IDEAL REQUIREMENTS TO OBTAIN AN ACCURATE IMPRESSION. Should be fluid enough to adapt to the oral tissues.

. Should be viscous enough to be contained in the tray that is seated in the mouth. While in the mouth, they should transform (set) into a rubbery or rigid solid in less than 7 minutes. The set impression should not distort or tear when removed from the mouth. Impressions made should remain dimensionally stable until the cost can be poured. Should maintain its dimensional stability after removal of a cost so that a second or third cost can be made. Should be biocompatible The materials, associated processing e uipment and processing time should be cost effective. Classification I. Based on the deg ee of tiss!e co"# ession a. M!costatic $ !"ample # Impression plaster, $%! impression paste. %. M!coco"# essi&e $ E'a"#le $ !lastomers. & mucostatic impressions materials do not compress the tissue during seating of impression tray &' ideal for edentulous (aw structures. & )uco compressive * ideal for dentulous impressions. II. B( setting "echanis"s B( elasticit( and !se igid Elastic Use Mate ial !dentulous +lginate ridge 0on&e ucous elastomres Interocclusal & .olysulfide records & .olyether & ,ondensation silicone & +ddition silicone .reliminary +gar hydrocolloid impression

Inelastic o Mate ials -. .laster of +. ,hemical reaction paris /. $inc o"ide& (irreversible) eugenol

Use Teeth and soft tissue

1. Thermally induced ,ompound wa" physical reaction (reversible)

Teeth and soft tissu

III. Based on the che"ical co"#osition -. 2ydrocolloids & 3eversible &' agar * agar & Irreversible &' alginate

/. 0on& s)!eo!s elastomeric impression materials & .olysulfides & ,ondensation silicone. & +ddition silicone & .olyether 4. 5. 6. 8. Impression compound Impression plaster $inc 7 %"ide eugenol pastes Impression wa"es.

I*. Based on the &iscosit( of elasto"e s +ISO ,-./0 T(#e / 1 9ow viscosity (light bodies) . 1 )edium viscosity (medium bodied) 2 1 2igh viscosity (heavy bodied) 3 1 :ery high viscosity (.utty) *. Based on the #h(sical # o#e ties catego i4ed %( ADA s#ecification No.25 fo elasto"e s & ,ompression set, flow, /5 hour dimensions change. T(#e Ma'i"!"6 Co"# ession set /.6 /.6 6.6 Ma'i"!" 7 flo8 ;.6 ;.6 /.; Ma'i"!" 7 Sh in9age +., ho! s0 ;.6 -.; ;.6

I II III

The significance of this classification stems from the fact that impression materials of the some chemistry may be different depending or critical physical properties. !"ample polysulfide are type I or III depending on compression set. If large deformation are anticipated on withdrawal over e"aggerated undercuts, a type I material e"periences less distortion. : ;<DROCOLLOIDS 2ydrocolloid was patented in -</6, and it was introduced to the =nited States in the late -</;s. ,redit for its first use in the =nited States for fabricating cast restorations is given to >.?. 2art of %@lahoma, who began using it for the purpose in -<4;. 2ydrocolloids was initially introduced to ma@e impressions of hard tissues in place of in elastic materials. +fter World War II, advances in polymer technology brought to the

dental profession a group of synthetic rubbery materials called ealstomers, capable of ma@ing impressions of both soft and hard tissues. ,olloids are often classified as a fourth state of matter, AThe colloidal StateB. True solutions e"ist as a single phase. 2owever, both colloid and the suspension have two phases. ?ispersed. ?ispersion phases. ,olloid as substances may be combinations of any States of matter, with e"ception of gaseous states. 9i uids or solids in air are called aerosols Cases, li uids or solids in a li uid are called forms, solids evulsions and solid suspensions respectively. +ll colloidal dispersions are termed sols. The colloidal materials used for ma@ing impressions are either agar or align, dissolved in water, hence the name hydrocolloids. Sol&gel transformation * When the concentration of the dispersed phase in the hydrocolloid is sufficient, the sol&gel. In the gel state, the dispersed phase aggromerates, forming chains or fibrils called micelles. The fibrils may branch and intermesh to form a brush&heap structure (.ic )c,a@e -45&.age ) Dor agar, secondary bonds (wee@) hold the fibrils together. These bonds brea@ at slightly elevated temperatures and become re&established as it walls to room temperatures. The process is reversible. Dor alginate, the fibrils are formed by chemical action because the transformation is not reversible. =el st ength Dor the reversible gel, the lower the temperature, the stronger the gel, and vice versa. When gel is heated, resulting in greater inter fibriller distances and reduction of their cohesions. %n the other hand, strength of irreversible gel, not affected by normal temperature changes. The strength of gels can be increased by addition of certain modifiers such as fillers and chemicals. Di"ensions effects The gel may lose water by evaporation from its surface or by e"udation of fluid on its surface by a process @nown as synthesis. Whenever water or fluid is removed from the micelles of the gel by synthesis, the gel shrin@s. If gel is placed in water, it will absorb water by a process @nown as inhibition. The effects of synthesis, evaporation and inhibition must be limited to ensure the proper dimensions of impressions &' pouring cost immediately can reduce distortion. A=AR +RE*ERSIBLE ;<DROCOLLOIDS0

& &

Was introduced to dental progression in -</6 mainly used in the area of removable partial denture prosthesis. =ntil early -<6;Es, it was the principal and only elastic impression material used in crown and bridge and partial denture prosthesis. >!nction 1rush * heep structure Strength Cypsum hardener Diller Thic@ness 3eaction .revent growth of mold in impression material during storage. Taste appearance Co"#osition -4 * -7F ;./ * ;.6F -.; * /.;F ;.6 * -.;F ;.4 * ;.6F 1alance ;.-F

Co"# ession Co"#onent +gar 1orates Sulfates Wa" hard Thi"otrosic materials Water +l@yl 1enGuate

,olor and Dlavors Trace C(lation # ocess & Setting of reversible hydrocolloid, called gelation & .hysical change from sol * gel induced by temperature changes & Cel converts to sol when heated to 7; * -;;o, &' li uefaction temperature. & When cooled sol transforms to get at 47o * 6;o, &' gelation temperature. & Temperature leg between gelation temperature and li uefaction temperature of the gel ma@es it possible to use agar as dental impression material. Sol & Cel Cel &' sol at 7; * -;;o, (9i uefaction temperature) Sol &' gel at 47 *6;o, (Celation temperature) Mani#!lation Includes li uefying the gel, placing it in impression tray, tempering it to a lower temperature, and maintaining it in its fluid state to capture the details of the oral structures. %nce in the mouth, the material is cooled below mouth temperature to ensure gelation. ,onditioning unit for the agar hydrocolloid impression materials consists of water baths for# 9i uefying the material # .laced in boiling water for -; min (at high attitudes water (,olorado) boils at below -;;o,, propylene glycol can be added to obtain a temperature of -;;o, +gar hydrocolloid fre uently supplied in two forms * syringe and tray materials (gel) because first step is to convert gel &' sol by li uefying.

