a an! :ao, &++&7 Chan!rase-haram et.al., &+2+7 &++27 &++'7 Chan!rase-haram an! Ant%, &++<7 Chan!rase-haram an! =a$apra-ash, &++'7 Chan!rase-haram et.al., &++1 . >hese in#esti"ations ha#e i!entifie! se#eral sites which are s%itable for power "enerations well as for !irect %se. >hese pro#inces are capable of "eneratin" &0,'00 M( of power (:ani /han-er, &++' . >ho%"h "eothermal power pro!%ction in Asian co%ntries li-e In!onesia, Philippines has "one %p b$ &200 M( in &++2, In!ia with its &0,'00 M( "eothermal power potential is $et appear on the "eothermal power map of the worl!? A#ailabilit$ of lar"e reco#erable coal reser#es an! a powerf%l coal lobb$ is pre#entin" healthier "rowth of non)con#entional ener"$ sector, incl%!in" "eothermal. @owe#er, with the "rowin" en#ironmental problems associate! with thermal power plants, f%t%re for "eothermal power in In!ia appears to be bri"ht. /e#eral IPPs en"a"e! in non)con#entional ener"$ pro*ects are franticall$ searchin" for forei"n financial instit%tions to !e#elop "eothermal base! ener"$ so%rces. >he present stat%s of non) con#entional ener"$ so%rces, problems associate! with coal base! thermal power pro*ects, power "eneratin" potential of certain important "eothermal pro#inces an! opport%nities for financial instit%tions in In!ia are !isc%sse! in the present paper. Present status of non$con%entional energy resources >he estimate! power shorta"e in In!ia in the ne.t fi#e $ears is abo%t 3;,000 M(. >his !eman! will increase in the comin" $ears !%e to economic "lobali0ation. >ho%"h In!ia boasts of "eneratin" eco)frien!l$ ener"$ so%rces !%rin" the comin" millenni%m, the present power "enerate! thro%"h non)con#entional so%rces is far less than the installe! capacit$ of the power plants (>able & . >h%s the total installe! capacit$ from renewable stan!s at &;&; M( which is 2.' A of the total potential. >ho%"h capital s%bsi!$ an! financial incenti#es are "i#en b$ the Go#t. of In!ia, non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces are not able to bri!"e the "ap between !eman! an! s%ppl$ of power. Geothermal ener"$, a non)con#entional ener"$ so%rce, has not so far p%t to %se tho%"h its power "eneratin" capacit$ is of the or!er of &0,'00 M(. 6either the Go#t. bo!ies nor the in!epen!ent power pro!%cers (IPPs are aware of this #ast reso%rce in the co%ntr$. (hen non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces ha#e the potential of "eneratin" abo%t '0,'00 M( power, which is more than the re8%ire! amo%nt for the ne.t fi#e $ears, then wh$ In!ian is not -een in !e#elopin" this so%rce in bri!"in" s%ppl$)!eman! power "apB >he answer lies in the &+2 billion tones of reco#erable coal reser#es which is enco%ra"in" coal base! power pro*ects an! hamperin" the health$ "rowth of non)con#entional

ener"$ pro"rams. In a!!ition to coal, a#ailabilit$ of naphtha in the worl! is a!!in" f%el to the fire?. Ta"le &. Po'er production status of non$con%entional energy in India :enewable Power Potential Achie#e! )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) (in! Power 20,000 M( &,000 M( /mall @$!ro Power &0,000 M( &12 M( Biomass 20,000 M( &3& M( /olar photo) #oltic Power 20 M(4s8.