L'' I''' PR'SCAL'R/VCO TRA%SACTIO%SI% O% 65-nm V'R! LAR@' SCAL' I%T'@RATIO% 9VLSI: S!ST'MS VOL$ /- %O$ / 6'ERUAR! - et al.

A WI&'-RA%@' PLL USI%@ S'L6-H'ALI%@

A Wide-Range PLL Using Self-Healing Prescaler/VCO in 65-nm CMOS

I-Ting Lee !"n-Ta Tsai and S#en-I"an Li", Fellow, IEEE
AbstractThe variability and leakage current in nanoscale CMOS technology may degrade the circuit performances significantly. To accommodate the above issues in a wide-range phase-locked loop ( !!"# a self-healing prescaler# a self-healing voltage-controlled oscillator ($CO"# and a calibrated charge pump (C " are presented. This !! is fabricated in a %&-nm CMOS technology and its active area is '.'()* mm . +or the self-healing $CO# its measured fre,uency range is from %' to (-). M/0. 1hen this !! operates at )&& M/0# the measured rms and peak-to-peak 2itters are ).'3 and &&.% ps# respectively. The measured reference spur is -&*.). d4c. This !! consumes -.3 m1 from (.* $ supply without buffers. Index Terms!eakage current# nanoscale CMOS technology# phased-locked loop ( !!".

I$ I%TRO&UCTIO% H'% A CMOS (ec#n)l)g* a++r)ac#es () a nan)me(er scale (#e n)n-ideali(ies ,-. ,/. s"c# as 0aria1ili(* and lea2age c"rren( ma* significan(l* affec( (#e circ"i( +erf)rmances$ T#e +r)cess 0aria1ili(* leads () (#e large 0aria(i)ns () degrade (#e de0ice ma(c#ing and +erf)rmances$ I( ma* res"l( in )nl* a fe3 dies )n a 3afer () mee( (#e (arge( +erf)rmance s+ecifica(i)ns$ T#e "ndesired lea2age c"rren(s als) degrade (#e acc"rac* and res)l"(i)n )f anal)g circ"i(s and ma2e digi(al d*namic circ"i(s n)( () 3)r2 +r)+erl* ,4. ,5.$ 6)r a +MOS (ransis()r 3i(# 7 m 8$86 m in a 65-nm +r)cess i(s s)"rce and ga(e are c)nnec(ed () (#e s"++l* 0)l(age )f -$/ V$ 6ig$ -9a: s#)3s i(s sim"la(ed drain c"rren( 0ers"s (#e drain 0)l(age "nder differen( c)rners$ T#e drain c"rren( i$e$ lea2age c"rren( is 67; nA 8$-/ "A and /- "A f)r (#e (*+ical sl)3-sl)3 and fas(-fas( c)rners res+ec(i0el* and 58 C$ T#e lea2age c"rren( is #ig#l* de+enden( "+)n (#e +r)cess 0aria(i)ns$

C)l)r 0ersi)ns )f )ne )r m)re )f (#e fig"res in (#is +a+er are a0aila1le )nline a( #((+A//ieeeC+l)re$ieee$)rg$ &igi(al O1Dec( Iden(ifier -8$--8=/TVLSI$/8-/$/-76==8

6ig$ -91: s#)3s (#e sim"la(ed drain c"rren( "nder differen( c)rners and (#e (em+era("res 3i(# a c)ns(an( -$/ V$ T#e lea2age c"rren( gr)3s 0er* fas( in a #ig# (em+era("re en0ir)nmen($ A +#ase-l)c2ed l))+ 9PLL: is 3idel* em+l)*ed in 3ireline and 3ireless c)mm"nica(i)n s*s(ems$ T#e +))r de0ice ma(c#ing and lea2age c"rren( 0ar* (#e c)mm)n-m)de 0)l(age )f a ring-1ased 0)l(age-c)n(r)lled )scilla()r 9VCO: ,5. )0er a
Man"scri+( recei0ed <"l* /= /8--> re0ised %)0em1er 8- /8--> acce+(ed %)0em1er -8 /8--$ &a(e )f +"1lica(i)n Marc# 85 /8-/> da(e )f c"rren( 0ersi)n <an"ar* -; /8-4$ T#is 3)r2 3as s"++)r(ed in +ar( 1* %TU-MT? La1)ra()r* and in +ar( 1* %SC Tai3an$ T#e a"(#)rs are 3i(# (#e @rad"a(e Ins(i("(e )f 'lec(r)nics 'ngineering and &e+ar(men( )f 'lec(rical 'ngineering %a(i)nal Tai3an Uni0ersi(* Tai+ei -86-; Tai3an 9e-mailA lsiBcc$ee$n("$ed"$(3:$

L'' I''' PR'SCAL'R/VCO TRA%SACTIO%SI% O% 65-nm V'R! LAR@' SCAL' drain I%T'@RATIO% 9VLSI: 9a: S!ST'MS VOL$ /- %O$ / 6'ERUAR! / et al.A WI&'-RA%@' PLL USI%@ S'L6-H'ALI%@ / 6ig$ -$ T#e sim"la(ed c"rren( 0ers"s (#e drain 0)l(age and 91:

(em+er- a("re f)r a PMOS 3i(# i(s s)"rce and ga(e c)nnec(ed () -$/ V$

3ide freF"enc* range$ I( ma* limi( (#e )scilla(i)n freF"enc* range )f a VCO and ca"ses a VCO n)( () )scilla(e in a 3)rs( case$ T) realiGe a 3ide-range PLL (#e di0ider f)ll)3ing a VCO s#)"ld )+era(e 1e(3een (#e #ig#es( and l)3es( freF"encies$ W#en a PLL 3)r2s a( a #ig#er freF"enc* 3#ic# (#e s(a(ic circ"i(s cann)( )+era(e d*namic circ"i(s are needed$ A (r"e-single-+#ase-cl)c2ing 9TSPC: di0ider is 3idel* "sed () realiGe a +rescaler f)r (#is PLL$ A TSPC +rescaler m"s( 3)r2 )0er a 3ide freF"enc* range () c)0er (#e +r)cess and (em+era("re 0aria(i)ns$ 6)r a TSPC +rescaler (#e "ndesired
lea2age c"rren(s ma* limi( i(s freF"enc* range )r al(er (#e )riginal s(a(es )f (#e fl)a(ing n)des () #a0e a malf"nc(i)n$ T#e
-864-7/-8/H4-$88 I /8-/ I'''

6ig$ /$ 9a: C)n0en(i)nal di0ide-1*5/5 d"al-m)d"l"s +rescaler "sing TSPC &66s ,;.$ 91: T3) 2inds )f malf"nc(i)ns )cc"rred a( A$ 9c: T#e malf"nc(i)n )cc"rred a( $

lea2age c"rren( and c"rren( misma(c# in a c#arge +"m+ 9CP: 3ill degrade (#e reference s+"r and Di((er significan(l*$ T) mi(iga(e (#e a1)0e +r)1lems a self-#ealing di0ide-1*-5/5 +rescaler and a self-#ealing VCO are +resen(ed in (#is +a+er$ A (ime-()-digi(al c)n0er(er 9T&C: and a 5-1i( enc)der are "sed () F"an(iGe (#e +#ase err)r and digi(all* cali1ra(e (#e CP$ T#is +a+er is )rganiGed as f)ll)3s$ Sec(i)n II in(r)d"ces (#ese (ec#-

niF"es$ Sec(i)n III descri1es (#e +erf)rmance anal*sis )f (#ese (ec#niF"es$ T#e eC+erimen(al res"l(s are gi0en in Sec(i)n IV and (#e c)ncl"si)n is gi0en in Sec(i)n V$ II$ CIRCUIT &'SCRIPTIO% A. Self-Healing !es"ale! Divide-by-4/5 Dual-Modulus

6ig$ /9a: s#)3s a c)n0en(i)nal di0ide-1*-5/5 d"al-m)d"l"s +rescaler ,;. "sing TSPC &66s$ T#e "ndesired lea2age c"rren( ma* c#arge )r disc#arge () al(er (#e s(a(es )f (#e n)des A E and in (#is TSPC &66 as s#)3n in 6ig$ /9a:$ 6)r eCam+le (3) 2inds )f (#e malf"nc(i)ns ma* )cc"r a( (#e n)de A as s#)3n in 6ig$ /91: res+ec(i0el*$ T#e firs( case is (#a( (#e ini(ial s(a(e )f (#e n)de A is #ig#> #)3e0er a lea2age c"rren( disc#arges i( () gr)"nd$ T#e sec)nd )ne is (#a( (#e ini(ial s(a(e )f (#e n)de A is l)3 1"( a lea2age c"rren( c#arges i( () #ig#$ T) c)nsider (#e n)de E in 6ig$ /9a: ass"me (#a( (#e lea2age c"rren( c#arges (#e n)de E () 1e #ig# 3#en C? is #ig#$ I( 3ill n)( affec( (#e )riginal s(a(e )f (#e n)de $ T#"s
(#e lea2age +r)1lem )cc"rred a( (#e

