Chapter 14 and 15 Guided Reading

1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis today? Explain. They had to use wood to heat their homes, but both society eventually learned how to build homes facing south. Now in modern time, the prices for wood and coal are increasing, which is similar to the problem that the Greeks and Romans had to face. 2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation. To exert force over a distance. Works = force * distance * Chemical Energy: energy in bonds of chemical compounds * Kinetic Energy: energy to move * Heat Energy: energy of friction * Potential Energy: potential energy to move

3: What is the first law of thermodynamics? Energy does not get destroyed or created, but lost through the form of heat 4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy? It is more easily converted to work.

5: What is the second law of thermodynamics? Energy goes from a higher-quality form to a lower-quality form. 6: Define: First-Law Efficiency Deals with the amount of energy without consideration of the quality or availability of the energy 7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency Refers to how matched the energy end use is with the quality of the energy source.

8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined? The Joule is the energy unit. It is defined as a force of 1 Newton (N) applied over a distance of 1 m.

9: What is POWER? How is it expressed? The rate of performing work. It is expressed by watts 10: What is thermal efficiency? Ratio of work output of heat engine to heat input. 11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause? How strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. 12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels? 90% 13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently? 50% 14: Conservation: to use less energy and adjust energy needs and uses to minimize energy needed.

15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): number of processes designed to capture and use waste heat. Example: Natural gas combined cycle power plant produces electricity in two ways: gas cycle and steam cycle.

16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating, industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly 66% of the total energy use

17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples. A system that collects heat from the sun without any movement Example: building house south and planting trees for shade.

18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient? Better insulation caulking, weather stripping, installation of window coverings 19: U.S. Industry consumes about 1/3 of the energy produced.

20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy Carpool, use other methods of transportation, use hybrid cars, take shorter showers. 21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management? To use a combination of fuels, instead of just using one fuel. 22: What is the concept of micropower? To use smaller, distributed, systems for production of electricity. 23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global energy use to be in 2030? The world used 250 Exajoules

24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year? 100 watts * 0.25=25 watts * 365 days = 9125 watts of energy emit from the brain

25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental damage? How? No, the environmental would be damage because people would be hunting for other sources of energy.

26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States? New laws can be made, and education.

1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil? When one half of the Earths oil supply is gone. People predicted that when that were to happen, then people will begin to start conserving. 2: How were fossil fuels created? Forms of stored solar energy. By converting solar energy to chemical energy. 3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they provide approximately 90% of the energy consumed worldwide.

4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created? Depositional basins

5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks? They get eroded or vaporized.

6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits? Anticline 7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production? 25% 8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits? Steam, water or chemicals are injected into the oil reservoir to push the oil towards the wells. 9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found? Middle East

10: When will world oil production likely to peak? Between 2020 - 2050

11: How is natural gas primarily transported? By pipelines.

12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel? There are still pollutants produced, compared to burning oil or coal.

13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this represent?) When coal formation produces methane. It is estimated to exist for 5 years

14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane? PROS- produces much less carbon dioxide than coal or petroleum; reduces methane in air CONS- not way to mine or transport it 15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas? Water contamination. 16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed? Made up of molecules of methane gas trapped in ice. And they are formed as a result of microbial decomposition on the sea floor. 17: Where do methane hydrates form? Deep, cold seawater provides high pressure and low temperatures.

18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas? Air and water pollution; acid rain; global warming

19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas? Accidental spills; loss of and damage to fragile ecosystems 20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas? Spills 21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge)? FOR- more jobs AGAINST- damage environment 22: What is COAL? How is it created? Rock that contains energy and sulfur. It is created by the decomposition of vegetation 23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest? Greatest: anthracite Lowest: lignite

24: What is strip mining? Overlying layers of soil and rock are stripped off to reach the coal 25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining? Acid mine drainage 26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal? Flood hazard increases, produces large amount of coal dust

27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require? Mined land is restored to support pre-mining use

28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately 40% of the coal mined in the United States

29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining? Mine collapsing

30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining? Acid mine drainage; land subsidence can occur over mines, coal fires in underground mines. 31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States? Freight trains 32: The burning of coal produces nearly 50% of the electricity used and about 25% of the total energy consumed in the United States today

33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.? Sulfur dioxide: 70% Nitrogen: 30% Carbon dioxide: 35%

34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate?

 To reduce coal emissions 35: What is allowance trading? To allow utility companies to pollute.

36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found? Fine-grained sedimentary rock. It is created by heat and found in the Middle East.

37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale? Waste 38: Why cant petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods? It is too thick.

39: How are tar sands processed? From mining sands and washing the oil out with hot water.