-m 2&0 9( Po'er generating capacity of Indian geothermal pro%inces In!ian has 300 me!i%m to hi"h enthalp$ "eothermal sprin"s, cl%stere! in se#en pro#ince shown in Fi"%re &. >he most promisin" pro#inces are i >he @imala$a, ii /ohana, iii Camba$, i# /on)6arma!a)>api (/C6A>A an! # the Go!a#ari. (ith the recent #olcanic er%ption, the Barren islan!, a part of the An!aman)6icobar chain of islan!s, is a!!e! to the abo#e list. Most of them are li8%i! !ominate! s$stems with one or two ha#in" both li8%i! an! "as !ominate! s$stems. Det %s e.amine the "eothermal characteristics of some of the pro#inces. The Himayala ProvinceE >his is one of the most promisin" pro#inces in the col!est part of the co%ntr$ an! contains abo%t &00 thermal sprin"s with s%rface temperat%res as hi"h as +0o C !ischar"in" F than &+0 tones 4h of thermal water. >his pro#ince falls in one of the most tectonicall$ acti#e 0ones) the In!o)G%rasian plate bo%n!ar$ (Fi". & which e.periences a lar"e n%mber of earth8%a-es ( Chamoli e.perience! '.2 ma"nit%!e earth8%a-e on 2+, March &+++ . Post >ertiar$ "ranite intr%si#es are responsible for the hi"h temperat%re "ra!ient ( F &00o C4-m an! heat flow (F 3'2 m(4m( recor!e! in the <00 m !rill)hole in this pro#ince. Geothermal reser#oir between !epths & an! ; -m was !elineate! from ma"neto)tell%ric recor!in"s ( /in"h an! 6abetani, &++< . >he first an! the last (? pilot binar$ < -( power plant %sin" : &&; binar$ fl%i! was s%ccessf%ll$ operate! b$ the Geolo"ical /%r#e$ of In!ia at Mani-aran which pro#e! the power pro!%cin" capabilit$ of this pro#ince. Presence of epi!ote in !rill)c%ttin"s reco#ere! from <00 m !rill)holes s%pport estimate! reser#oir temperat%re of 2'0o C. /pace heatin" e.periments were also s%ccessf%ll$ con!%cte! %sin" thermal !ischar"e b$ the Geolo"ical /%r#e$ of In!ia. Cambay ProvinceE /it%ate! in a faile! arm of a rift (/heth an! Chan!rase-haram, &++1 , this pro#ince forms a part of the Camba$ basin with F <00 m of post Cretaceo%s se!imentar$ formation o#erl$in" the well -nown ,eccan floo! basalts. Besi!es !eep seate! fa%lts, which brac-ets the basin, ol!er "ranite intr%si#es ( H +<< Ma7 Gopalan et. al., &+1+ , s%ch as those at >%wa an! Miocene) Pliocene basic intr%si#es, contrib%te partl$ to the hi"h thermal "ra!ient ( F '0o C an! heat flow #al%e ( F20 m(4m( of this basin. More than &< thermal !ischar"e sites are locate! in this pro#ince with s%rface temperat%res #ar$in" from 30 to +0o C. /team !ischar"e in certain oil wells were recor!e! with rates e.cee!in" ;000 m) 4!. :eser#oir temperat%res estimate! at two sites (>%wa an! >%lsi /h$am are "reater than &<0o C ( 9amble, &++3 . West coast provinceE >his pro#ince is locate! within the worl! famo%s ,eccan floo! basalts of Cretaceo%s a"e. Atten%ation an! fo%n!erin" of the continental cr%st prior to the o%tpo%rin" of the lar"e #ol%me of la#as alon" the coast (Chan!rase-haram an! Parthasarath$, &+12 res%lte! in the !e#elopment of se#eral fa%lts an! "raben str%ct%res (Chan!rase-haram, &+2< which are channelin" thermal waters. >his pro#ince en*o$s a thin lithosphere of &2 -m thic-ness ( Pan!e et.al., &+23 thereb$ ren!erin" this pro#ince as one of the most promisin" sites for e.ploitation. >he thermal !ischar"es are saline with Cl content #ar$in" from 200 ppm to little o#er &<00 ppm ( :amanathan, &++; . @ence, "eothermometers ma$ not in!icate the tr%e reser#oir temperat%res. Abo%t &A saline component has been estimate! in these thermal !ischar"es. >he reser#oir temperat%res calc%late!, after ma-in" necessar$ correction for &A saline component, are between &02 an! &;1o C (Chan!rase-haram et.al., &+2+ . Cne thermal !ischar"e, locate! at :a*ap%r, within the ,eccan