n)de E is n)( c)nsidered #ere$

6)r a malf"nc(i)n )cc"rred a( (#e n)de (#e sim+lified circ"i( is s#)3n in 6ig$ /9c:$ Ass"me (#e (ransis()r M- is ("rned )ff C? is l)3 and (#e ini(ial s(a(e )f (#e n)de is l)3$ Since (#e n)de is fl)a(ing (#e lea2age c"rren( fr)m M- ma* c#arge (#e n)de () #ig# and a malf"nc(i)n )cc"rs$ %)(e (#a( (#e lea2age c"rren( (#r)"g# M/ and M4 is smaller (#an (#a( fr)m M-$ I( is 1eca"se (#e casc)de (ransis()rs M/ and M4 ind"ce a l)3er lea2age c"rren( ,4. ,5.$ T) de(ec( and #eal (#e a1)0e iss"es )cc"rred a( (#e n)des A and (#e +r)+)sed self-#ealing circ"i( is s#)3n in 6ig$ 49a:$ T#is self-#ealing circ"i( c)nsis(s )f a de(ec()r and (#ree c)m+ensa()rs$ E* "sing a self-#ealing circ"i( (#e (iming diagrams )f a TPSC &66 3i(# and 3i(#)"( a malf"nc(i)n are s#)3n 6ig$ 491: res+ec(i0el*$ Ass"me (#e signal 'na1le in (#e self-#ealing circ"i( is l)3 () disa1le (#e la(c# in 6ig$ 49a:$ 6)r a case (#a( (#e malf"nc(i)n is de(ec(ed (#e (iming diagram is s#)3n in (#e lef( side )f 6ig$ 491:$ W#en (#e cl)c2 C? g)es #ig# (#e +"lse genera()r )"(+"(s a s#)r( +"lse a( (#e ga(e )f M/A 3#ic# g)es #ig# () clear $ W#en (#e in+"( & )f (#e &66 is #ig# (#e rising edge )f (#e cl)c2 C? (riggers (#e &66Js )"(+"( K () g) #ig# 9)r g)es l)3: () ("rn )ff M4A$ T#e +"lse genera()r )"(+"(s a l)3 +"lse a( (#e ga(e )f M-A () ("rn )ff M5A$ Eef)re (#e neC( rising edge )f C? arri0es is ass"med () 1e c#arged () #ig# d"e () (#e "ndesired lea2age c"rren($ In (#e mean(ime K g)es l)3 () ("rn )n M4A and ena1les $ I( indica(es (#a( (#e malf"nc(i)n )f (#is TSPC &66 )cc"rs$ T#e siGe ra(i) )f M5A and M4A is 5 () ens"re 3#en 1)(# M4A and M5A are ("rned )n$ I( #as 1een sim"la(ed and 0erified f)r all c)rners and a s"++l* 0)l(age 0aria(i)n )f -8L and (#e (em+era("re )f C C$ 6)r a case (#a( (#e malf"nc(i)n is fiCed (#e (iming diagram is s#)3n in (#e rig#(-#and side )f 6ig$ 491: 3#ere is al3a*s l)3$ In 6ig$ 49a: 3#en (#e signal 'na1le is #ig# and (#e malf"nc(i)n is de(ec(ed is la(c#ed 1* a la(c# and (#e c)m+ensa()r is ac(i0e$ 6)r eCam+le ass"me (#e ini(ial s(a(e )f is l)3 and (#e lea2age c"rren( is c#arging (#e n)de $ Since is l)3 and (#e (ransis()rs M5AMM7A in a c)m+ensa()r 3ill 1e ("rned )n$ A minim"m-siGed (ransis()r M;A is "sed () c)"n(erac( (#e lea2age c"rren( and re+air (#e s(a(e )f (#e n)de () 1e l)3 finall*$ T#e lea2age c"rren( is m"c# smaller (#an (#a( a

minim"m-siGe MOS can +r)0ide$ T#ese circ"i(s #a0e 1een sim- "la(ed and 0erified f)r all c)rners and a s"++l* 0)l(age 0aria(i)n )f -8L a( (#e (em+era("re )f C C$ Similarl* 3#en a malf"nc(i)n is de(ec(ed (#e c)m+ensa()rs 3ill ("rn )n M;E )r M;C () c)"n(erac( (#e lea2age c"rren( and re+air (#e s(a(e a( (#e n)de A$ #. Self-Healing $%& A self-#ealing VCO is realiGed 1* f)"r gain s(ages a 1)(()m- le0el de(ec()r and a c"rren( c)m+ensa()r$ 6ig$ 59a: s#)3s a 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r a c"rren( c)m+ensa()r and a gain s(age$ T#is gain s(age c)nsis(s )f a differen(ial am+lifier 3i(# ac(i0e l)ads and a cr)ss-c)"+led +air 3i(# digi(all*c)n(r)lled c"rren( s)"rces$ In (#e differen(ial am+lifier (#e (ransis()rs and realiGe (#e in+"( s(age and (#e (ransis()rs and ac( as a 0aria1le resis()r c)n(r)lled 1* $ T#e cr)ss-c)"+led +air and en#ances (#e )"(+"( s3ing )f (#is VCO$ T#e )"(+"( c)mm)n-m)de 0)l(age and (#e )"(+"( s3ing )f (#e VCO are al-

6ig$ 4$ 9a: Self-#ealing circ"i( and 91: (iming diagrams )f a TPSC &66 3i(# and 3i(#)"( a malf"nc(i)n 1* "sing a self-#ealing circ"i($

(ered 1* (#e lea2age c"rren(s (#e ()(al (ail c"rren(s and (#e re- (#e )(#er case if (#e 1)(()m le0el )f is l)3er (#an sis(ances )f and $ T#e* are de+enden( "+)n (#e +r)cess (#e c)m+ara()rJs )"(+"( g)es l)3 and (#e %OR ga(e g)es #ig# 0aria(i)ns$ 6)r eCam+le 3#en (#e resis(ances )f and are () disa1le and ena1le res+ec(i0el*$ T#e (ransis()r decreased (#e )scilla(i)n freF"enc* )f (#is VCO is increased$ I( 3ill disc#arge (#e ca+aci()r () decrease $ In (#e 3ill res"l( in (#e )"(+"( s3ing decreased and (#e 1)(()m le0el is s(ead* s(a(e (#e 0)l(age )n (#e ca+aci()r 3ill (rac2 increased$ I( als) leads () a limi(ed )scilla(i)n freF"enc* range$ (#e 1)(()m le0el )f (#e VCOJs s3ing$ 6)r (#e c"rren( c)m+en-

