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=
ion times transmiss paging First
times response paging First
rate success paging First =
times response repitetion paging Interface
times repitetion paging Interface
rate success paging first - Non =
Table 1 UMSC Paging Traffic Statistics Indexes
Name Description Standard measure point
The first paging times
The first sending times of
Paging Req by MSC
Carry out statistics when MSC sends
PAGING message to RNC/BSC
The first paging
response times
Successfully receiving
response times after the first
sending of Paging message
by MSC
Carry out statistics when MSC
receives PAGING RESPONSE after
the first sending of Paging message
Interface paging repeat
times
The non-first paging times of
MSC
Carry out statistics when MSC sends
PAGING message to RNC/BSC
Interface paging repeat
response times
Successfully receiving
response times after the
non-first sending of Paging
message by MSC
Carry out statistics when MSC
receives PAGING RESPONSE after
the non-first sending Paging
message
The first paging times of
Iu interface
The first sending Paging
times of Iu interface
Carry out statistics when MSC sends
PAGING message to RNC
Lu interface paging
repeat times
The non-first sending Paging
times of Iu interface
Carry out statistics when MSC sends
PAGING message to RNC not at the
first time
Delivery paging
no-response times
Times of having no paging
response messages received
Paging timer stay-over statistics
The relevant traffic statistics indexes of SGSN paging are all based on a RA, as
shown in Table 2, the paging success rate of a certain RA can be obtained.
questTimes ing RAGroupPag
Times ingFailure RAGroupPag quesTimes ing RAGroupPag
ccessRate RAPagingSu
Re
Re
Table 2 SGSN Paging Traffic Statistics
Name Description Standard measure point
Group paging request
times of each RA
It provides delivery group
paging request times in the
SGSN sends Iu interface paging
request message (PAGING), and its
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2004-07-09 Confidential Page 13 of 29
specific RA, not including
retransmission messages
CN Domain is PS.
Group paging failure
times of each RA
It provides group paging failure
times in the specific RA
Paging retransmission message times
reach maximum.
During traffic statistics analysis, attention should be paid to location area
paging success rate and RA paging success rate, which are KPI measuring
paging performance. The RNC paging traffic statistics
CN_PAGE_IDLE_UE_SUCC_RATE and UTRAN_PAGE1_SUCC_RATE can be
taken as reference analysis.
2.2.2 Alarm
Based on the current realization in our company, CN is only RNC overload
alarm related to paging, alarm occurs when CN receives the overload message of
RNC. In order to guarantee the system operation stability and avoid the strike on
system by outburst messages, RNC flow-controls the paging-included message with
high processing frequency. When RNC receives paging messages from CN, the
judging system will discard the paging message and record the quantity of paging
message loss if it is in paging flow control state. If the loss proportion has reached a
certain threshold, RNC will send Overload message to CN, then CN will reduce the
message flow by certain step. If CN has not received Overload message within a
certain period, the message flow of IU will increase gradually till it get normal.
The paging-related alarm of RNC is the flow control alarm. When RNC is in
paging flow control state, the paging message will be lost unconditionally. When the
CPU occupation or the message packet occupation of a board sub-system exceeds
the threshold, the system will be switched into the flow control state, and the flow
control alarm will occur. When the system returns to normal operation state from the
flow control state, the flow control recovery alarm will occur. However, it is not
absolute that paging will be lost when flow control alarm occurs, because RNC
owns different flow control thresholds for different flow control objects (paging, serial
port printing and message tracing), as long as there is flow control, alarm will occur;
but paging loss will occur only when paging loss occurs.
2.2.3 Subscriber Complaints
If paging messages are lost, UE will not be called. The calling party will hear the
system prompt tone the subscriber you dialed is out of service. We can learn about
the subscriber complaints from 1860 Customer Service Center of pilot office or learn
about the cases of out of service by contacting with the complainer directly.
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Attention should be paid to the cases of UE called failure, and information to be
collected is shown in Table 3, but not limited to it 5:
Table 3 Subscriber complaint information
Time
Name
(complainer)
UE No.
(complainer)
UE No.