Storage after boiling # Stored in sol condition at 86o, until need for in(ection into cavity preparation or for filling a tray. tempering the tray hydrocolloid. # Since 66oc is the ma"imum tolerable temperatures with storage temperature of 86o, could be too hot. Dor the oral tissues &' therefore tempered at 56o,. Dor 4&-; minutes. Tube of hydrocolloid sol removed from storage, tray is filled, gauGe ped placed over the tip of tray (prevent inhibition) and placed in tempering basin. Syringe materials is not tempered, temperature is lowered as the material e"trudes out of the syringe. (.ic of conditioning .age 4-) Ma9ing the Aga i"# ession Dirst syringe material directly ta@en from storage compartment applied to the base of the preparation, then remainder of the prepared tooth is covered. Tray hydrocolloid is removed. Drom the tempering basin, outer layer removed and impression made. Celation is accelerated by circulating cool water (appro". -H&/-o,) through the tray for 4&6 min. Sol is a poor ocnductor of heat because rapid cooling may cause concentration of stress near the tray. 2ydrocolloid e"hibit viscoelastic behavior therefore, it is necessary to remove impression with a snap rather then tease it out. Time re uired to re&li uify is /&5 min longer than previous time &' because more firmer &' can the re used 5 times (.ic tray * water cooled .age 4/ 3ahul T(agi0 P o#e ties ANSI 6 ADA S#ec. No. 22 2. Pe "anent defo "ation $ +0SI 7 +?+ specification re uires recovery from deformation to be greater than <8.6F after material is compressed /;F for seconds tray type &' <<F. .. >le'i%ilit( 1 ANSI 6 ADA specification re uires -5&-6F +gar impression material meets this re uirements. /. St ength 1 ,ompressive strength * H;;; g7em/. Tear strength * H;; * <;; g7cm +0SI 7 +?+ specification re uires 786 g 7cm of fear strength. AL=INATE +IRRE*ERSIBLE ;<DROCOLLOID0 Was developed as a substitute for the agar impression material when its supply become scarce during World War II, as they were imported from >apan. + chemist from Scollend perceived that certain brown seaweed (!lgae) succumbs on atypical mucous e"traction. The substance is called anhydro&1&d&mannuronic acid or alginic acid (insoluble in water) COMPOSITION Co"#onent >!nction ?eight #e centage .otassium alginate Soluble alginate -6 ,alcium alginate 3eacter -8 .otassium titanium Dluoride +ccelerator 4

$inc o"ide Diller particles 5 ?iatomaccous earth Diller particles 8; Sodium phosphate 3etarder / When powder in the alginate can is fluffed to brea@ loose the particles, fine silica particles will become airborne from the can when lid is removed. Inhalation of these silica particles is a possible health haGard. (silicosis and pulmonary hypersensitivity) 1ecause ?ustless alginate Introduced &' incorporated glycerine on the alginate powder to agglomerate the particles. C(lation # ocess Soluble alginate reacts with calcium sulfate to form an insoluble calcium alginate gel. The production of calcium alginate is so rapid that it does not allow sufficient wor@ing time because a third water soluble salt, trisodium phosphate is added to prolong wor@ing time &' calcium sulfate will react with this salt in preference to soluble alginate until trisodium phosphate is e"hausted. Classification of alginate +Ro%e t C. C aig0 I. Acco ding to concent ation of sodi!" #hos#hate Dast set * -./6 * /min. ) 3egular set * 4 * 5.6 min ) II. Acco ding to concent ation of fille Soft set 2ard set Cont olling setting ti"e 1y the amount of eta de added ()anufacturer) 1y altering the temperature of water &' 2igher the temperature, shorter is the setting time. 3ate of setting reaction doubled by temperature increase of -;o, because water cooler than -Ho, or warmer than /5o, not advisable. Mani#!lation The measured powder is sifted into pre&measured water that has already been poured into a clean rubber bowl. + vigorous figure * H motion is best, with the mi" being stropped against the sides of rubber mi"ing bowl with intermittent rotation of the spature to press out ai bubbler )i"ing time between 56 se" * - min &' resulting in a smooth cream mi"ture that does not readily drip off the spatule when raised from the bowl. .erforated tray normally used, in case of plastic or metal vin * loc@ tray, a thin layer of alginate tray adhesive is used.

wor@ing time

+lginate is very wee@, therefore sufficient bul@ of material between tray and tissue of 4 mm is re uired. Tear strength of increased when the impression is removed with a snap. P o#e ties Pe "anent defo "ation $ +0SI 7 +?+ specification re uires recovery from deformation to be more than <6F when material is compressed /;F for 6 seconds. >le'i%ilit( $ ANSI 6 ADA specification permits a range of 6 * -;F at a stress of -;;; g 7cm/ and most alginate have -5F St ength $ +0SI 7 +?+ specification re uires compressive strength &' at least 467; g7cm/. Alginates &' compressive strength I 6;;; * <;;; g.cm/ Tea st ength @ /-3 * 7;; g 7 cm Co"#ati%ilit( 8ith 4(#s!" $ Dree water accumulation, dilute the model material yielding a soft chal@y surface. Di"ensional sta%ilit( $ Alginate i"# ession lose or in%i%e water by evaporation, syneresis or inhibition because it should be poured immediately. Disinfection $ -F 0a. 2ypochlorite. .7 gl!ta aldeh(de & -; * 4; min. sho8ed 3.27 dimensional change &' insignificant when used for study models and wor@ing cost. La"inate techni)!e +Alginate A Aga Method0 & The tray hydrocolloid is replaced with a mi" of chilled alginate that bonds to the syringe agar. & The alginate gels by a chemical reaction, whereas the agent gels by means of contact with the cool hydrocolloid. & )a"imum detail is produced. Sho t co"ings -. 1ond between agar and alginate is not always strong. /. 2igher viscosity alginate displaces the agar during seating. 4. ?imensional accuracy of alginate limits the use to single units. Modified alginates & +lginate in the form of sol, containing the water but no source of calcium ions a reactor of plaster of paris can then be added to the sol. & Two component system &' paste form &' one containing alginate sol and second calcium reactor. & +lginates modified by the incorporation of silicone polymers &' supplied as two pastes show better fine * detail reproduction and tear resistance but poor dimensions stability (+lginates) hybrids of alginates and silicone elastomers but properties closely related to alginates.