If a larger 1iasing c"rren( and (#e cr)ss-c)"+led +air 3i(# sa()r in 6ig$ 59a: a reference 0)l(age re+resen(s (#e larger dimensi)ns are selec(ed f)r (#is VCO (#e )"(+"( s3ing (arge( 1)(()m le0el )f (#e VCOJs s3ing and i( is c)m+ared can 1e increased$ H)3e0er i( ma* 3as(e (#e +)3er 3#en (#e 3i(# 1* a c)m+ara()r$ W#en (#e VCOJs 1)(()m le0el is )+era(i)n freF"enc* )f (#is PLL is l)3$ In (#is 3)r2 (#e selfsmaller (#an (#e (arge( )ne )r (#e )"(+"( c)mm)n-m)de #ealing VCO "sing a 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r can ac#ie0e a 0)l(age )f (#is VCO is #ig# en)"g# is larger (#an $ 3ide ("ning range and l)3 +)3er$ T#en (#e )"(+"( )f (#e c)m+ara()r g)es #ig# and T#e 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r is s#)3n in 6ig$ 591: and i( ena1les K-$ T#e c"rren( c)m+ensa()r ena1les (#e a"Ciliar* de(ec(s (ail c"rren( () l)3er (#e )"(+"( c)mm)n-m)de 0)l(age$ (#e 1)(()m le0el )f (#e VCOJs )"(+"( s3ing$ A self-1iased T#e (iming diagram is s#)3n in 6ig$ 591:$ T#en i( red"ces (#e 1"ffer enlarges (#e )"(+"( )f a VCO in() a rail-()-rail s3ing$ VCOJs 1)(()m le0el () 1e l)3er (#an $ If (#e a1)0e case S) (#e )"(+"( )f (#is self-1iased 1"ffer and #a0e is n)( (r"e K/ 3ill 1e ena1led and ("rn )n (#e a"Ciliar* (ail (#e same +)lari(*$ W#en g)es #ig# and is #ig# (#e c"rren( $ I( f"r(#er l)3ers (#e VCOJs %OR ga(e 3ill ena1le and disa1le res+ec(i0el*$ T#e 1)(()m le0el$ c"rren( )f (#e (ransis()r 3ill c#arge (#e ca+aci()r %. 'ase-(o")ed (oo* () increase $ 6ig$ 5 s#)3s (#e +r)+)sed PLL$ T#is PLL is c)m+)sed )f a W#en g)es l)3 and is l)3 (3) cases 3ill 1e +#ase-freF"enc* de(ec()r 9P6&: a digi(al-c)n(r)lled CP a dis- c"ssed$ In 6ig$ 591: if (#e 1)(()m le0el )f is larger l)c2 de(ec()r 9L&: a (ime-()-digi(al c)n0er(er 9T&C: ,7. 3i(# (#an a 5-1i( enc)der a self-#ealing VCO a +r)gramma1le di0ider (#e c)m+ara()rJs )"(+"( g)es #ig# and (#e %OR ga(e g)es and a sec)nd-)rder +assi0e l))+ fil(er$ T#e +r)gramma1le l)3 () ena1le and disa1le res+ec(i0el*$ T#e (ran- di0ider is sis()r 3ill c#arge (#e ca+aci()r () increase $ 6)r

PARAM'T'RS 6ig$ 5$ 9a: @ain s(age a 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r and a c"rren( c)m+ensa()r and 91: (#e 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r$

TAEL' I O6 TH' PROPOS'& PLL

6ig$ 6$ 5-1i( digi(all*-c)n(r)lled c#arge +"m+$

6ig$ 5$ Pr)+)sed PLL$ 6ig$ ;$ &ie +#)()$

c)m+)sed )f a 5-1i( c)"n(er a 4-1i( s3all)3 c)"n(er a m)d"l"s c)n(r)l and a self-#ealing di0ide-1*-5/5 +rescaler$ T#e di0isi)n

ra(i) is fr)m 5 () -4-$ T#e +arame(ers )f (#is PLL are lis(ed in

Ta1le I$ Since (#e +#ase err)r )f a PLL is #ig#l* de+enden( "+)n (#e c"rren( misma(c# )f a CP$ T#e s(a(ic +#ase err)r )f a P6& is gi0en as 9-: 3#ere is (#e c"rren( difference 1e(3een (#e +"ll-"+ and +"ll-d)3n c"rren(s and is (#e ("rn-)n (ime )f a P6& is (#e a0eraging c"rren( )f (#e +"ll-"+ and +"lld)3n c"rren(s$ W#en (#is PLL l)c2s (#e L& is ena1led () ("rn )n (#e T&C and an enc)der$ A 5-1i( T&C digi(iGes (#is s(a(ic +#ase err)r () reflec( (#e am)"n( )f (#e c"rren( misma(c#ing$ T#en (#e digi(al c)de )f (#is T&C is "sed () cali1ra(e (#e c#arge +"m+$ T#e sim"la(ed +)3er )f (#is T&C is 8$/5 mW$ I(s (iming res)- l"(i)n is 8$4 ns and (#e d*namic range is 5$7 ns$
A 5-1i( digi(all*-c)n(r)lled CP is s#)3n in 6ig$ 6$ T#e "+

c"rren( #as a n)minal 0al"e )f /88 A and (#e d)3n c"rren(

6ig$ 7$ Meas"red di0ide-1*-5 )"(+"( f)r a di0ide-1*-5/5 +rescaler 3i(# an in+"( cl)c2 )f -58 MHG a( -88 C 3#en 9a: (#e self-#ealing circ"i( disa1led and 91: (#e self-#ealing circ"i( ena1led$ 9U++er (raceA In+"(> L)3er (raceA O"(+"(:$

6ig$ =$ Meas"red freF"enc* range )f (#is di0ide-1*-5/5 +rescaler "nder differen( (em+era("res$

