PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY

OF LA SALETTE

A Research Presented to the Faculty of College of Nursing University of La Salette

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Submitted by: Caluya, Charlene Mae A. Caras, Timothy John M. Flandez, Julie Joy I.

March 2014

UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE COLLEGE OF NURSING Santiago City, Philippines APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing this thesis entitled PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY
OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, by CHARLENE MAE A. CALUYA, TIMOTHY JOHN M. CARAS, and JULIE JOY I. FLANDEZ who are hereby recommended for oral examination.

____________ Date

JESPER D. BAYAUA, RN, RM, MAN, MSPH Adviser

Approved by the tribunal Proposal Defense with the grade of ________________ on October _______, 2013. Bella G. Fontanilla RN, MSN Chairman Peter Paul Cagatao PhD Member Ralliegh F. Vizcarra RMT, MBM, MSPH Member Ma. Theresa Santos RN, MSN Member Romeo Rey Opido RN, MSN, MAN Member

Lilia Antonio MAED Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. _______________ Date BELLA G. FONTANILLA, RN, MSN Dean, College of Nursing ii

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that parenting style has a significant impact on adolescents decision to partake in alcoholic drinking. However, more studies are needed to determine its extent in the Philippines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether parenting styles affect the frequency of alcoholic intake of the respondents. A total of 54 university students aged 16-19 volunteered as respondents of the study. Weighted mean, Pearson R, and a two-tailed t-test were used as statistical tool to treat the data gathered. The results showed that there is a low negative correlation between emotional warmth and adolescent drinking, and a very low negative correlation between overprotection and adolescent drinking. Health care workers should target adolescents who are at risk to provide immediate intervention and counseling to decrease the likelihood of the adolescent to choose alcohol as an outlet of stress.

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ABSTRACT TITLE: PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE Caluya, Charlene Mae A. Caras, Timothy John M. Flandez, Julie Joy I. University of La Salette

RESEARCHERS:

SCHOOL:

DEGREE:

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Introduction There is little statistical data on the extent of the effects of alcoholism or alcohol abuse in the Philippines. According to Valbuena (2006), there are many undocumented cases of alcoholic persons who collapsed in the streets because of drunkenness. In addition, there are reported low admissions in rehabilitation or treatment programs. As a result, one will interpret this that most Filipinos do not consider alcoholism a medical problem. In the Philippines, alcoholic companies thrive in the industry. San Miguel Corporation, for example, is consistently in the top 10 of the biggest corporations in the Philippines. These companies spend millions of pesos a year on advertising as evidenced by the commercial ads and billboards. The San Miguel Beermen is a basketball team that

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is sponsored by the San Miguel Corporation and is a prime example of how alcohol is advertised in the sports arena. Alcohol drinking is portrayed with positive images and focus on Filipino valuesthirst quenching, bonding, friendship, camaraderie, unity, youthfulness, fun and excitement. Most of the advertising on television targets young males with the prime message of happiness in the form of drinking with friends. October is designated at Octoberfest, in which it is the beer month. Many concerts are held around the country and free beer is served at the events. Young males and females attend these events and are the target audience. In a contemporary Filipino society, alcohol drinking is a way of coping, escaping and medicating oneself. It is used as a stress-reliever after a long day. As a result, addiction or dependence is the end result of habitual alcohol use. Liver cirrhosis and liver cancer are one of the top leading causes of death recorded in the country. There is a reported increase of 70% from 2002 to 2006 in drunk driving with attendant casualties in major throughfares of Metro Manila (Department of Transportation and Communications, 2008). Statement of the Problem The present study aimed to determine the parenting style and frequency of adolescent alcohol intake of nursing students of the University of La Salette. Specifically, it sought to answer: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following: a. Age b. Gender

c. Number of Siblings? 2. How frequent do the respondents take alcohol? 3. How is the parenting style of the respondents in terms of the following: a. Overprotection b. Emotional Warmth c. Rejection? 4. Is there a significant relationship between the parenting style and the frequency of alcohol intake of the respondents? Research Methodology A descriptive research provides description and elaboration on the nature of a certain phenomenon. The researchers used a standardized 24-item questionnaire, which was set forth by Visser et. al. (2012). The questionnaire includes the scales of the parenting styles (overprotection, rejection, emotional warmth) and also includes the frequency at which the adolescent drinks alcohol (expressed as per month). This study used total enumeration for sampling purposes due to the fact that the total population of the College or Nursing is less than 100 students. The locale of this study was Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines. The rationale is that this allows for greater convenience to the researchers. The research used a survey, more specifically a modified EMBU-C questionnaire, adapted from Visser (2012). The EMBU-C is a valid tool to analyze the adolescents perception of parenting styles of their parents in terms of both the father and mother seperately. Arrindell et al. (1983) factorially derived dimensions of rejection, emotional warmth, overprotection, and favoring subject, in which 64 out of the 81 of the items were