Disinfection & ,urrent protocol for disinfecting hydrocolloid impression recommended by center for disease control is the use household bleach (-#-; dilution) iodophors or synthetic phenols as disinfectants & ,an be sprayed on e"posed surface and then wrapped in disinfectant soa@ed paper * towel and placed in sealed plastic bag for -; min. & +lternative method is immersion, but should not e"ceed -; min. Shelf life & two ma(or factors -. Storage temperature /. )oisture contamination from ambient air. & Sealed pouches and can available & 1est if used before - year. & Store in cool, dry environment. Effects of Mishandling +Ta%le 51220 Ann!sa&ice Page .,50 NONAQUCOUS ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS & +0SI 7 +?+ specification 0o.-<. & +n elastomeric material consists of large molecules with wee@ interaction among them. They are tied together at certain points to form a three dimensional net wor@. & The chains of these materials uncoil on stretching and upon removal of the stress they bounce bac@ or snop bac@ to their rela"ed entangled state. & Setting occurs through a combination of chain lengthening polymeriGation and chemical cross lin@ing by either a condensation reaction or addition reaction. I. Che"icall( fo! 9inds of elasto"e s a. .olysulfide b. ,ondensation polymeriGing silicone c. +ddition polymeriGing silicone d. .olyether II. The current +0SI7+?+ specification 0o. -< recogniGes three types based on selected and the dimensional change of the set materials rather than on chemistry. & type I & Type II & Type III III. Each t(#e is further divided into four viscosity classes. ; I very high consistency (putty li@e) I 2igh ,onsistency (2eavy bodied) / I )edium consistency (medium bodied) 4 I 9ow consistency (light bodied)

Pol(s!lfides +S(non("s $ R!%%e %aseB "o ce#tionB Thio9ol !%%e 0 Co"#onent -. .olysulfide .repolymer with Terminal and .endent thiol (&S2) groups. /. ?ibutyl pthelate 4. Inert filler (lithopone or titanium dio"ide) 5. Sulfur (;.6F) (3eactor paste) >!nction This is further polymeriGed and cross lin@ed to form rubber

Base Paste

.laticiGer to control viscosity To provide the re uired Strength

To accelerate the reaction

Note $ +Int od!ced in the ea l( to "iddle 25C3s0. Catal(st #aste 9ead dio"ide (1rown) on alternative o"idiGing agents hydrated copper %"ide (Creens) %leic or stearic acid Some amount of .lasticiGer and fillers

To react with thiol groups causing setting

Rete de to control the rate of setting reactions

Setting eaction The terminal and pendant #e ce#tion group of each molecule is o"idiGed by the addition of o"idiGing agent present in the reaction paste, which in turn causes both lengthening of polymer chain by o"idation of terminal "e ce#tion groups and cross lin@ing by o"idation of pendant "etce#tion groups. 3eaction is of condensation type since water is produced as a by produced * dimensional changes. .olymeriGation is e"othermic and is affected by moisture and temperature &' decreases wor@ing time. =npleasant sub(ects odor and long setting time in the mouth. 9ead dio"ide &' stic@y and stains clothing permanently alternatives &' copper hydro"ide organic hydropero"ides (!vaporate after cure). +vailable in three consistencies

& 9ow & )edium & 2igh .ac@aged as two pastes base (whitie) catalyst (1rown) Ad&antages Disad&antages & !"tensive shelf life & %dor lipid patient & 9ess hydrophobic & )ust be poured in stone instantaneously & !stablished precision & Unitid( and stains clothing & 2igh tear strength cheep to use & .otential for distortion & ,ustomary tray mandatory & Subse uent pours are less accurate. CONDENSATION SILICONE +S<NON<MSB SILICONEB POL<SILODANE0 OR=ANAIEATION O> SILICONE0 Co"#osition Co"#onents >!nction 1ase paste 2ydro"yl * terminated undergoes cross lin@ing .olydimethyl to form rubber Silo"ne .ropolymer ,olloidal Silica Catal(st .oly :inyl Silicone .repolymer ,olloidal silica ,hloroplatinic +cid filler ,at&alyer

Diller

Setting eaction The polymeriGation reaction if of addition type, the cross lin@ing is ta@ing place between the vinyl terminal group of accelerator paste and the silo"one group of base paste and chloroplatinic acid activates the reaction. 0o by product formed If proper balance between base and reactor is not maintained, hydrogen gas is produced .2ence platinum or palladium gas is produced manufacturer to act as a scavenger for the released hydrogen gas. +s inherently hydrophobic &' nonionic surfactant added that migrates towards the surface of the impression material and has its hydrophilic segment oriented towards the surface &' allows impression material to readily wet soft tissue and enhance the ability of gypsum to optimum ma"imum detail. Sulfur contamination from natural late" groves inhibits the setting of addition silicones.

+vailable in 5 consistencies * 9ight body )edium body 2eavy body .utting Ad&antages Disad&antages & !"cellent dimensional & 2ydrophobic accuracy & 9ong term dimensional & !"pensive Stability & 2ydrogen gas evaluation in some )aterials & .leasant to use & .oor wetting & Short setting time & 2ydrophilic formulations & +uto mi" available inhibe moisture. & If hydrophilic, good compatibility with gypsum & Sulfur contamination by late" glove Note $ Incorporated surfactant ma@es electroplating more difficult and also ma@es impression material more sensitive to the retardant action of sulfur. Ne8e >o "!lations -. 2ydrophilic * addition of surfactant /. 2ydrogen absorbs * .alladium 4. )onophase * Sheer thinning 5. )ade shiffer * 1ite registration POL<ET;ER +S(non("ic e#i"ine0 Dirst developed in Cermany in )id -<8;Es primarily to function as on impression. Co"#osition 1ase .aste &'

Immune terminated .repolymer Inert filler * Silica .lasticiGer &' .thelate

1ecomes cross lined to form rubber Diller * to control viscosity To aid mi"ing

Catal(st #aste +l@yl * cromotic Sulfonate Silica 1ase ,atalyst &' H#.thalets .lastiliGer Initiates cross lin@ing