6ig$ -8$ 9a: Sim"la(ed ("ning ranges )f a VCO 3i(# and 3i(#)"( (#e self-#ealing (ec#niF"e a( differen( (em+era("re and 91: (#e meas"red (ransfer c"r0e )f a VCO 3i(# and 3i(#)"( (#e self-#ealing (ec#niF"e a( a r))m (em+era("re$

is digi(all* c)n(r)lled 3i(#in -78 and /-8 A$ T#e minim"m c"rren( s(e+ is c#)sen as / A () relie0e (#e 3)rs(-case c"rren(

misma(c# () -L in (#is digi(all*-c)n(r)lled CP$ T#e (radi(i)nal re+lica-1iased CP needs an )+era(i)nal am+lifier 3#ic# needs a #ig# gain and i(s s(a1ili(* m"s( 1e c)ncerned$ In addi(i)n (#is )+era(i)nal am+lifier ma* c)ns"me a s(a(ic +)3er$ T#e CP cal- i1ra(i)n can 1e finis#ed F"ic2l* d"e () (#is digi(al cali1ra(i)n$ Once (#e cali1ra(i)n is c)m+le(ed (#e digi(al c)de is fiCed and (#e T&C is +)3er-d)3ned () sa0e a +)3er$ III$ &'SI@% CO%SI&'RATIO%S A. !es"ale! Self-Healing

is l)3 (#e lea2age c"rren( 3ill al(er (#e 0)l(age )n (#e +arasi(ic ca+aci(ance d"ring a (ime in(er0al )f as
9/:

T#e l)3es( )+era(i)n freF"enc* )f a TSPC &66 d"e () a lea2age c"rren( ma* limi( (#e freF"enc* range )f a TSPC +rescaler$ 6)r a TSPC &66 )f 6ig$ /9a: a malf"nc(i)n )cc"rs as s#)3n in 6ig$ /9c:$ T#e cl)c2 freF"enc* )f (#is TSPC &66 is and le( (#e da(a & 1e #ig#$ W#en (#e rising edge )f (#e cl)c2 g)es #ig# g)es l)3 as s#)3n in 6ig$ /9c:$ W#en
(#e cl)c2 g)es l)3 (#e lea2age c"rren( is c#arging (#e +arasi(ic ca+aci(ance and increases$ Since (#e ini(ial s(a(e )f

6ig$ --$ Meas"red s+ec(r"m and Di((er a( 755 MHG 9a: 3i(#)"( and 91: 3i(# (#e self-#ealing rescaler/VCO and (#e T&C/enc)der$

T) a0)id (#e malf"nc(i)n s#)"ld 1e l)3er (#e (#res#)ld 0)l(age )f (#e s"1seF"en( s(age as 94: E* 9/: and 94: (#e l)3es( cl)c2 freF"enc* )f (#is TSPC &66 is 95: 6)r eCam+le and 8$6 V (#e calc"la(ed l)3es( freF"enc* is //$/ MHG$ %)(e (#a( (#e lea2age c"rren( is +r)+)r(i)nal () (#e (em+era("re$ W#en (#e (em+era("re increases (#e l)3es( freF"enc* )f 94: is increased ())$ T#e #ig#es( freF"enc* )f (#is TSPC &66 is de- (ermined 1* (#e resis(ance )f (#e series (ransis()rs and (#e +ar588 nA a( /5 C -5 f6

asi(ic ca+aci(ance$ Eased )n )"r sim"la(i)n res"l(s (#e #ig#es( freF"enc* )f (#is TSPC is m)re (#an -8 @HG$ #. #otto+-(evel Dete"to! In (#e 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r )f 6ig$ 591: a ca+aci()r is "sed () s()rage (#e 1)(()m-le0el 0)l(age )f a VCO$ In 6ig$ 591: (#e (ransis()r is regarded as a resis()r$ W#en (#e (ransis()r c#arges ()3ard $ &"ring (#e c#arging in(er0als (#e 0)l(age is eC+ressed as 95: 3#ere (#e (ransis()r and c#arging in(er0al$ W#en
(ransis()r disc#arges

is (#e eF"i0alen( resis(ance )f is (#e ini(ial 0)l(age d"ring (#e

and and (#e 0)l(age is l)3 (#e is eC+ressed as 96:

6ig$ -/$ 9a: Meas"red s+ec(r"m and Di((er B -/8 MHG and -88 C and 91: T#e meas"red s+ec(r"m and Di((er B -4/8 MHG and -88 C$

3#ere )f (#e (ransis()r

and

is (#e eF"i0alen( resis(ance is (#e ini(ial 0)l(age d"ring (#e

disc#arging in(er0al$ 6)r (#e (iming diagram in 6ig$ 591: (#e 0)l(age c#anges fr)m (#e 0)l(age 8 V () (#e reference 0)l(age $ Ass"me (#e reF"ired (ime is a++r)Cima(ed as 9;: T#en (#e reF"ired ca+aci()r is
97:

T#e reF"ired (ime f)r (#is PLL () reac# ima(ed as

is a++r)C-

9-8: 3#ere and are (#e ca+aci()rs )f (#e l))+ fil(er and is (#e CP c"rren($ T#e reF"ired freF"enc* acF"isi(i)n )f (#is PLL () c#ange (#e freF"enc* )f is m"c# l)nger (#an $ S) (#e reF"ired (ime s#)"ld 1e less (#an (#e minim"m #)++ing (ime )f (#e PLL> i$e$ $ E* 97:M9-8: (#e reF"ired ca+aci()r is calc"la(ed as
9--:

In (#is 3)r2 (#e minim"m freF"enc* s(e+ )f (#is PLL is eF"al () (#e reference freF"enc* $ 6)r a freF"enc* s(e+ )f (#e 0)l(age s(e+ )f (#e c)n(r)l 0)l(age )f a VCO is gi0en as
9=:

Le( -6$5 n6 -$4 n6 /88 "A 588 2 -$/ V -5 MHG -$5 @HG/V and - V (#e calc"la(ed is - +6$ %)(e (#a( al(#)"g# (#e )"(+"( s3ing )f (#e VCO is 8$/ V a f"ll s3ing )"(+"( is )1(ained 1* a self-1iased 1"ffer$ A c)mm)nm)de de- (ec()r can 1e "sed () de(ec( (#e c)mm)n-m)de 0)l(age )f a

TAEL' II SUMMAR! COMPARISO%

A%&

VCO ins(ead )f (#is 1)(()m-le0el )ne$ H)3e0er a c)mm)nm)de de(ec()r needs (#e addi(i)nal anal)g 1"ffers 3i(# a 3ide in+"( s3ing and (#e large +assi0e resis()rs and ca+aci()rs> i$e$ i( ma* increase (#e +)3er and area$ In (#is 3)r2 (#e +r)+)sed 1)(()m-le0el de(ec()r is sim+le and needs )nl* a - +6 ca+aci()r$ IV$ 'NP'RIM'%TAL R'SULTS T#is c#i+ is fa1rica(ed in a 65-nm CMOS (ec#n)l)g*$ T#e die +#)() is s#)3n in 6ig$ 7$ T#e ac(i0e area )cc"+ies 8$8-7/ mm $ 'C(ernal ca+aci()rs are ad)+(ed in (#e l))+ fil(er f)r (#is 3)r2$ T#e meas"remen( res"l(s are disc"ssed as f)ll)3s$ A. Self-Healing Divide-by-4/5 !es"ale!

H)3e0er (#e +#ase n)ise )r Di((er 3ill 1e degraded$ Ass"me (#e c"rren( )f a VCO is increased () ac#ie0e (#e same ("ning range 68M-57= MHG )f a self-#ealing )ne$ T#e +)3er difference f)r (#ese (3) VCOs 3i(# and 3i(#)"( (#e self-#ealing (ec#niF"e is -$-5/ mW a( 68 MHG$ Eeca"se )f (#is self-#ealing (ec#niF"e (#e ac(i0e area )f (#e +r)+)sed VCO 3ill 1e increased$ Addi(i)nal ac(i0e de0ices lead () a degrada(i)n )f (#e Di((er +erf)rmance f)r a self-#ealing VCO c)m+ared () a VCO 3i(#)"( a self-#ealing (ec#niF"e$ %. 'ase-(o")ed (oo*

An addi(i)nal self-#ealing di0ide-1*-5/5 +rescaler is c)nfig"red as a di0de-1*-5 di0ider$ W#en (#e self-#ealing f"nc(i)n is

disa1led (#is di0ide-1*-5 di0ider 3)r2s inc)rrec(l* f)r an in+"( cl)c2 )f -58 MHG a( -88 C as s#)3n in 6ig$ 79a:$ Wi(# (#e self-#ealing f"nc(i)n is ena1led (#is di0ide-1*-5 di0ider 3)r2s c)rrec(l* f)r an in+"( cl)c2 )f -58 MHG a( -88 C as s#)3n in 6ig$ 791:$ T#e )+era(i)n freF"enc* ranges )f (#is di0de-1*-5 di0ider 0ers"s (em+era("re are s"mmariGed in 6ig$ = 3i(# and 3i(#)"( (#e self-#ealing f"nc(i)n res+ec(i0el*$ #. Self-Healing $%& 6ig$ -89a: s#)3s (#e sim"la(ed ("ning ranges )f a VCO 3i(#
and 3i(#)"( (#e self-#ealing (ec#niF"e a( differen( (em+era-

T#is PLL is c)nfig"red 3i(# (#e reference freF"enc* )f -5 MHG and (#e )"(+"( freF"enc* )f 755 MHG$ W#en (#e self-#ealing +rescaler/VCO and (#e T&C/enc)der are disa1led (#e meas"red s+ec(r"m and Di((er are s#)3n in 6ig$ --9a:$ T#e meas"red reference s+"r is -44$5/ dEc$ T#e meas"red rms

and +ea2-()-+ea2 Di((ers are 54$6/ and /75$5 +s res+ec(i0el*$ W#en (#e self-#ealing +rescaler/VCO and (#e T&C/enc)der are ena1led (#e meas"red s+ec(r"m and Di((er are s#)3n in 6ig$ --91:$ T#e meas"red reference s+"r is -5/$7= dEc$ T#e meas"red rms and +ea2-()-+ea2 Di((ers are 7$84 and 55$6 +s res+ec(i0el*$ T#is PLL c)ns"mes 5$4 mW fr)m -$/ V s"++l* 3i(#)"( 1"ffers$ Wi(#)"( (#e +r)+)sed self-#ealing (ec#niF"es (#is PLL did n)( 3)r2 a( -88 C$ W#en a self-#ealing +rescaler a self#ealing VCO and a cali1ra(ed CP are ("rned (#e meas"red s+ec(r"m and Di((er f)r (#is PLL )+era(ing a( -/8 and -4/8
MHG and a(

("res$ T#e self-#ealing VCO ac#ie0es a 3ide ("ning range$ 6ig$ -891: s#)3s (#e meas"red VCOJS (ransfer c"r0es 3i(# and 3i(#)"( (#e self-#ealing (ec#niF"e res+ec(i0el* a( a r))m (em+era("re$ Wi(#)"( (#e self-#ealing f"nc(i)n (#e meas"red freF"enc* range )f (#is VCO is fr)m -85 () =58 MHG$ Wi(# (#e self-#ealing f"nc(i)n (#e meas"red freF"enc* range )f (#is
VCO is im+r)0ed and i( is fr)m 68 () -57= MHG$ T) eC(end (#e