basalts alon" the coast is an e.ception to the other thermal !ischar"es mentione! abo#e. >he thermal reser#oir of this !ischar"e is locate! within the Precambrian formation, li-e the P%tt%r thermal waters, with reser#oir temperat%res #ar$in" between &20 an! 200o C ( :amanatha an! Chan!rase-haram, &++1 . SONATA province: >his pro#ince e.ten!in" from Camba$ in the west to Ba-reswar in the east is an area with #er$ hi"h heat flow an! "eothermal "ra!ient (Fi". & an! encloses the well -nown >attapani "eothermal pro#ince sprea!in" o#er an area of abo%t 20,000 s8.m. >he >attapani pro#ince encloses 2; thermal !ischar"e sites with s%rface temperat%res #ar$in" between '0 an! +<o C an! flow rate "reater than 3000 l4m.. 6ine thermal sprin"s are !ischar"in" waters at +0o C. >hese waters, compare! to those of west coast, are low in Cl content ( '0 ) 10 ppm an! the chemical composition of the thermal !ischar"e is controlle! b$ water)rocinteraction. Base! on thermal "ra!ient an! e.perimental res%lts, estimate! reser#oir temperat%res are as hi"h as 2&1o C at ; -m !epth. (Chan!rase-haram an! Ant%, &++< . In certain bore holes !rille! b$ the Geolo"ical /%r#e$ of In!ia, thermal !ischar"e was not enco%ntere! b%t the recor!e! thermal "ra!ient in these bore holes e.cee! &00o C4-m (9. M%th%raman, G./.I., personal comm%nication . /%ch sites are best s%ite! for e.perimentin" @,: pro*ects ( Chan!rase-haram, &++' . Fi#e ' inches !iameter pro!%ction wells to commission a pilot power plant of ;.&1 M( were !rille! b$ the G/I. >he press%re of the thermal !ischar"e is < -"4cm( an! the estimate! life of the reser#oir is abo%t 20 $ears ( Pitale et.al., &++< . It is %nfort%nate that a power plant is $et to be commissione! at >attapani?? 5nap!eo an! 6a0ar!eo, the two thermal pro#inces locate! between >attapani an! Camba$ an! enclose! b$ the >api rift within the /C6A>A, !ischar"e <+o C thermal waters. >ho%"h these sprin"s iss%e thro%"h ,eccan basalts, chemical si"nat%re of the sprin"s in!icate that the$ are in chemical e8%ilibri%m with %n!erl$in" 6a)rich "ranites, recor!e! thro%"h ma"neto)tell%ric s%r#e$s (:ao, et.al., &++< . Gstimate! reser#oir temperat%res are &0< an! &;;o C respecti#el$. (Chan!rase-haram an! Prasa!, &++2 . Bakreswar provinceE >he Ba-reswar)>antloi thermal pro#ince falls in Ben"al an! Bihar !istricts an! mar-s the *%nction between /C6A>A an! /in"bh%m shear 0one (Fi". & . @i"h @e "as is enco%ntere! in all the thermal !ischar"es (water an! "ases an! it is propose! to install a pilot plant to reco#er @e from the thermal manifestation of this re"ion. >he @e !ischar"e is 3 l44h ( 6a"ar et.al., &++' . Go avari provinceE Go!a#ari #alle$ in An!hra Pra!esh is a northwest)so%theast tren!in" "raben fille! with Gon!wana se!imentar$ formations. >he lower Gon!wana "ro%p of ro-s consist of san!stone, shale an! cla$s an! are e.pose! towar!s the so%thwestern part of the "raben an! hosts &; thermal !ischar"es with s%rface temperat%re #ar$in" from <0 to '0o C. >his "raben falls within 