Diller

Setting eaction The polyethers curve through cross lin@ing of a difunctional epimine terminated prepolymer catalyGed by on al@yl benGenes sulfonate catalyst. The reaction involves ring opening without formation of volatile by products. )odified to greatly reduce the stiffness &' identified by additon of D following brand name. & Stable if stored dry, otherwise absorbs moisture and undergo significant dimensional change. & +vailable in 4 consistence &' light body )edium body 2eavy body. Ad&antages Disad&antages ?imensions stability & Set material very stiff +ccuracy & Inhibition Shorter setting time & Short wor@ing time. +utomi" available & +llergic hyper sensitivity in some ,ases. POL<ET;ER URET;ANE DIMET;ACR<LATE This material appeared on the mar@et briefly in late -<H;Es, discontinued because of problems with surface polymeriGation. ,omposed of & .olyether urethane dimethacrylate resin. & ?i@etone initiator & +mine accelerator & 5; * 8;F silica filler & =sed in a clear tray, photo initiated by 5;; * 6;; mm blur light. & )ost useful traits * unlimited wor@ing time coupled with short setting times. MANIPULATION Paste fo " 1F e ual lengths of base and reactor paste ta@en over the mi"ing pad, a stiff stainless steel spatula is used for mi"ing, reactor paste is first spread over the base paste, mi"ing continued until a smooth, homogenous, strea@ free mi" is obtained. When reactor supplied in li uid form &' number of drops per unit length are recommended by manufacturer. Two putty system &' @neaded between the finger, in case of li uid reactor initial mi"ing with spatula is accomplished. : A!to"atic dis#ensing and Mi'ing de&ices. & =sed for light and medicine viscosity "ete ide of addition silicone, condensation silicone and polyethers, not polysulfides (Stic@y). &

& &

)aterial is supplied is prepac@aged cartridges with a disposable mi"ing tip. The cartridge inserted in a gun li@e device, and base and catalysis are e"truded into the spiral mi"ing tip, where mi"ing occurs as they progress to the end of the tube.

Ad&antages -. Creater uniformity in proportioning and in mi"ing. /. 9ess air incorporated into the mi". 4. )i"ing time reduced. 5. 9ess chance of mi" getting contaminated 6. 9ess wastage of material. D(na"ic "echanical "i'e The device uses a motor to drive parallel plungers that force the materials into a mi"ing tip, and the spiral inside the mi"ing tip rotates as the material are e"truded through the tip &' higher viscosity material can be mi"ed. !"ample pentami", !S.! +merica. P o#e ties *iscoelastic P o#e ties *iscoelesticit( describes the dependence of an impression materials response to the speed of removal. *isco elastic behavior is intermediate between that of an elastic solid and a viscous li uid. !lastic solid &' Spring, which deforms instantly to a certain e"tent when one applies a specific load &' deformation reversed completely or removal of the load. :iscous li uid &' oil dashpot, which does not respond instantly but deforms as the load is applied over time &' deformation is permanent. )a"well * :oigt model * Dig <&4, .age /-, +merican + &' Stress Dree state 1 &' +s force is applied, S- responds instantaneously with definite amount of deformation, ?-, ?/ and S/ no deformation, ?/ prevents S/ deformation because of dash pot inertia. , &' +s force applied over time, both desh#ots are activated and continue to deform as -; mg as force applied, S/ deforms a long with ?/ ? &' +s force is released, S- recovers instantly others remain unchanged. ! &' +s time posses, S/ over comes inertia of ?/ and recovers along with ?/ ?- remains unchanged. Clinical i"#o tance The amount of permanent deformation is attributed to either deshpot is dictated by the duration of tension or compression e"erted on the materials therefore a teasing or roc@ing method should not be used to remove the impression &' snap removal.

?ORGIN= AND SETTIN= TIMES Wor@ing time measured at room temperature setting time measured at mouth temperature. The end of wor@ing time might be defined as the time when a blunt needle of a certain diameter and weight fails to penetrate a volume of impression material to a specified depth. Setting time is defined as the transitional time at which plastic properties which permit molding and impression ta@ing at lost and elastic properties permitting removal of the impression material are ac uired or when a blunt instrument fails to permanently indent the set impression materials. !ffects of temperature. Increase &' decreases both wor@ing and setting time by accelerating the curing rate. ?ecrease &' Increase wor@ing time, can be accomplished by refrigerating the materials or mi"ing on a chilled dry glass slab. !ffect of viscosity Increase &' decrease wor@ing time and setting time. +ltering base 7 catalyst ratio can alter the wor@ing and setting time &' but adversely affects the mechanical properties. Mean 8o 9ing ti"e +"in0 /4o, 47o, 8.; 5.4 4.4 /.6 4.-.H 4.4 /.4 Mean setting ti"e +"in0 /4o, 47o, -8.; -/.6 --.; H.< H.< 6.< <.; H.4

I"# ession "ate ials .olysulfide ,ondensation silicone +ddition silicone .olyetter Clinical i"#o tance ?uel arch techni ue for single crown preparation Juic@ set material * short wor@ing time. Dill arch impression with multiple prepared teeth. 9onger wor@ing time. Di"ensional sta%ilit( 1 >i&e "aHo so! ces of di"ensional changes. -. .olymeriGation shrin@age. /. 9oss of by product (water or alchohol) during condensation reaction. 4. Thermal contraction from oral temperature to room temperature. 5. Inhibition when e"posed to water, disinfectant or high humidity environment over a period of time. 6. Incomplete recovery of deformation because of viscoelastic behavior. & +ddition silicone &' most stable &' costs produced between /5 hours and wee@ as accurate as a cast made in first hour.

& &

.olyether &' can absorb water from the atmosphere &' poured within hour for ma"imum accuracy. ,ondensation silicone and polysulfides &' loss of by product &' poured within 4; minutes.

ACCURAC< & +0SI7+?+ specification 0o.-< &' impression materials must be able to reproduce fine detail of /6 Km or less. & 9ower the viscosity better it records fine detail, putty can record only upto 76 Km. & ,orresponding specification for gypsum die materials is 6;Km & )ost accurate &' addition silicone reversible hydrocolloid. Elastic Reco&e ( Impression materials needs to be able to flow readily into undercut areas in the mouth, set in that position, and to be able to AreboundB bac@ to its original shape, when the set impression is removed from the mouth &' elastic recovery. .:S impression material * <<F elastic recovery condensation silicone. Pol(ette .olysulfide !lastic recovery can be ma"imiGed by bloc@ing the undercuts. R;EOLO=IC PROPERTIES +>LO? AND >LEDIBILIT<0 :iscosity of material is most important factor in controlling the flow. 9ight body materials flow readily into minute details, while the tray or heavy body material provide more rigidity to the impression and help force the lower viscosity material into the gingival sulcus. !arly versions of light body tended to flow off the prepared tooth with time, now the newer pus and polyettersare thio"trophic and stay where they are syringed but flow readily when the heavier body tray materials are placed over them. )onophesic material &' shear thinning effect when Afalse bodyB permits the material to stay in the tray without segging or dripping, and yet the same material can be used in a syringe. + material that e"hibits this property of becoming more fluid when shear rate is increased (Sha@ing, spatulating or in(ecting through a syringe) is described thio"trophic. Stiffness &' polyetter (?ecreasing order) addition silicone, condensation silicone, polysulfide. .olyetler &' most rigid &' -. .roblem when dealing with long, thin preparations of periodontally involved teeth /. +lso can result in fracture of dies. +dvantageous &' duel etch impressions &' where double bite trays are fle"ible &' thi"otrophic materials best used. Tea st ength Important property when dealing with impression materials used in interpro"imal and sub gingival areas. 3an@ing from lowest to highest

