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Two perspective
1.
2.
Based on constituency
Lower mgmt., Middle mgmt., Top mgmt.
Every organisation whether business or non-business is required to perform financial activities in order to carry its operations. Financial decisions have three major dimensions:
Determination of total amount of funds to be used by the organisation Determination of what specific assets the organisation should acquire, i.e. allocation of funds among various assets in an efficient manner Determination of how the needed funds would be financed/raised
Accounting subsystem
Control subsystem
Accounting Subsystem
Captures transaction data and processes these to prepare various account books.
To ascertain the cumulative effect of the transactions in the form of financial statements like P&L statement, Balance sheet etc.
It gathers relevant information from financial environment comprising specialized financial institutions, commercial banks, stock exchange, monetary policy etc. for raising funds and investing surplus funds for making profits.
It tracks the information flow related to acquisition, distribution and administration of funds.
Control System
Another output of financial information systems. Task of ensuring that activities are producing the desired results. Helps in exercising control related to financial aspects of organizational operations. Budgetary Control Preparing budgets and optimum utilization of resources to achieve the goal.
It consists of people, equipment and procedures to collect, sort, analyze, evaluate and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers.
For this, we may take the following aspects of marketing:
Types of products to be offered Price at which products to be offered Place where products to be offered Promoting products to win customers
Distribution subsystem
Promotion subsystem
Marketing research subsystem collects data from external sources particularly from distributors, retailers and customers Various packages are available performing variety of applications like statistical analysis etc.
Concerned with appraising total marketing environment for assessing opportunities & threats.
Product Subsystem:
Product subsystem collects information that helps in determining product features, market segmentation, product positioning and branding. Traces information related to price fixation and price change.
Pricing System:
Distribution subsystem:
Traces information for selecting distribution channel and managing supply chain/ distribution.
Promotion Subsystem:
Traces information to design promotion mix and various promotional efforts that can be undertaken.
H R research subsystem
HR Intelligence subsystem
Users
Quality subsystem
Cost subsystem
Based on Constituency
MIS Classification
This perspective examines systems in terms of the various levels of management and the type of decisions that they support.
Transaction Processing System (TPS) Management Information System (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Executive Support System (ESS) Office Automation Systems (OASs) Business Expert Systems (BESs)
TPS represents automation of fundamental, routine processing used to support to business operations. Does not provide any information to user for decision making.
DATA
Input
PROCESSING
DATA
Output
It is also known as Data Processing System. It is restricted to the lowest level of management hierarchy. Transaction may be
External (from customers, suppliers etc.) Internal ( transferring work in process from one stage to the next, recording depreciation on equipment)
Input
Processing
Output
DATA
TPS
MIS uses TPS as its input Information generated may be used for control of operations Strategic and long-range planning Short-range planning Management control Other managerial problem solving
The domain of MIS is management level control of management hierarchy. MIS is more comprehensive as compared to TPS. MIS is capable of providing analysis, planning and decision-making support. As MIS is an integrated system, it caters to information needs for managers in all functional areas.
Decision support system is tailored to specific managerial task or specific problem. It is designed primarily to serve management control and strategic planning level managers. Comprises of three components :
USER INTERFACE
USER
corporate data) and data from external sources. Model Base : Library of models to manipulate and analyze the data in the desired ways. This model might include econometric models to forecast demand by industry and simulate models of the corporation. User Interface : The interface through which the user can communicate with the DSS.
DSS can be differentiated from MIS in terms of its processing capabilities. The MIS processes data to convert it to information whereas DSS processes information to support the decision making process of a manager.
A3
A4
ALTERNATIVE PROCESSING
ESS is an extension of MIS which is a special kind of DSS. It is tailored for the use of chief executive of an organization to support his/her decision-making. It is comprehensive information system which includes various types of decisionsupport systems.
TPS
MIS STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS WITH EACH SYSTEM PROVIDING INFORMATION RELEVANT TO A SPECIFIC AREA WHICH MAY BE IDENTIFIED ON THE BASIS OF:
Various information systems and their integration determine the MIS architecture/structure.
MANAGEMENT LEVELS
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Top
Strategic Planning
Overall Management
Organizational Functions Production Marketing Personnel Finance
Middle
Management Control
Lower
MIS
MIS PROFESSIONAL
1.
2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
Chief Information Officer System Analyst Database Administrator Network Specialist Programmer Operator
CONCLUSION
Organization goals/objectives The problem they are designed to solve Their architectural and design elements The organizational process that lead to these solutions.