0one II (&00 ) &20 m(m( on the heat flow map of In!ia an! has a thermal "ra!ient of '0o C4-m (:a#i /han-er, &+22 . >wo thermal sprin"s, B%""a an! Man%"%r%, !ischar"in" &000 l44m of water, were st%!ie! in !etail. >alchir san!stone, which forms a %nit in the lower Gon!wana "ro%p, is the reser#oir roc- with an effecti#e porosit$ of ;<A. >he stora"e capcit$ of the san!stone is ;< . &0* m) which is e.pecte! to $iel! thermal !ischar"e for abo%t 1< $ears. Geochemical thermometers in!icate reser#oir temperat%res in the ran"e of &1< an! 2&<o C. >he reser#oir is reporte! to be at a !epth of 2.< -m. It has been estimate! that ;2 M( power can be "enerate! from this pro#ince (Chan!rase-haram an! =a$apra-ash, &++' . A &)' shell an! t%be heat e.chan"er to s%ite the thermal !ischar"e con!itions has been !esi"ne! to !eh$!rate &0,000 lb4hr of onions with an air #ol%me of 20,000 m) (Chan!rse-haram et.al., &++' . The Barren islan E >he Barren islan! forms a part of the An!aman ) 6icobar islan! chain in the Ba$ of Ben"al an! is locate! &&' -m G6G of Port Blair. :ecent #olcanic acti#it$ was recor!e! in &++& which res%lte! in the appearance of hi"h temperat%re steamin" "ro%n! an! thermal !ischar"es. F%marolic !ischar"e recor!e! temperat%res #ar$in" between &00 an! <00o C. ,etaile! e.ploration wor- nee!s to be commissione! in this pro#ince. >able 2. s%mmari0es the temperat%res, heat flow #al%es an! "eothermal "ra!ients of the pro#inces !isc%sse! abo#e. Ta"le (. Potential Geothermal pro%inces of India

Pro#ince /%rface >o C :eser#oir >o C @eat Flow >hermal "ra!ient )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) )) @imala$a F+0 2'0 3'2 &00 Camba$ 30)+0 &<0)&1< 20)+; 10 (est coast 3')12 &02)&;1 1<)&2+ 31)<+ /C6A>A '0 ) +< &0<)2&1 &20)2+0 '0)+0 Go!a#ari <0)'0 &1<)2&< +;)&03 '0 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII @eat flowE m(4m(7 >hermal "ra!ientE o C4-m >h%s, it is apparent that, with the a#ailable technolo"$ all the abo#e thermal pro#inces can be e.ploite! for power "eneration as well for !irect %se. Pro"lems 'ith con%entional and non$con%entional po'er pro+ects E >ho%"h coal base! an! naphtha base! power pro*ect are ri!in" o#er other non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces, en#ironmental problems associate! with s%ch me"a)pro*ects are man$. In!iaJs '1,000 M( of thermal power "eneratin" capacit$ constit%tes abo%t 10A of the co%ntr$Js total power "eneration capacit$. ,%e to oil shoc-s of &+10s, oil)fire! power "eneration has come !own to &<A. >his has increase! the !epen!ence on coal base! power pro*ects !%e to &+2 billion tones reco#erable coal reser#es a#ailable with In!ia. Both oil)base! an! coal base! power pro*ects ha#e similar en#ironmental problems. In!ian is alrea!$ the si.th lar"est an! secon! fastest "rowin" contrib%tor to "reenho%se "ases. Gmissions of nitric o.i!e, s%lph%r !io.i!e an! partic%late matter is e.pecte! to treble in the ne.t !eca!e. >he "reatest %nsol#e! problem with coal base! power plants is the fl$)ash. In!ian coal has an ash content of 3< A. In contrast to most of the other (!e#elope!B co%ntries, which stoppe! promotin" coal base! thermal plants, these thermal power plants are thri#in" in In!ia pro!%cin" 1< million tones of fl$)ash?? >his pro!