2ydrocolloids ' Silicones ' polyether ' polysulfide. ,ager and +lginate (+ddition and ,ondensation) Influenced by (-) consistency &' increased viscosity increases tear strength. (/) )anner of removal &' rapid rate of force during removal increases tear strength. ;<DROP;ILICIT< & 2ydrocolloids &' hydrophilic & .olyetter &' hydrophilic but re uire dry preparation for ma@ing impression. & .:S and condensation silicones &' hydrophobic & 0ewer materials &' classified as hydrophilic Including non&ionic surfactants. Crafting the surfactant to silicone polymer. & Improves wet ability and reduces contact angle &' <6 to 64o. & 2ydrophilic materials &' 46o contact angle. & Technically classified as hydrophilic &' .:S material easier to pour die materials, but do not ma@e it possible to ma@e acceptable impression in a wet environment. Bioco"#ati%ilit( & ,ell cyto to"icity &' polysulfide results in lowest cell death event and set polyetter highest. & !lastomer * induced biocompatibility problem occurs when a segment is lodged in patients gingival sulcus &' gingival inflammation. & 3adiopacity of polysulfides advantageous here. & ,ontact dermatitis from polyether catalyst to dental assistant has been reported, but no cyto to"ic effects has been reported. Shelf life. & Showed in a dry, cool environment. & Tubes should be @ept tightly closed, reseal the alginate container after dispensing the powder. & +rbitrarily suggested that no more than 8 months supply should be @ept on hand at any time. Econo"ic facto s & 3eversible hydrocolloid less e"pensive than elastomers, but e uipments associated with it compensated for the cost. & .olyether and .:S most e"pensive. & 3educe cost by using auto&mi" devices, dual and techni ue when indicated. Effects of "ishandling elasto"e s +Ta% 5.C Page ./3 An!sa&ice Ta% 5.I0 DUPLICATIN= MATERIALS +ANSI6ADA S#ecification No. .30 1oth types of hydrocolloid are used in the dental laboratory to duplicate dental casts or models used in the construction of prosthetic appliances and orthodontic products.

3eversible (+gar) 2ydrocolloid most commonly used because it can be used many times. 2as same composition as impression material, water content is higher. ,lassified into two types according to +0SI7+?) specification 0o./;. * Thermoreversible * Type I 0on reversible * Type II Silicones and polythers can be used but costly. INELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS & Impression plaster & Impression compound. & $inc o"ide eugenol paste. I"# ession #laste & ,omposition similar to dental plaster, consists of L&calcium sulphate hemihydrate which when mi"ed with water reacts to form calcium sulphate dehydrate. & )ucostatic &' for edentulous flabby ridge. & ?ifferences from dental plaster. 3apid setting. Smaller setting e"pansion. 9ower strength. & 3arely used because of their inability to sustain elastic deformation without fracture. I"# ession co"#o!nd +ANSI6ADA s#ecification No./0 co"#osition. Wa"es, thermoplastic resins, filler and coloring agent, shellac, stearic acid and gutta percha are added to improve plasticity and wor@ability. ,lassified into # Type I * low fusing Type II * high fusing 9ow fusing &' impression materials &' sheet or stic@ form &' used for ma@ing impressions of edentulous ridges using stoc@ trays. Stic@s are used for border moulding or for recording impressions of single crowns using the upper ring techni ue. ,ompound may be softened over a flame or by immersion in warm water bath. Di"ensional sta%ilit( +llow thorough cooling before removal and pour within - hr $I0, %MI?! !=C!0%9 I).3!SSI%0 .+ST!S +ANSI 6 ADA SPECI>ICATION No.2I0 Co"#osition Base Pe centage >!nction $inc %"ide H7 3eactive ingredient Di"ed vegetable or mineral oil -4 .lasticiGer, off sets action of eugenol as an irritant. Paste %il of cloves or eugenol -/ %il of cloves contain 7;F & H6F, eugenol less irritating

Cum or polymeriGed rosin Diller 9anolin 3esinous balsam

6; /; 4 -;

To accelerate setting To increase flow and improve mi"ing properties.

+cceler solution (,a,l/) and color 6 Classified as Type I * hard paste &' -; min setting time Type II * soft paste &' -6 min. Setting ti"e Shortened &' adding small amount of acceleration ?rop of water .rolonged &' cool mi"ing slab &' plasticiGer * inert oil or wa". Thic@ consistency &' compress the tissue Thin consistency &' little or no compression. Di"ensional sta%ilit( 9ess than ;.-F shrin@age can be preserved indignity Non1e!genol #astes & %rthoetho"ybenGoic acid (!1+) &' valuable substitute for eugenol. & 1actericidal agens and other medicaments can be incorporated without interfering with the reaction. S! gical #astes & +fter gingivectomy, $%! paste may be placed over the wound to aid in the retention of a medicament and to promote healing. & Softer and slower in their setting reaction. Bite egist ation #astes. & %cclusal relationships recorded include impression plaster, compound wa", resin and rectal o"ide paste. & $%! paste as recording material in construction of complete dentures and fi"ed or 3.?. & $%! interocclusal record more stable than one made in wa". TRA<S +ll impression materials shrin@ upon setting. 3eversible hydrocolloid &' shrin@age occurs as a thermoplastic event. !lastomeric impression &' polymeriGation shrin@age materials. To obtain accurate impression a relatively uniform amount of bul@ in the impression is imperative, so that there is uniform shrin@age throughout the body of the impression. Water based impression materials, such as reversible or irreversible hydrocolloid provide ma"imum accuracy with a cross sectional thic@ness of 5&8 mm&' best achieved with stoc@ trays.