-88 C are s#)3n in 6ig$ -/9a: and 91: res+ec(i0el*$ 6ig$ -/9a: s#)3s (#e meas"red reference s+"r is -58$=; dEc$ T#e meas"red rms and +ea2-()-+ea2 Di((ers are 5;$;- and 5// +s res+ec(i0el*$ 6ig$ -/91: s#)3s (#e meas"red reference s+"r is -5-$/ dEc$ T#e meas"red rms and +ea2-()-+ea2 Di((ers are ;$8/ and 5/$5 +s re- s+ec(i0el*$
Ta1le II gi0es (#e +erf)rmance s"mmar* )f (#e +r)+)sed PLL

("ning range )f a VCO a #ig#er gain )f (#e VCO is ad)+(ed$

and )(#er 3)r2s in li(era("re$ T#e +r)+)sed +resen(s se0eral

(ec#niF"es () a0)id (#e circ"i(s () degrade 1* (#e +r)cess 0aria1ili(* and lea2age c"rren( in nan)scale CMOS (ec#n)l)g*$ &"e () addi(i)nal ac(i0e de0ices (#e Di((er +erf)rmance )f a self#ealing PLL 3ill 1e degraded c)m+ared () a PLL 3i(#)"( a self-#ealing (ec#niF"e$ In addi(i)n (#e ac(i0e area and +)3er )f (#is PLL 3ill 1e increased 1eca"se )f (#ese self-#ealing circ"i(s$

5-Ting !ee 3as 1)rn in Tainan Tai3an in -=75$ He recei0ed (#e E$S$ degree in elec(rical engineering fr)m %a(i)nal S"n !a(-Sen Uni0ersi(* 9%S!SU: ?a)#si"ng Tai3an in /88;$ He is c"rren(l* +"r- s"ing (#e P#$&$ degree in elec(r)nics engineering %a(i)nal Tai3an Uni0ersi(* Tai+ei Tai3an$ His c"rren( researc# in(eres(s incl"de freF"enc* s*n(#esiGers and #ig#-s+eed 3ireless and 3ireline (ranscei0ers$

V$ CO%CLUSIO% A 3ide-range PLL is fa1rica(ed in a 65-nm CMOS +r)cess$ T) deal 3i(# (#e +r)cess 0aria1ili(* and lea2age c"rren( in nan)scale CMOS +r)cess a self-#ealing +rescaler a self-#ealing VCO and a cali1ra(ed CP are +resen(ed$ 'C+erimen(al res"l(s are gi0en () dem)ns(ra(e (#e feasi1ili(*$

6un-Ta Tsai 3as 1)rn in Tai+ei Tai3an in -=75$ He recei0ed (#e E$S$ degree in c#emis(r* and (#e M$S$ degree in elec(r)nics engineering fr)m %a(i)nal Tai3an Uni0ersi(* 9%TU: Tai+ei Tai3an in /887 and /8-8 res+ec(i0el*$ He is c"rren(l* 3i(# PiCAr( Imaging Inc Hsinc#" Tai3an$ His c"rren( researc# in(eres(s incl"de PLLs and A&Cs$

AC?%OWL'&@M'%T
T#e a"(#)rs 3)"ld li2e () (#an2 MediaTe2 Tai3an f)r c#i+ fa1rica(i)n$
Shen-5uan !iu 9SJ77MMJ=4MSMJ84M6J-8: 3as 1)rn in ?eel"ng Tai3an Re+"1lic )f C#ina in -=65$ He recei0ed (#e E$S$ and P#$&$ degrees in elec(rical en- gineering fr)m %a(i)nal Tai3an Uni0ersi(* 9%TU: Tai+ei Tai3an in -=7; and -==- res+ec(i0el*$ &"ring -==-M-==4 #e ser0ed as a sec)nd lie"(enan( in (#e C#inese Air 6)rce$ &"ring -==-M-==5 #e 3as an Ass)cia(e Pr)fess)r 3i(# (#e &e+ar(men( )f 'lec(r)nic 'ngineering %a(i)nal Tai3an Ins(i("(e )f Tec#n)l)g*$ He D)ined (#e &e+ar(men( )f 'lec- (rical 'ngineering %TU in -==5 3#ere #e #as 1een a Pr)fess)r since -==7 and a dis(ing"is#ed Pr)fess)r since A"g"s( /8-8$ His researc# in(eres(s incl"de anal)g and digi(al in(egra(ed circ"i(s and s*s(ems$ &r$ Li" #as ser0ed as c#air )f (#e I''' SSCS Tai+ei C#a+(er in /885M /887 3#ic# ac#ie0ed (#e Ees( C#a+(er A3ard in /88=$ He #as ser0ed as general c#air )f (#e -5(# VLSI &esign/CA& S*m+)si"m Tai3an 9/885: and as Pr)gram C)-c#air )f (#e 6)"r(# I''' Asia-Pacific C)nference )n Ad0anced S*s(em In(egra(ed Circ"i(s 6"2")2a <a+an 9/885:$ He 3as a reci+ien( )f (#e 'ngineering Pa+er A3ard fr)m (#e C#inese Ins(i("(e )f 'ngineers in /884 (#e !)"ng Pr)fess)r Teac#ing A3ard fr)m MNIC Inc$ (#e Researc# Ac#ie0emen( A3ard fr)m %TU and (#e O"(s(anding Researc# A3ard fr)m %a(i)nal Science C)"ncil in /885$ He #as ser0ed as a (ec#nical +r)gram c)mmi((ee mem1er f)r ISSCC in /886M/887 I''' VLSI-&AT in /887M/8-/ and A-SSCC in /885M/8--$ He als) ser0ed as (#e (ec#nical +r)gram c)mmi((ee c)-c#air and c#air f)r A-SSCC /8-8 and /8-- res+ec(i0el*$ He 3as an Ass)cia(e 'di()r f)r I''' <OUR%AL O6 SOLI&-STAT' CIRCUITS in /886M/88= and a @"es( 'di()r f)r I''' <OUR%AL O6 SOLI&-STAT' CIRCUITS S+ecial Iss"e in /887 &ecem1er and /8-/ %)0em1er$ He 3as an Ass)cia(e 'di()r f)r I''' TRA%SACTIO%S O% CIRCUITS A%& S!ST'MSQPART IIA 'NPR'SS ERI'6S in /886M/88;$ He 3as an Ass)cia(e 'di()r f)r I''' TRA%SACTIO%S O% CIRCUITS A%& S!ST'MSQPART IA R'@ULAR PAP'RS in /887M/88=$ He 3as (#e 'di()rial E)ard )f Researc# Le((ers in 'lec(r)nics in /887M/88=$ He is als) an Ass)cia(e 'di()r f)r (#e Institute of Ele"t!oni"s, Info!+ation and %o++uni"ation Enginee!s .IEI%E/ -!ansa"tions on Ele"t!oni"s fr)m /887$ He is an Ass)cia(e 'di()r f)r E-0I ,ou!nal and als) an Ass)cia(e 'di()r f)r ,ou!nal of Se+i"ondu"to! -e"'- nology and S"ien"e ?)rea fr)m /88=$ He als) D)ins in 'di()rial E)ard f)r In(erna(i)nal Sc#)larl* Researc# %e(3)r2 9ISR%: 'lec(r)nics fr)m /8--$ He is a mem1er )f I'IC'$