%ction is e.pecte! to "row to &00 million tones in the ne.t millenni%m. Cnl$ ; A of this is bein" %tili0e!? If all the bric-s in the co%ntr$ were to be ma!e of fl$)ash, onl$ <A of 1< million tones will be p%t to %se ( B%siness (orl!, &++2 . >hese to.ic emissions are r%inin" historical mon%ments, s%ch as the >a* Mahal. Base! on a p%blic interest petition, /%preme co%rt has or!ere! to stop b%rnin" coal in an! aro%n! >a* Mahal. 6aphtha base! power pro*ect, li-e that commissione! in ,habol in Maharashtra an! li-e that "oin" to be commissione! in 9arnata-a in collaboration with American base! ABB compan$, are "oin" to be no better than coal base! power pro*ects as far as protectin" the en#ironment is concerne!?? Besi!es this, !%e to other problems relate! to transmission an! !istrib%tion of power, whose losses estimate! to be abo%t 2; A, power "eneration has fallen short b$ <;A. >o sol#e these problems, M4s Gner"$ Dine /$stems of Alame!a, California, a s%bsi!iar$ of /KC Glectric compan$, Chica"o, in collaboration with the 9arnata-a Glectricit$ Boar! will con!%ct a pilot pro*ect in 9arnata-a to pro#i!e affor!able, reliable an! efficient ener"$ s%pplies an! ser#ices (Gconomic >imes, 2 =%ne &+++ . >his !oesnJt mean that non)con#entional power pro*ects are free from s%ch problems. >he$ ha#e problems of !ifferent -in!. /olar Photo#oltaic so%rce, tho%"h has potential of 20 M(4-m2, is "eneratin" onl$ 2&0 9( ( >able &. . >ho%"h incenti#es to promote this so%rce is offere! b$ the Go#t., import cost of the cells is retro"ra!in" the !e#elopment (Mr.A#inash Brahmabhatt, M4s A#in Gner"$ /$stems, Ahme!aba!, Personal comm%nication . In!ian has to !e#elop in!i"eno%s technolo"$ to s%pport this so%rce of ener"$. /imilarl$, a lar"e n%mber of incenti#es in term of soft loans from I:G,A, ta. holi!a$s, e.emption from c%stom !%t$ etc. are "i#en to win! ener"$ !e#eloper. (ith all these incenti#es, !%rin" the ninth plan, this so%rce is e.pecte! to a!! a mea"er &000 M( more of power to the co%ntr$Js !eman!?? In the case of h$!ro power, the potential an! achie#ement fi"%res shown in table &. certainl$ in!icate that this is a hi"hl$ ne"lecte! sector both b$ the polic$ ma-ers as well b$ the IPPs. In a recent statement, the Chairman, 6ational @$!ro Power Corporation, mentione! that the h$!ro power sector has a potential of "eneratin" 23, 000 M( at '0A loa! factor e8%i#alent to &,32,100 M( of installe! capacit$. >his fi"%re

when compare! to that in table &, shows optimism of the Chairman, 6@PC. >he b%l- of the h$!ro power potential is concentrate! in northwestern an! northeastern re"ions of the co%ntr$ an! !eman! for power is far less in the states s%rro%n!in" this re"ion li-e the @imachal Pra!esh, =amm% an! 9ashmir. >hese states ha#e no reso%rces to !e#elop this sector. IPPs are not intereste! in in#estin" in this sector !