!lastomeric impressions, most accurate when used with a cross sectional thic@ness of / mm &' best achieved with custom tray. STOCG TRA<S & Stoc@ plastic trays & Stoc@ metal trays # perforated 0on&perforated 3im loc@ trays ?enticular & ,lear trays !dentulous Stoc9 #lastic t a(s +Pic. BDJ. A ticle0 & ,an be used for impression of one or two single units. & Trays do not have sufficient rigidity & 9ow cost & ,ontra indicated with fi"ed bridge wor@ because its fle"ibility adversely affects inter preparation, cross arch and anteroposterior dimensions Stoc9 "etal t a(s +Pict! es0 & ,oated steel or stainless steel trays combine the convenience of stoc@ plastic trays with the rigidity of c!sto" trays. & .erforated or rim loc@ trays indicated for putty wash impressions for mechanical retention in addition to tray adhesive (adhesion of putty to its impression adhesives is not as reliable as with other viscosities). C!sto" t a(s & ,ustom tray improves the accuracy of an elastomeric impression by limiting the volume of the material, thus reducing two sources of error# Stresses during removal. Thermal contraction & ,ustom trays, constructed on the diagnostic cast using one layer of bae plate wa" as a spaces & Trays can be fabricated because (.icture page 485 * 8H) 3oseinsteil & .ollymethylmethecrylate & .hoto&cure bisacryl materials (Triad) & .:S putty materials & Thermoplastic trays & .)) trays should be fabricated at least /5 hours in advance to in sure stability. & Tray should e"tend 4&6 cm for gingival margin, wa" spaces covered with tin foil. & Thermoplastic trays with elastomers not recommended as the plasticiGers in elastomers attac@ and soften the compound. & %cclusal stops * critical for proper orientation of tray in the mouth. & Three stops ideal, with atleast one posterior to prepared teeth. & Should be placed on non&functioning cusps so that distortion will not interfere with inter cuspal relationship.

& 56 degree slope helps to center the tray. STOCG TRA< *ERSUS CUSTOM TRA< & The difference in cross sectional thic@ness of material in a stoc@ tray is only about -.6 * /mm thic@er than that in a custom tray. & 0umerous articles have compared accuracy of impression made with a custom tray with the accuracy of impressions made with stoc@ tray. & Corden et al, has reported that the inter preparation distance in cast made from polysulfide, poly vinyl silo"ane and polyether impression was 56& -;; um, greater when stoc@ trays were used instead of custom acrylic resin or thermoplastic trays. & 2owever, 1omberg et al found no significant difference in the marginal fit of single * tooth restorations on case made from poly vinyl silo"ane impressions in stoc@ and custom trays. DUAL ARC; TRA<S Trays are available in both anterior and posterior designs and consist of an outer rim that is spanned by a mesh fabric. 1oth plastic and metal design are produced. +ny elastic impression material can be used, but more rigid& bodied materials are preferred, also developed to be used with reversible hydrocolloid impression materials. ?uel a ch tray may be used to ma@e impressions for single unit crowns where as well established inter cuspal position is present and lateral contacts are not a factor (anterior guided occlusion). If bucco&lingual width of the elevator ridge is wider then the width of the tray, the plastic outer rims will be wedged apart when the patient closed into the impression material * resulting is distorted impression &' tray can be modified by cutting the mesh and spreading the tray. T a( adhesi&e +dhesion of impression material to the tray is achieved through the use of specific chemical tray adhesives. Tray adhesives are usually li uid rubber (eg. 1utyl rubber) dissolved in a volatile solvent such as chloroform or @etone &' note that these adhesives should not be inter changed. 3oughening the surface of custom trays increases the adhesion. .:S putty does not adhere well to its adhesive therefore mechanism retention in the tray (perforation 7 rim loc@) mandatory. .ointed in a thin layer on the internal of the tray and the tray borders atleast 7&-6 minutes before ma@ing the impression. =ingi&al dis#lace"ent Indirect restorations * including cast gold inlays, onlays, partial veneer restorations and complete crowns * metal ceramic and all ceramic, and bonded ceramic inlays and onlays are routinely used to restore defective teeth. These restorations fre uently have cervical margins that are intentionally placed in the gingival sulcus for esthetic or functional reasons.

The procedure used to facilitate effective impression ma@ing with intra crevicular margins procedure is the irreversibly displace the gingival tissue in a lateral direction, so that a bul@ of low&viscosity impression material can be introduced into the widened sulcus and capture the marginal detail. + critical sulcular width of ;./ mm is re uired for ma"imum accuracy of the impression, and to improve the tear strength of the material so that it can be removed from the mouth intact with no tearing. +ccording to 1ensen 1omberg (-<H8) gingival tissue can be displaced laterally or vertically lateral retrection. It displaced the tissues so that an ade uate bul@ of impression material can be interfaced with the prepared tooth (gingival displacement) :ertical retraction # !"poses the uncut portion of the tooth apical to the finish bone. %ne of the prime re uisites to successful tissue management is the begin the restorative procedure only after the gingival tissues are deemed healthy This is not always possible in the clinical setting, but nonetheless it should be a constant goal. ,lassification of techni ues & )echanical & ,hemical & Surgical & ,ombination of the three 1iologic width * defined as the dimension of the soft tissue, which is attached to the portion of the tooth coronal to crest of the alveolar bone (Cargiulo et al -<8-). 1iologic width I >unctional N ,onnective tissue /.;5 mm ;.<7 mm -.;7 mm Tissue displacement must be done gently but with sufficient firmness to place the cord (ust apical to the margin. %ver pac@ing &' cause tearing of gingival attachment, leading to irreversible gingival recession. *iolation of %iologic 8idth 1iologic width forms a A1iologic sealB around the nec@ of the tooth. .revents micro organisms an their by products from migrating to the underlying tissue. :iolation of biologic width 9eads to migration of micro organisms and to"ins. Inflammatory reaction 9oss of attachment

+pical migration of marginal attachment .eriodontal poc@et &' bone loss 9ocation of prepared cervical margin is ;.6 mm from the healthy free gingival margin or /&4mm from the crest of the alveolar bone and must follow the natural scalloped form of the attachment and alveolar housing. Techni)!es fo gingi&al dis#lace"ent. )a(ority clinicians use a combination of mechanical * chemical displacement, using retraction cords along with specific hemostatic made cements. 4 main variations of mechanical chemical method a. Single cord techni ue b. ?ouble cord techni ue c. Infusion method of gingival displacement. 3etraction cords are supplied in three basic designs, twisted cord, @nitted cord and braided cord. The @ey to effective displacement is to use a cord of sufficient diameter to provide ade uate displacement is largest cord that can be a!to"aticall( placed in the sulcus. 2emostatic medicaments O +luminium potassium sulfate +luminium sulfate +luminium chloride !pinephrine & =se of epinephrine as a gingival displacement medicament has the potential to cause systemic side effects if used in appropriately not used for routine gingival displacement cord pac@ing instruments &' roseinsteil figure -5.4 page 46H. Single co d techni)!e +Pict! e0 Indicated when ma@ing impressions of one or three prepared teeth with healthy gingival tissues The largest diameter braided or @nitted cord that fits in the sulcus is selected. Soc@ed in the medicament of choice !"cess is blotted from the soc@et cord with sterile cotton sponge. The cord is pac@ed into the sulcus in a counter cloc@wise direction &' starting from the inter pro"imal area. The instrument should be angled toward the tooth so the cord is pushed directly into the area. Should also be angulated towards the cord already pac@ed, to avoid it being displaced. The cord needs H&-; minutes to effect ade uate lateral displacement. The cords should then be soa@ed in water to allow it to be easily removed from the sulcus. &