(the
called)
UE
type
(the
called)
Place
Whether
it is
often
Description
Sort out complaint information, seek for rules and observe whether the
information belongs to the following cases:
Whether complaints occurs when paging is busy in the daytime and idle at
night; if paging failure occurs at the peak traffic, paging congestion analysis
should be emphasized on; if not at the peak traffic, other factors should be
analyzed.
Whether types of the called UE are the same. Problems probably exist in
UE itself.
Whether the complaint place is centralized; it is possibly because of signal
coverage;
Find the rules and solve problems more quickly.
2.2.4 History Record of Network Planning Optimization
Obtain the network planning report, and pay attention to the division of the
paging area (location area and RA). Obtain network planning report: If it is the
optimization before network is put into service, the planning report can be obtained
from the planning manager responsible for the project; if it is the optimization after
network is put into service, the planning report can be obtained from the client. The
planning report mentioned above should include planning reports after each network
capacity expansion.
For the network that has been put into service, it may have experienced several
optimization processes before this optimization. Then we should obtain the history
optimization records and learn about the network adjusting process and outstanding
problems. Emphasis should be put on optimization records about coverage absence,
system overload, paging loss and low paging channel powerallocation.
2.2.5 Radio Parameter Configuration
Parameters related to paging are as follows, which should be collected before
optimization:
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CN paging retransmission times and paging interval;
UTRAN paging retransmission times and paging interval;
DRX paging cycle coefficient k (DRX paging cycle = 2
k
);
\
|
(
+ + + + =
Where, PI = DRX index mod NP = (IMSI div 8192) mod NP, SFN refers to UE paging
moment.
Significance of Np in the actual network: IMSI is divided into Np groups by this
parameter, and all IMSIs in each group adopt the same PI. Influences of Np value on
network: If Np value is too small, the corresponding UE number in each group will be
larger. For each IMSI, if the probability that PI indication occurs increases, times that
IMSI is waken up will increase, which is no good in saving UE power. If Np value is
too large, the corresponding IMSI number in each group will be smaller. For each
IMSI, if the probability that PI indication occurs decreases, times that IMSI is waken
up will decrease. However, if Np is larger, the bit number of each PI will decrease
and PICH demodulation performance of UE will be required higher.
3.6.2 Optimization Measures
Np value is within the range of (18, 36, 72, 144), which should be determined
according to the current network subscriber quantity (subscriber traffic). Generally,
the value should be larger when subscribers are of large amount, and the value
should be smaller when there are fewer subscribers. In the actual network, the
intermediate 36 or 72 can be selected.
3.7 UE Identifier Utilized by CN Paging
3.7.1 Problem Analysis
Network can page multi UEs at the air interface at the same paging time using
paging type 1 message. Because of PCH capacity restriction, UE quantity is closely
related to UE identifiers used in paging messages, namely, UE identifier influences
the paging channel capacity. Compared with CN paging, the probability that UTRAN
initiate paging is much smaller. Only the case that CN initiates paging is considered:
When UE is in IDLE state, CN can only page three UEs at the same paging time
using IMSI;
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When UE is in IDLE state, CN can only page five UEs at the same paging time
using TMSI or PTMSI;
When UE is in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, no matter what paging identifier
CN uses, UTRAN transfers UE identifier to U-RNTI and pages, it can only page five
UEs at the same paging time2.
From analysis above, CN can increase PCH capacity using UE temporary
identifiers TMSI and PTMSI.
3.7.2 Optimization Measures
CN optimization pages by using UE temporary identifier TMSI and PTMSI, and it
can be adjusted with software parameters.
3.8 UTRAN Should Activate IMSI ATTACH and DETACH Functions
3.8.1 Problem Analysis
After UE is powered on and registered successfully, MSC/VLR will set the
subscriber state as ATTACH state. IMSI DETACH means that after mobile
subscribers power off, MS initiates a DETACH flow and MSC/VLR sets the
subscriber state as IMSI detach. Generally, HLR will not be informed by this flow. In
DETACH state, if the MS is called, CN will directly inform the calling party that the
MS is powered off, which skips of the process of sending useless paging messages
to UE.
As shown in Figure 3 , UE determines whether IMSI ATTACH and DETACH
processes can be adopted through receiving the system message 1. Gsm MAP IE
consists of two octets, one is T3212, and bit1 of the other octet is ATT identifier. 0
means that the network does not allow UE to adopt IMSI ATTACH and DETACH
processes, 1 refers to the admission of1. In Figure 3 , 0a 01 means that T3212
is 60 minutes, UE is admitted to adopt IMSI ATTACH and DETACH processes.