%e to ina!e8%ate "o#ernment policies in areas li-e f%el lin-a"e, ac8%isition of pro*ect site, poor financial stat%s of state electricit$ boar!s, lac- of financial reso%rces within the In!ian financial instit%tions to s%pport propose! power pro*ects (Gconomic >imes, 2 =%ne, &+++ . B%t financial Instit%tions ha#e a!e8%ate reso%rces to finance coal an! naphtha base! pro*ects?? >a-e for e.ample GnronJs ,abhol pro*ect in Maharashtra or '&< M( naphtha)base! power plant bein" set %p in Pipa#a#, G%*arat in collaboration with 9:IB@CC or ;1< M( li"nite base! power plant at Gho"a, G%*arat for which offers ha#e been in#ite! or the 320 M( thermal power plant bein" set%p b$ AG/ >ranspower in CrissaJs Ib #alle$. >hese fi"%res in!icate the e.istence of a #er$ stron" coal lobb$ which is hamperin" the health$ "rowth of non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces. It is s%rprisin", wh$ In!ia till !ate is %nable to tap the &0,'00 M( "eothermal ener"$ base! power?. Financial assistance is nee!e! to !e#elop "eothermal reso%rces in the face of stiff (Coal competition in In!ia. ,hat are the opportunities to de%elop geothermal energy resourcesCf late, IPPs in#ol#e! in non)con#entional ener"$ so%rces, are showin" -een interest in Geothermal ener"$ reso%rces, than-s to the awareness bro%"ht b$ those or"ani0ations wor-in" in this fiel! s%ch as the II>s ( Chan!rase-haram, &++< an! the G/I. Cne)time in#estment an! low maintenance cost, low area re8%irement, an! incenti#es "i#en b$ the Go#t. for non)con#entional ener"$ sector is attractin" man$ IPPs in In!ia. G#en IPPs who are in#ol#e! in solar Photo#oltaic an! solar thermal power b%siness are franticall$ e.plorin" partners to finance "eothermal pro*ects. For e.ample, M4s A#in Gner"$ /$stems, who are in#ol#e! in solar Photo#oltaic an! solar thermal prewar pro*ects, are -een to !e#elop "eothermal pro*ects in G%*arat an! e.pan! their acti#ities to other states as well. /ince all the thermal pro#inces are locate! in r%ral areas with e.cellent comm%nication s$stem, power pro*ects as well "eothermal base! in!%stries are "oin" to re!%ce con"estion in 5rban areas an! impro#e socio)economic stat%s of the r%ral p%blic. Concluding remarksE (ith escalatin" en#ironmental problems with coal base! pro*ect, non)participation of IPPs in h$!ro power pro*ects, lo"istic an! technical problems clo%!in" other non)con#entional ener"$ pro*ects, in f%t%re, In!ia has to !epen! on clean, r%ral base!, cheap ener"$ so%rces an! can not i"nore its &0,'00 M( "eothermal potential. (ith a#ailable a!#ance technolo"$, all the me!i%m enthalp$ reso%rces can be !e#elope! to s%pport binar$ power pro*ects. Compact "enerators li-e those !e#elope! b$ M4s /owit an! >%rbo!en, Ital$ ( An"elino et.al., &++< or li-e those !e#elope! b$ 6G,C, =apan, are most s%itable for "eneratin" r%ral base! power from #ario%s thermal pro#inces. >ill recentl$ IPPs are not aware of "eothermal reso%rces of the co%ntr$ !%e to lac- of awareness an! mass comm%nication. Conferences li-e the one con!%cte! here, sho%l! be or"ani0e! in In!ia with ma*or in!%strial participation. Di-e M4s A#in Gner"$ /$stems, forei"n participation in "eothermal sector will attract other In!ian IPPs also. Alternati#el$, forei"n IPPs can participate in power pro*ects %n!er LB%il!)Cwn)Cperate)MaintainM(BCCM scheme. Commissionin" of at least one "eothermal base! power pro*ect is "oin" to chan"e the entire f%t%re power scenario of In!ia. (hat is nee! at present is a pro*ect to !rill !eep holes an! initiate st%!ies on reser#oir mo!elin". ,ata on thermal "ases is lac-in" till now. B%t %n!er the present on"oin" collaborati#e pro*ect between In!ia an! Ital$, s$stematic "eochemical in#esti"ation on thermal "ases is bein" carrie! o%t (Minissale et al., 2000 .