R'6'R'%C'S
,-. L$ L$ Le3*n T$ !((erdal C$ W"lff and ?$ Mar(in OAnal)g circ"i( design in nan)scale CMOS (ec#n)l)gies P !o". IEEE 0)l$ -7 n)$ -- ++$ -67;M-;-5 Oc($ /88=$ ,/. <$ M$ Wang !$ Ca) M$ C#en <$ S"n and A$ Mi(e0 OCa+("ring de0ice misma(c# in anal)g and miCed-signal designs P IEEE %i!"uits Syst. Mag. 0)l$ 7 n)$ 5 ++$ -4;M-55 &ec$ /887$ ,4. ?$ Aga3a H$ Hara T$ Ta2a*anagi and T$ ?"r)da OA 1i(line lea2age c)m+ensa(i)n sc#eme f)r l)3-0)l(age SRAMs P IEEE ,. Solid-State %i!"uits 0)l$ 46 n)$ 5 ++$ ;/6M;45 Ma* /88-$ ,5. R$ ?ris#nam"r(#* A$ Al0and+)"r @$ Ealam"r"gan %$ S#an1#ag ?$ S)"m*ana(# and S$ E)r2ar OA -48-nm 6-@HG/56 4/1 lea2age()l- eran( regis(er file P IEEE ,. Solid-State %i!"uits 0)l$ 4; n)$ 5 ++$ 6/5M64/ Ma* /88/$ ,5. R$ H)lGer OA - V CMOS PLL designed in #ig#-lea2age CMOS +r)cess )+era(ing a( -8M;88 MHG P in !o". IEEE Int. Solid-State %i!"uits %onf. /88/ ++$ /;/M/;4$ ,6. <$ Manea(is <$ ?im I$ McCla(c#ie <$ MaCe* and M$ S#an2aradas OSelf-1iased #ig#-1and3id(# l)3-Di((er --()-58=6 m"l(i+lier cl)c2 genera()r PLL P IEEE ,. Solid-State %i!"uits 0)l$ 47 n)$ -- ++$ -;=5M-784 %)0$ /884$ ,;. C$ !$ !ang @$ ?$ &e#ng <$ M$ Hs" and S$ I$ Li" O%e3 d*namic fli+-fl)+s f)r #ig#-s+eed d"al m)d"l"s +rescaler P IEEE ,. SolidState %i!"uits 0)l$ 44 n)$ -8 ++$ -567M-5;- Oc($ -==7$ ,7. P$ &"de2 S$ SGcGe+ans2i and <$ Ha(field OA #ig#-res)l"(i)n CMOS (ime-()-digi(al c)n0er(er "(iliGing a 0ernier dela* line P IEEE ,. Solid- State %i!"uits 0)l$ 45 n)$ / ++$ /58M/5; 6e1$ /888$ ,=. C$ %$ C#"ang and S$ I$ Li" OA - V +#ase l)c2ed l))+ 3i(# lea2age c)m+ensa(i)n in 8$-4 m CMOS (ec#n)l)g* P IEI%E -!ans. Ele"t!on. 0)l$ '7=-C ++$ /=5M/== Mar$ /886$ ,-8. C$ C$ H"ng and S$ I$ Li" OA lea2age-s"++ressi)n (ec#niF"e f)r +#ase- l)c2ed s*s(ems in 65 nm CMOS (ec#n)l)g* P in !o". IEEE Int. Solid- State %i!"uits %onf. /88= ++$ 588M58-$