Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Attitude survey due Wed 1/30 (15 pts) at the link in the announcements HW1. Expectations due Wed 1/30 (15 pts) download to Canvas HW2. Thermo NOW due Wed 2/6 (15 pts) paper copy
The complete pdf posted after class on Mon will include the 3 missing slides based on your descriptions of the operating rules for the energy flow diagrams.
First Law
Total energy in the universe is neither created nor destroyed in any process, but it can be transformed from one form to another. OR Total energy of the initial state of a biological process is equal to the total energy of its final state.
Biochemistry closed system functioning at STP (standard temp and pressure); ignores physical work (pV work) Then the 2nd Law is: !G < 0 (in the system)
Free energy of final state (Gf) < free energy of initial state (Gi)
Bioenergetics Example
First Law !H = 0 Second Law !G < 0
Initial state absorbed light E Final state - ATP, plus heat Which state has more H? Which state has more G? If you add ATP plus heat to the mitochondria, can they produce light? Why or why not?
Thermodynamic efficiency
Efficiency (%) = free energy of final state X 100% free energy of initial state
Another expression of the Second Law is: no real process can be 100% efficient
www.niquette.com/certainb/chapt06/6text.htm
Metabolism
Joe the Physicist says, We need to focus on !G < 0 again, but it has a new twist called activation energy.
Thermodynamics - direction vs. kinetics - rate Activation energy - energy needed to initiate the reaction
!G < 0
1. Metal ions were probably used as the catalysts for some metabolic reactions in early protolife. 2. Evolutionary relics: Metallic co-factors at the active sites of many enzymes of ancient origin, e.g.,
fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/gk6x5.chlorophyll.gif
www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=3CYT
www.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb26_3.html
3. Most enzymes of more recent origin use only amino acids in their active sites.
How does life spontaneously organize itself if all processes proceed in the direction that increases universal entropy?
adam.steinbergs.us/images/books/lodish/protein-folding.jpg
Hydrophobic interactions
Non-polar molecules tend to neither attract or repel each other. But polar water molecules (and charged ions) tend to attract or repel each other. Polar and/or charged molecules tend to squeeze hydrophobic regions together.
Entropy-driven order
!S>O
Folded state
Virus assembly
www.vetmed.iastate.edu
T4 bacteriophage
Lesson: simple systems - physics is generally sufficient complex systems - often additional biological control
F Fig. 6.4
F Fig. 6.5
F Fig. 6.7
Hydrophobic interactions drive formation of lipid vesicles for bounding early life forms Spontaneous local order maximizes universal disorder.
Alberts et al. Fig 2.38
www.evolutionhappens.net
www.ashland-city.k12.oh.us/.../sunflower.jpgs/
Genomes
! All the hereditary information in an organism
! Prokaryotes chromosome and plasmid(s) ! Eukaryotes nucleus, mitochondrion (most), chloroplast (some)
! Record of evolutionary history of the organism ! Molecular mechanisms for lifes processes for example, human genome encodes
! Operating system - DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis (~29% of the genes) ! Metabolism, bioenergetics, transport (~17%) ! Structure and development (~20%) DNA sequencing gel ! Signal transduction (~14%) fluorescent tags at the ends of DNA fragments ! Miscellaneous (~20%)
Homework problems Obtain HW2. Thermodynamics of Life from HW assignments link in course menu Due Monday 2/4 Work on these assignments in your study group, but then write the answers on your own.