Do!%le co d techni)!e +Pict! e0 & This techni ue is used When ma@ing impressions of multiple prepared teeth. When tissue heath is compromised and it is impossible to delay the procedure. & With the double cord techni ue & + small diameter cord with no medicament is first placed in the depth of the sulcus. & + larger * diameter cord with the medicament is placed above the small diameter cord. & +fter waiting for H&-; minutes, the larger diameter cord is soc@ed in water and removed. & The small * diameter cord is left in the sulcus during impression ma@ing. The inf!sion techni)!e 2aemorrhage is controlled using a specifically designed dentoinfusor with a ferric sulfate medicament (-6F or /;F) &'/;F preferred because it is less acidic and does not remove smear layer of dentin from prepared tooth. Infusion is used with a burnishing motion in the sulcus and is carried circumferentially 48;o around the sulcus. When hemostasis is verified, a @nitted retention cord is soa@ed in the febric sulfate solution and pac@ed into the sulcus &' left in place for -&4 min and then removed. !ffective ancillary techni ue for control of haemorrhage when using single cord techni ue. E&e ( othe tooth techni)!e .lacing retraction cord simultaneously around all prepared teeth (especially anterior) may result in strangulation of gingival papillae and eventual loss of papillae &' resulting in unesthetic blac@ triangles in the gingival embressures. Single or double cord techni ue canbe used, retraction cord placed around the alternate prepared tooth &' impression mode &' then gingival accomplished on remaining teeth and record impression made &' finally a pic@ up impression allows fabrication of a master cast with diet for all the prepared teeth. NE?ER MATERIALS Me ocel $ Synthetic material that is chemically e"tracted from a bio&compatible polymer (hdyro"ylate polyvinyl acetate) that creates a net li@e strip. &' capable of straumatic gingival retraction. Used in st i#s of /mm thic@ that e"pand with absorption of selected oral fluids &' gingival retraction.

E'#a1 / (ea is a paste used for gingival retraction that opens the sulcus. It is supplied in a syringe, that is designed to be in(ected into the unretracted sulcus which then becomes rigid and creates space between the tooth and the tissue. Ta9es about / min 4; seconds to achieve sulcular e"posure. It contains haemostatic astringent &' @aolin, aluminium chloride. Si4eB e'e ts moderate and calculated pressure on gingival margin, ;.- 07mm/, attachment safe guarded. Ret oc $ Cingival retraction putty is a condensation silicone formula with potassium aluminium sulfate. S! gical "ethods & 3otary curettage & !lectro surgery Rota ( c! ettage +Pic. 2I1./B Page .I-B Shilling%! g0 Is a ATroughingB techni ue, the purpose of which is to produce limited removal of epithelial tissue in the sulculs while a change finish line is being created in tooth structure. (?escribed by +nsterdam -<65). The techni ue is also called ACingettageB used with the sub gingival placement of restoration margins should always be done on healthy, inflammation free tissue to avoid the tissue shrin@age that occurs when diseased tissue heals. (Note $ .eriodontal curettage &' debride diseased tissue from the sulcus to allow re& epitheliGation and healing). Elect o s! ge ( $Pict! e Page .I5B .K3B Shillin%! gB L0 ?. +rsonval -H<- * responsible for the development !lectro surgery has been described for the removal of irritated tissue that the has proliferated over preparation finish lines. Dor enlargement of the gingival sulcus and control of haemorrhage to facilitates impression ma@ing ,urrent flows from a small cutting electrode that produces a high current density and a rapid temperature vise at its point of contact with the tissue. The cells directly ad(acent to the electrode are destroyed by this temperature increased. ,ommonly used electrodes. & ,oagulating & 1iomandibular loop &' crown lengthening & 3ound loop &' gingivectomy & 3ound loop &' gingivectomy & Small, straight &' gingival sulcus enlargement & Small loop & ,ontra indications &' cardiac pacema@ers not be used in presence of flammable agents In the presence of nitrous * o"ide * o"ygen analgesia

TEC;NIQUES O> IMPRESSIONS MAGIN= Do!%le "i' techni)!e +M!lti#le "i' techni)!e0 The light body material is in(ected from the filled syringe within and around the tooth preparation. The tray filled with heavy body material in inserted in the mouth and seated over the syringe material. The tray material will fore the syringe material to adapt to the prepared tissues The two materials bond together on setting, most community used with custom tray. Ad&antages %ver comes the polymeriGation shrin@age of the light body materials. )argins duplicated in light body &' finer details are reproduced. Disad&antages =se of custom tray +n assistant re uired for mi"ing the material tray7syringe simultaneously )argins duplicated in heavy body in case of e"cess pressure. Single "i' techni)!e +Single &iscosit( techni)!eB "ono#hase techni)!e0 )edium viscosity of polyether and addition silicones are often used in a stoc@ tray while ma@ing impression with this techni ue. %nly one mi" is made, part of the material placed in the tray and another portion placed in the syringe for in(ection in the cavity preparation or on prepared teeth. Success of this techni ue depends on the pseudoplastic behavior of these two materials. :iscosity of a monophase material is a compromise between a low viscosity material that can flow well and record surface detail with the need for a higher viscosity to prevent slumping and placement in an impression stoc@ tray. Ad&antages 3educed mi"ing &' reduce wastage of the materials 9ess time consumptions +voids the time involved in fabrication of custom tray. Disad&antages : 3elatively high viscosity and reduced flow of the monophase materials, ma@es their in(ection onto the preparation more difficult to control &' increased incidence of surface voids (Strephen ). ?unne et al -<<H). PUTT< A ?AS; TEC;NIQUE ?eveloped is over come the polymeriGation shrin@age associated with condensation silicons. 2. P!tt( 8ash si"!ltaneo!sl( techni)!e +One stage0 light body materials syringed on to the preparation while the putty material loaded in a stoc@ tray is simultaneously inserted into the mouth and sealed over the light body materials. Ad&antages 3educed chair side time saving of impression materials. Disad&antages +bsolute loc@ of control the bul@ of wash materials (,hee and ?unovan -<</).