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distributed across the four scales. However, Aluja (2006) concluded that a 24-item version improves the construct validity and presents similar reliability coefficient. With the help of a Dr. Gloria L. Galot, the questions were translated to Tagalog for easier comprehension of the questionnaire. The sample was collected from the College of Nursing. For data collection, a formal permission was obtained from the Dean of the College or Nursing. Total time required may take as much as 30 minutes to complete, so a classroom setting will be most appropriate. The researchers explained and described the research to all people who will participate in the research. Confidentiality of the participants personal information, test responses and results was treated with utmost care. Also, cooperation was asked from the participants. The questionnaires were distributed to the entire class of respondents in a group setting. They were requested to complete the form. After they are finished, they returned the completed questionnaires back to the researchers. Only those living with their real parents since their birth will be asked to complete the questionnaires. In order to analyze the data of the research, raw scores obtained from the questionnaires was used. To determine the overall parenting style of the respondents, a weighted mean was used to compute the scores obtained from the questionnaire. A 4point Likert scale was used. To test for the significance of the relationship between the parenting style and frequency of alcohol intake, a Pearson correlational test and two tailed t-test was used. In order to analyze the data, the respondents were first grouped according to the frequency at which they consume alcohol. Conclusion

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1. Half of the respondents are aged 19. About 75% of the respondents are female. Half of the respondents have 1-2 siblings. 2. About 75% of the respondents drink alcohol once a month while the other 25% are dispersed among 2 times a month, 3 times a month, 5 times a month, and 6 times a month. 3. The respondents perceived that overprotection and emotional warmth are often used and rejection was never used as a parenting style. 4. In terms of overprotection, there is a very low negative correlation between overprotection and the frequency of alcohol intake with respect to both the father and mother. In terms of rejection, there is not significant relationship with alcohol intake. Lastly, in terms of emotional warmth, there is low negative correlation between emotional warmth and the frequency of alcohol intake. Recommendation Parents must become aware of the effects of their parenting style on their children. Parents must provide stern limits on their adolescents alcohol habits to help control their frequency of alcoholic intake. Also, parents must show unconditional love, be supportive and affectionate towards their adolescent as this may decrease the likelihood of the adolescents reluctance to partake in alcohol drinking. The schools must pay special attention to students who have parents that provide a low overprotection environment or a low emotional warmth environment to provide them with counseling services and an environment with high emotional warmth. Adolescent should begin to ponder and reflect on their main reason for deciding to partake in alcohol drinking.

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Healthcare workers must pay close attention to those adolescents who have parents who are low in emotional warmth. To help further the interest in this subject matter, more extensive research must be done.

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UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE COLLEGE OF NURSING Santiago City, Philippines APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing this thesis entitled PARENTING STYLE AND FREQUENCY
OF ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL INTAKE: A DESCRIPTIVE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE BS NURSING STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, by CHARLENE MAE A. CALUYA, TIMOTHY JOHN M. CARAS, and JULIE JOY I. FLANDEZ who are hereby recommended for oral examination.

____________ Date

JESPER D. BAYAUA, RN, RM, MAN, MSPH Adviser

Approved by the tribunal Proposal Defense with the grade of ________________ on October _______, 2013. Bella G. Fontanilla RN, MSN Chairman Peter Paul Cagatao PhD Member Ralliegh F. Vizcarra RMT, MBM, MSPH Member Ma. Theresa Santos RN, MSN Member Romeo Rey Opido RN, MAN Member

Lilia Antonio MAED Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. _______________ Date BELLA G. FONTANILLA, RN, MSN Dean, College of Nursing x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We, the researchers, would like to express our deep appreciation to the people who aided us towards the completion of this research. To Bella G. Fontanilla, RN, MSN, Dean of College of Nursing, who gave us permission to conduct the research. To Jesper Bayaua, RN, RM, MAN, MSPH, and Romeo Ray Opido, RN, MSN, MAN, our research advisers, for their guidance, support, and patience towards the completion of the research. To our family and friends, who gave us the idea of conducting this research so that we could make a worthwhile impact. Most of all, to our Almighty God, who without Him, we would not have the knowledge, understanding, wisdom, and strength to complete this research. We give our heartfelt and deep appreciation to all of you. THE RESEARCHERS

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DEDICATION We dedicate this research to our family, friends, and to all those who wish to pursue and gain more knowledge and understanding.

CMC TJC JJF

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TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE... ABSTRACT............. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........ DEDICATION...... TABLE OF CONTENTS.. LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES.. Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction..... Conceptual/Theoretical Framework... Statement of Problem.......................... Hypothesis........................................... Scope and Delimitation of the Study.. Significance of Study.......................... Definition of Terms............................. 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Foreign Related Literature.................. Local... Foreign Related Studies...................... Local................................................... 9 9 10 10 1 2 5 5 6 6 7 i ii iii x xi xii xiv xv

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design.................................. Respondents of the Study.................... Ethical Considerations........................ Research Instrument............................ Data Gathering Procedure................... Statistical Treatment of Data............... 13 13 13 14 14 15

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA...... 16

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION Summary of Findings.......................... Conclusion.......................................... Recommendation................................ 23 24 24 26

BIBLIOGRAPHY......... APPENDICES A B C D Letter of Permission............................ Questionnaire (Tagalog) ......................... Questionnaire (English) . Pearson R and Weighted Mean Scales........

28 29 33 37 40

CURRICULUM VITAE...............................................

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LIST OF TABLES Table Number 1 2 3 4 Page Distribution of Respondents According to Age... Distribution of Respondents According to Gender.. Distribution of Respondents According to Number of Siblings.. Distribution of Respondents According to Frequency of Alcoholic Intake per Month.. 5 Mean Distribution of Respondents as to Overprotection as Parenting Style 6 7 Mean Distribution of Respondents as to Rejection as Parenting Style Mean Distribution of Respondents as to Emotional Warmth as Parenting Style. 8 Pearson R and T-Tests of Parenting Styles at =0.05 level of significance.. 21 20 18 19 17 16 16 17

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LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1 Paradigm of the Study.......................................... Page 4

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