During actual network operation, UTRAN should activate IMSI ATTACH and
DETACH functions.
Table 5 IMSI ATTACH and DETACH Identifier
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T3212 octet 1
Spare ATT octet 2
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Figure 3 System Message 1 Resolution
3.8.2 Optimization Measures
Check and modify IMSI attachment and detachment admission indication by
using the Command LST CNDOMAIN and MOD CNDOMAIN on RNC
maintenance console.
3.9 Too Low Power allocation of Paging Channels
3.9.1 Problem Analysis
Phenomenon: Subscriber complaints are centralized in some certain areas,
when UE is called, the prompt tone the subscriber is out of service will occur, while
UE can work normally while calling; the print message of paging decoding failure can
be seen at the UE daemon, which is the problem of the over-low paging channel
power allocation.
Paging channels include PICH and PCH. Too low PICH power will lead to UE
resolution PI indication error. Resolution of PI value from 0 to 1 will cause false
alarm and UE power waste; resolution of P1 value from 1 to 0 will cause paging
miss and loss. If PCH power is too low, UE will fail in decoding the paging
messages.
The current baseline power allocation: PICH is -3dB and PCH is -2dB, which are
both relative to pilot channels power.
3.9.2 Optimization Measures
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Improve the power allocation between PICH and PCH properly. Check and
modify PICH power by using MML Command LST CHPWROFFSET and MOD
PICHPWROFFSET on RNC maintenance console, check and modify PCH power by
using Command LST SCCPCH and MOD SCCPCH.
3.10 Existence of Coverage Dead Zones
3.10.1 Problem Analysis
Phenomenon: Subscriber complaints are centralized in a certain area, UE fails
both in calling and being called, the signal strength shown in UE panel is low, and
RSCP and E
C
/I
O
of pilot signals tested with the drive test equipment are lower than
indexes required for UE normal access, by which coverage dead zone is identified in
this area.
3.10.2 Optimization Measures
Carry out coverage optimization, for specific optimization measures, please
refer to relevant Guidance.
3.11 UE Performance Problems
3.11.1 Problem Analysis
UEs of different subscribers may be made by different manufacturers, the
receiving performance and demodulation performance of different UEs are also
different. From GSM network experiences, some paging problems are located in
UEs themselves.
Sort out and analyze subscriber complaint materials. If the called UE is of the
same type, problem may exist in UEs.
3.11.2 Optimization Measures
Take a called verification test on UEs from different manufacturers, if conditions
permit, compare UE receiving performance parameters and demodulation
performance parameters, including testing RSCP and E
C
/I
O
of pilot signals received
at the same place and learn about the service demodulation thresholds of UEs.
4 Outstanding Problems
Currently, there are mainly the following outstanding problems existing:
1. Relationship between paging retransmission times and interval of CN and
UTRAN is complicated. In case of PCH capacity, paging success rate and paging
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loss rate specified, it is necessary to make simulation analysis on how to work out
the best paging retransmission strategy.
2. The upper limit of location area division is closely related to the service model
and the traffic model of location area. Currently, the theoretical value can be worked
out by using paging area planning tool. Since 3G service model and traffic model are
very complicated, some problems still exist: how big is the difference between
preconditions of paging area planning tool and actual cases, how is the agreement
of the theoretical value and the actual value, which require further theoretical study
and experiences from the network optimization practices.
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List of references:
[1] 3GPP R1999 25_series, 2002/09
[2] Miao Jiashy, WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Guidance, 2003/03
[3] Chen Qi, Dong Yan, Zhou Xinjie, Zhi Bo, WCDMA RNP Network Optimization Method Soft
Subject Research Report, 2003/08
[4] Zhang Jiayi, WCDMA Paging Strategy Study, 2003/12
[5] Li Peng, Guidance that Subscribers Are out of Service, 2001/11
[6] Huawei GSM Paging Tackling Data, 2003/06
[7] Jiao Anqiang, WCDMA RNP Special Technologies Key Signaling Process Analysis Paging
Process, 2003/11