.osibility of margins duplicated in putty medicine. Tendency of bubbles to be formed and occluded in the set impression. 1y mi"ing putty, syringe material simultaneously, setting distortion of putty included in over all distortion of impression. ,hee and ?onovan -<</) .. P!tt( 8ash elief channel techni)!e & .re&operative putty impression is made intra orally. & In the area where the teeth are to be prepared impression material is removed or channels prepared using putty cutter instrument. & The impression is then washed on relined with low viscosity material. Ad&antages Impression can be captured with the wash materials. Disad&antages To confine the wash material to area of relieved impression. If entire area is washed &' creates hydraulic displacement of putty impression resulting in smaller dies. (1onovan T! /;;5) /. P!tt( 8ash ."" s#ace techni)!e & / mm thic@ness wa" spacer is prepared on a diagnostic cast, occlusal steps are provided on non&functional cusps. & + putty is made with a stoc@ tray resulting in a putty custom tray with /mm space for the wash materials. Ad&antages wash stage cervical out after the putty has set and contracted. ,ontrolled wash bul@ compensates for this contraction with minimal dimensional change. Disad&antages !"tra chair side time !"tra a materials. Co##e %and techni)!e & This techni ue is used to sehvage on impression of multiple preparations when there are only vague margins on one or two preparations that are not ade uately replicated in the impression. & ,opper tube is prepared that e"tends - mm beyond the finish line. & Top one * third of copper tube filled with impression compound end sealed on the preparation. & 3emove / mm of compound from the impressed occlusal surface for the rubber base materials. Disad&antages ,an cause damage to the attachment apparatus Time consuming

DUAL ARC; IMPRESSION TEC;NIQUE +TRIPLE TRA< TEC;NIQUE CLOSED MOUT; TEC;NIQUE0 & This techni ue captures the prepared teeth, the opposing arch and the occlusal articulation in ma"imum intercuspation ()I.) simultaneously. Indications =sed with a ma"imum of two prepared teeth. =nprepared stops anterior and posterior to the prepared teeth should be present. =sed only with patients that have e"isting anterior guidance. )ust be able to close completely in ma"imum intercuspation position with the impression tray in place. Cont a Indications .resence of third molars. 3apidly ascending ramus !"cess soft tissue distal to the molars & 3igid metal trays, (Jued trays) as well as rigid .:S or polyether material should be used. & Dle"ible trays (.lastic) should be avoided &' often bucco&lingual width of the arch is wider than the trays. The resilient tray fle"es outward when the impression is made and rebounds when the impression is removed from the mouth, thus permanently distorting the impression. Ad&antages +ccurate recording of the )I.. !liminated any mandibular fle"ure that might be associated with opening. Disad&antages ,omplicated laboratory procedure. Seg"ental i"# ession techni)!e To ma@e impressions of multiple prepared teeth due to inherent limits in wor@ing time end difficulties maintaining moisture control. +rch to be impressed is bro@en down into segments of two prepared teeth. ,ustom tray prepared for each segment with -mm of wa" relief, trays should e"tend 4 mm post the gingival margin, as there are no occlusal stops and gingival tissue must prevent over seating of the trays. 9ow viscosity material is loaded into the syringe as well as the segmental tray, and then are impression made. .rocedure repeated with each segment. Dinally on over impression is made using a stoc@ tray. Uses When moisture control is difficult in specific patients. When ma@ing simultaneously impressions of implants and prepared teeth.

Tooth 6 I"#lant i"# essions Implant copings can reduce access to the prepared teeth and impede the e"trusion of impression material to the margins of the prepared teeth. In such cases, a combination of custom impression trays to impress the prepared teeth and then place the implant impression copings and ma@e an over impressions of the arch. Indi ect do8elB co es Indirect techni ue of obtaining dowel patterns is indicated when multiple dowel cores are re uired or when redicular attachments are to be used. + /6 gauge local anaesthetic needles is used as a vent to allow ci to escape as the impression materials is in(ected into the canal space. 0eedle is gradually removed while the low viscosity materials is in(ected into the canal. +n appropriately siGed plastic impression dowel coated with adhesive is inserted into the canal. .rocedure is repeated with multiple dowels and finally an over impression is made. Pin1 etained esto ations +Pict! e RoseiL0 !lastomers are strong enough to reproduce a pinable without tearing. 2owever to ovoid bubbles, they must be introduced co g!ll( cement tube. Ce"ent t!%e $ fill the tube and s ueeGe a small amount of material into each pinhole ma@e sure no air is trapped by inserting and removing an e"plorer into the materials. Cent!lo # Spiral the material into the pinholes * rotating slowly while moving the lentulo along the side of the pin&hole. ?ith e&e si%le hydrocolloid &' special nylon bristles are used to register the pin hole (should e"tend / mm above the opening of pin hole). DISIN>ECTION O> IMPRESSIONS The dental impression is one of the ways by which pathogens can leave the operatory and spread their ris@ abroad. The impression must be rendered harmless before being passed on to other people who will wor@ with it or with the gypsum cast made from it, outside the dental operatory. ,hemical disinfectants used for this purpose # & ,hlorine compounds. & Synthetic phenolic compounds & Clutaraldehydes & Iodophors & .henolic7 alchoholic combinations Ta%le 5.,B Page ..I +Ann!sa&ica0 .olyethers are susceptible to dimensional changes if immersed for a long time (' -; min) &' hydrophilic nature. ?isinfectant can be sprayed on the impression, wrapped in a disinfectant soa@ed paper towel and placed in sealed plastic bag for -; min.

9ong immersion time may cause the surfactant in hydrophilic .:S to reach out and vender the impression less hydrophilic. =ltra violet treatment was effective against candida organisms, and there was not adverse effect on either dimensional change or surface roughness of impression materials. ?isadvantages with this method, cannot @ill micro organisms that are shadowed from the emission, =: light with should be designed in such a way that the impression, rotates on the taste and unit surrounded by "i8on (2iroshi Ishiode -<<-, >.?) ,oncepts for transporting impressions to LL. La%o ato (. -. Send it well cleaned (3insed) and undisinfected in a biohaGerd * labeled, heat sealed plastic bag. %3 /. ?ebride, clean (rinse) and ade uately disinfect it, place it in a sealed transport bag labeled with the precautions ta@en.