The Endocrine System

Hormones: chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to affect the activities of cells Glands: produce hormones

Hormones work by binding to specific chemical receptors on cells Target cells: cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

***The bodys response to hormones is slower and longer lasting than the response to the nervous system (minutes/hours/days rather than seconds

The !ndocrine Glands

"# $ituitary gland (base of the brain a Thyroid stimulating hormone (T%H : stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more thyro&in Goiter: overstimulation of the thyroid gland

This picture depicts the typical appearance of a goiter in a middle aged woman. Note how her entire neck looks swollen because of the large thyroid. This mass will compress the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (swallowing tube) leading to symptoms such as coughing, waking up from sleep feeling like you cant breath, and the sensation that food is getting stuck in the upper throat. Once a goiter gets this big, surgical removal is the only means to relieve the symptoms. Yes, sometimes they can get a lot bigger than this

b 'ollicle stimulating hormone ('%H : stimulates the development of egg cells in females and sperm cells in males

c Growth hormone (GH : stimulates development of the long bones of the body Giantism: oversecretion of GH( usually the result of a tumor on the pituitary gland

)obert *adlow + tallest man in history ,""-

.eonid %tadnik + *orlds Tallest .iving /an ,0-

1# Thyroid gland (in the neck a Thyro&in: regulates rate of metabolism( necessary for normal physical and mental development

Hyperthyroidism: too much thyro&in produced and secreted .eads to nervousness2 and an increase in the following: body temp#2 heart rate2 metabolic rate2 blood pressure2 weight loss

Hypothyroidism: too little thyro&in in produced/secreted .eads to a decreased metabolic rate2 weight gain2 fatigue2 depression2 lower body temp#

3# $arathyroid glands (in the thyroid gland a parathormone: controls metabolism of calcium (important for proper nerve functioning2 blood clotting2 growth of teeth 4 bones

0# 5drenal glands (sit on top of the kidneys

a adrenaline: helps body deal with emergency situations (accelerates heart rate2 breathing2 increases blood sugar levels2 blood flow to muscles2 blood clotting2 air passageways open

b cortisol: helps control rate of carbohydrate2 fat and protein metabolism

6# 7slets of .angerhans (group of cells on the pancreas a insulin: maintains proper blood sugar levels by causing cells to absorb glucose

Diabetes Type I (Juvenile Onset): 7mmune system destroys cells that make insulin( person must get insulin shots

Diabetes Type II (Adult Onset): 7n type 1 diabetes2 the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin( may be treated with diet and e&ercise

b glucagon: stimulates liver to break down glycogen (stored form of glucose when blood glucose levels are too low

8# 9vary a estrogen: stimulates egg production and development of female secondary se& characteristics

:# Testes a testosterone: stimulates sperm production and development of male secondary se& characteristics

The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron# !ach kidney has about " million nephrons2 all packed into an area of the

kidney called the corte&# The nephron;s primary function is to filter blood2 but as you can see from the diagram2 this is not a simple process# The nephron has three ma<or parts: the glomerulus2 the =owman;s >apsule2 and the tubule (which is further divided into the promimal and distal tubule and the .oop of Henle # =lood enters the kidney from the renal artery and moves into the glomerulus2 where filtration occurs# 'iltration is the process by which water and dissolved particles are pulled out of the blood# The resulting li?uid2 called filtrate contains water and many of the to&ic substances that might have accumulated in the blood (like ammonia # The glomerulus is enclosed by the =owman;s capsule2 small molecules and water can pass through this area2 but larger molecules do not# The filtrate is then collected in the =owman;s capsule for transport through the nephron# The nephron itself will restore vital nutrients and water back into the blood2 while retaining the waster products the body needs to eliminate# Two processes accomplish this task: tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion# @uring tubular reabsorption2 cells in the pro&imal tubule remove water and nutrients from the filtrate and pass them back into the blood2 wastes such as urea are retained in the tubule# @uring tubular secretion2 wastes that were not initially filtered out in the bowman;s capsule are removed from the blood in the distal tubule# 5mmonia and many drugs are removed from the blood during tubular secretion# The concentrated filtrate moves into the pro&imal tubule# Aotice the capillaries that wrap around the tubules# 5t the points of contact with the tubule and the capillaries2 water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood# 7n addition2 wastes remaining in the blood after filtration are passed to the tubule# The filtrate flows from the pro&imal tubule and into the .oop of Henle# The loop of henle concentrates the filtrate2 by removing more water from it2 and passes it to the distal tubule# 'rom the distal tubule it travels to the collecting duct B now called urine# The collecting duct prepares the urine for transport out of the body2 it is collected in the renal pelvis where it eventually enters the ureter# 'rom there it goes to the bladder# /eanwhile2 the blood capillaries that are twisted around the nephron <oin back to the renal vein2 from there the blood travels to the posterior vena cava2 eventually reaching the heart where it is o&genated2 but that is a topic for the C>irculatory %ystemC#

Coloring Instructions "# >olor the renal artery red2 and continue the flow of blood through the capillaries# 7t will remain red until it reaches the area of the .oop of Henle2 then the blood is deo&ygenated2 and should be colored blue# The renal vein should be colored blue2 tracing its path until the blue capillaries meet the red capillaries (near the loop of henle # Dou;ll have to be careful when coloring the arteries and veins2 as they are twisted about the entire nephron# 5lso note that the blood from the renal artery enters the glomerulus and then e&its again2 to twist around the distal tubule# The capillaries should be colored purple2 to show the mi&ing of the blood (blue and red make purple 1# >olor the renal vein (blue and the renal artery (red on the kidney as well as the nephron# 3# >olor the pro&imal tubule dark green2 until it reaches the loop of henle# The loop of henle should be colored pink2 and then when it changes into the distal tubule2 color the distal tubule light green# 0# >olor the =owman;s capsule brown2 leave the glomerulus white2 you should have already colored the arteries inside it red# 6# >olor both the collecting duct and the ureter yellow# 8# >olor the medulla (there are 3 pictured light green# >olor the corte& pink2 and the renal pelvis yellow# The nephron pictured on the kidney should be colored orange#

Questions "# *hat is the function of the glomerulus and the bowman;s capsuleE 1# *hat is the function of the loop of henleE 3# >ompare the processes of the distal tubule to the pro&imal tubule#

0# @escribe the path the blood takes as it flows through the nephron# 6# @escribe the path the filtrate takes as it flows through the nephron (beginning at the glomerulus #