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Minissale, A., Naselli, C., Chan!rase-haram, ,., Ma"ro, G., >assi, F. an! Casi"lia, A. 2000. Cri"in an! e#ol%tion of OintracratonicO thermal fl%i!s from central)western penins%lar In!ia. Garth. Planet. /ci. Dett., &2&, ;11);+2 (P,F 6a"ar, :.9., Niswanathan, G., /%ren!ra /a"ar, an! /an-aranara$anan, A. &++'. Geolo"ical, "eoph$sical an! "eochemical in#esti"ations in Ba-reswar)>antloi thermal fiel!, Birbh%m an! /anthal Par"anas !istricts, west Ben"al an! Bihar, In!ia. Geol. /%r#e$ In!ia, /pe. P%b., 3<, pp ;3+);'0. 6e#a!a, /.N. an! :ao, /.M. &++&. Isotope st%!ies of some "eothermal waters in In!ia. Isopenpra.is, Nol. 21, pp &<;)&'; Pan!e, , .9., Misra, 9. 6. an! /harma, /. (&+23 . /o%rce be! histor$ of Bomba$ offshore re"ion. InE Cil an! Gas fiel!s, Proce!. Inter. Geol. Con"., Moscow, Nol. &;, pp 2&&)233 Pitale, 5., Pa!hi, :. an! /arol-ar, P. &++<. Pilot "eothermal power plant an! scope of commericial %tili0ation of >attapani "eothermal fiel!, /%r"%*a !istrict, Ma!h$a Pra!esh,

In!ia. Procee!. (orl! Geothermal Con"ress, &++<, Florence, Ital$, Nol., 2, pp &2<1)&2'2 :amanathan, A. &++;. Geochemistr$ of thermal sprin"s locate! alon" the west coast, In!ia. Ph.,. >hesis, II>, Bomba$ (%np%blishe! . :amanathan, A. an! Chan!rase-haram, ,. &++1. Geochemistr$ of :a*ap%r an! P%tt%r thermal sprin"s of the west coast, In!ia. =. Geol. /oc. In!ia. Nol., 3+, pp <<+)<'<. :a#i /han-er. &+22. @eat ) flow map of In!ia an! !isc%ssions on its "eolo"ical an! economic si"nificance. In!ian Miner., Nol., 32, pp 2+)&&0. :ao, C.9., Go-arn, /.G. an! /in"h, B.P. (&++< . 5pper cr%stal str%ct%re in the >orni) P%rna! re"ion, central In!ia %sin" ma"netotell%ric st%!ies. =. Geoma". Geoelec., Nol. 31, pp 3&&)320. /heth, @. C. an! Chan!rase-haram, ,. &++1. Pl%me)rift interaction in the ,eccan #olcanic pro#ince. Ph$.Garth. Planet. Inter., Nol., ++, pp &1+)&21. /in"h, :. P. an! 6abetani, /. (&++< . :esisti#it$ str%ct%re of P%"a "eothermal fiel!. Procee!. (orl! Geoth. Con"r., &++<, Florence, Ital$. Nol., 2, pp 221) 2+2 IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIII Prof. ,. Chan!rase-haram, @ea!, ,epartment of Garth /ciences, In!ian Instit%te of >echnolo"$, Bomba$ 30001'. PhE <12 '<'27 emailE !chan!raP"eos.iitb.ac.in For more information on In!ian "eothermal pro#inces seeE webE httpE44www."eos.iitb.ac.in4!chan!ra <2c2f'b3)a'13)3<33)2ec2)1b&1<12!+!e2 Q2E<2c2f'b3)a'13)3<33)2ec2)1b&1<12!+!e2