Department of English

Bridging Course | VOCABULARY Semester 2, 2014

Introduction to Parts of Speech

NOUNS | PRONOUNS | ADJECTIVES | VERBS | ADVERBS | PREPOSITIONS | CONJUNCTIONS | INTERJECTIONS

Nouns
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Such words as girl, school, car, and popularity are examples of nouns.

Some Types of Nouns

Some common types of nouns include common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, concrete nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns.

Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

A common noun names any one of a group of persons, places, things or ideas. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Generally, common nouns are not capitalized; proper nouns are. Common Nouns mountain novelist museum ship movie Proper Nouns Oudong Nhok Thaem Tuol Sleng Titanic The Amazing Spiderman

Compound Nouns
A compound noun consists of two or more words that together name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word. (Look it up in an up-to-date dictionary if you are not sure how to write a compound noun.) One Word basketball newspaper Separated Words civil rights Arts and Crafts Club Hyphenated Word no-hitter sister-in-law

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns

A concrete noun names a person, a place, or a thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses. An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic. Concrete Nouns dog sunset thunder silk Mekong River Abstract Nouns liberty beauty kindness success Marxism

Collective Nouns
A collective noun names a group of people, animals, or things. Collective Nouns audience batch bouquet bunch cluster crowd flock gaggle jury litter orchestra pride set staff swarm Page |1

Some Functions of Nouns

Nouns can be used in many ways. Here are some of their functions.

Subjects of Verb
One of the grammatical functions that nouns perform is the subject. A subject is a word, phrase, or clause that performs the action of or acts upon the verb. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as subjects: The baby cried. Dogs and cats make excellent pets.

Subject Complements
A subject complement is a word, phrase, or clause that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of a clause. For example, the following italicized nouns/ noun phrases function as subject complements: My grandfather is a farmer. Our favorite pets are dogs with short hair.

Direct Objects
A direct object is a word, phrase, or clause that follows a transitive verb and answers the question who? or what? receives the action of the verb. For example, the following italicized nouns/noun phrases function as direct objects: The children ate all the cookies. My professor recommended an extremely fascinating book.

Object Complements
Object complements are defined as nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, adjectives, and adjective phrases that directly follow and modify the direct object. For example, the following italicized nouns/noun phrases function as object complements: We considered our puppy our baby. America recently re-elected Barack Obama president.

Indirect Objects
An indirect object is word, phrase, or clause that indicates to or for whom or what the action of an transitive verb is performed. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as indirect objects: The husband bought his wife flowers. The child drew his mother a picture.

Prepositional Complements
A prepositional complement is a word, phrase, or clause that directly follows a preposition and completes the meaning of the prepositional phrase. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as prepositional complements: The students studied during their spring break. Because of the lengthy delay, we missed our flight.

PRACTICE 1
1. Underline all nouns in the following sentences. Treat all capitalized names containing more than one word as single nouns. EXAMPLE 1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in the state of New York in 1815.

1. As a young woman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton studied mathematics and the classics both at home and at Troy Female Seminary, from which she graduated in 1832. 2. Beginning at an early age, she recognized the injustices suffered by women, especially in education and politics. Page |2

3. In 1840, she married Henry Stanton, a prominent abolitionist. 4. At an antislavery convention in London, England, Mrs. Stanton was outraged at the treatment of the female delegates. 5. She later helped to organize the first meeting to address the rights of women. 2. Identify the functions of the italicized nouns in the following sentences. EXAMPLE 1. The woman has always hated mice and rats. 1. Direct object

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The woman whom you are looking for is a lawyer. Jennifer will have extensively studied English vocabulary. Marry lent her friend some money. He promoted his son the CEO of the company. The husband bought flowers for his wife.

Pronouns
A pronoun is a word/phrase that replaces a noun/noun phrase that was already mentioned previously or is already understood.

Some Types of Pronouns

Some common types of pronouns include subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.

Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns

Subject pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause. I went to the movie with my friend. She has three dogs.

Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause. I just bought a new bike. I love it very much. I need a person to work with me.

Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. This seat is mine. Please move! His book is thick. Hers are all thin.

Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itselfmeaning the one who performs an action and one receives the action are the same person. They are also used to emphasize the nouns. Look at some of the examples. He bought himself a gift for his birthday. The students themselves need to know whats important for them. Subject Pronouns I we you you he she it they Object Pronouns me us you you him her it them Possessive Pronouns mine ours you you his hers its theirs Reflexive Pronouns myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves

1st Person Singular 1st Person Plural nd 2 Person Singular 2nd Person Plural rd 3 Person Singular 3rd Person Plural

Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns, which include this, that, these and those, often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position. Ill take these. Page |3

Those are my friends.

Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns, which include each other and one another, refer to a reciprocal relationship. In traditional English, each other was used for a reciprocal relationship which involves two people, while one other for the one involving more than two people. However, in modern English, the two have been used interchangeably. Jack and Jane love each other. Students are not allowed to communicate with one another during the test period.

Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns including who, whom, whose, what, which and that refer back to people or things previously mentioned. They are used in relative clauses. The students who are found cheating during the exam will receive a 20% mark deduction. This is my friend whose father is a successful businessman.

Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. In reference to a person, one may use who (subject), whom (object) or whose (possessive). In colloquial speech, whom is generally replaced by who. Other interrogative pronouns include what and which. Who sent this flowers? What did you do? Whose is this book?

Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to a person, place, thing, or idea that may or may not be specifically named. Everything will be alright. All you need is a break. Indefinite Pronouns all another any anybody anyone anything both each either everybody everyone everything few many more most much neither nobody none no one nothing one other several some somebody someone something such

PRACTICE 2
Underline all pronouns in the following sentences. Tell the type of each pronoun you underline. EXAMPLE 1. Let me tell you about one of the camping trips that I took last summer.
obj. obj. ind. rel. subj.

1. All of the other members of my family like to go camping, but few of them enjoy the outdoors more than I do. 2. Last summer several of my cousins and I stayed at a rustic camp in the Rocky Mountains, which are not far from our hometown. 3. At camp we learned how to build a campfire and how to keep it going ourselves. 4. A group of us even went beyond thatwe learned to cook meals safely over the open fire. 5. One of our counselors showed those who were interested how to cook themselves simple meals. 6. Each of his recipes was delicious and easy to follow, and everyone ate everything in sight. 7. All of us enjoy anything cooked over a campfire. Page |4

Adjectives
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. To modify means to describe or to make the meaning of a word more specific. An adjective is a modifier that tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Adjectives can come before a noun it modifies. They are called attributive adjectives. Adjectives can also come after linking verbs and be called predicative adjectives. She is clever. I bought a few books.

Some Types of Adjectives

The following chart summarizes some common types of adjectives in English. Types of Adjectives Demonstrative Distributive Quantitative Interrogative Possessive Functions Including this, that, those, and these, these adjectives are used to point out nouns. Including each, every, other, another, either, neither, etc., these adjectives are used to cache a noun. They are such adjectives as some, any, no, little, few, one, third, etc.; they are used to tell the quantity of a noun. Including which, what and whose, these adjectives are used to ask about a noun in questions. They are used to point out the noun that belongs to someone and there are seven Possessive Adjectives. They are My, Your, Our, Their, His, Her and Its. They tell the quality of a noun. Such quality include size, age, length, origin, material, shape, color, purpose, etc. Examples This girl comes from Spain. Every student is required to wear uniforms. Many people believe in ghosts. Which author is your favorite? Her sister is elected president of the Students Association. Its such a nice weather.

Qualitative (of quality)

PRACTICE 3
1. For the following sentences, identify each adjective and the word it modifies. EXAMPLE 1. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, bicycling became a popular sport in the United States. 1. latterpart; nineteenthcentury; popularsport 1. By the 1890s, an extraordinary craze for bicycling had swept the nation. 2. Though bicycles had been available for years, the early versions made for an awkward ride. 3. In 1885, however, a more sensible model was introduced, one that resembled the modern cycle. 4. Energetic people everywhere took to this kind of bicycle. 5. Bicycling soon became a national sport. 6. Cyclists joined special clubs that took vigorous tours through the countryside. 7. A typical ride might cover twenty miles, with a welcome stop along the way for refreshment. 8. Races were so popular with enthusiastic spectators, who often outnumbered those at ballgames. 9. The fans enjoyed watching these tests of endurance, which sometimes lasted six days.

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2. Identify each numbered, underlined word in the following paragraph as a NOUN, a PRONOUN, or an ADJECTIVE. EXAMPLE The Spanish built the first ranchos, or ranches, that were in the [1] United States. 1. noun

Verbs
A verb expresses an action or a state of being. I am reading Veronica Roths Divergent. Your perfume smells good.

Some Types of Verbs

Verbs are classified differently. Here are some classifications of verbs.

Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

A verb phrase consists of one main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs.) A modal is an auxiliary verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb. We should have been listening instead of talking. [Should, have, and been are helping verbs. Listening is the main verb.] Commonly Used Helping Verbs Forms of Be Form of Have Forms of Do Modals am are had did can could may be been has do might must ought being is have does shall should will was were having would

Action Verbs (Dynamic Verbs) and Non-Action Verbs (Stative Verbs)

A stative verb or non-action verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb or action verb which describes an action. Keiko wanted an iPad. [wanted is a stative verb.] She finally bought one. [bought is a dynamic verb.] Page |6

Some Stative Verbs like know belong love realize think fit hate suppose contain want feel mean consist need understand seem wish prefer believe depend agree remember imagine matter mind recognize see own concern appear look sound taste smell dislike hear astonish deny disagree please be impress satisfy promise surprise doubt have

When used differently, some verbs can either be dynamic or stative. Look at some of the examples. She looks beautiful. [looks is stative verb.] Marry is looking at a girl. [is looking is dynamic verb.] This food smells great. [smells is stative verb.] John is smelling the food. [is smelling is a dynamic verb.]

Linking Verbs
A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. Such a word or word group is called a subject complement. Kelp is the scientific name for seaweed. [The subject complement name identifies the subject Kelp.] Kelp tastes good in salads. [The subject complement good describes the subject Kelp.]

Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs

A transitive verb has a direct objecta word that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. She trusts her friend. [The object friend receives the action of the verb trusts.] J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter. [The object Harry Potter receives the action of the verb wrote.]

An intransitive verb does not have an object. The audience applauded. The train stops here.

When used differently, some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Study these two examples. Im studying. [intransitive verb] Im studying English at IFL this semester. [transitive verb]

PRACTICE 4
Underline the verbs and verb phrases in the following sentences. Be sure to include all the helping verbs. EXAMPLE 1. The marching band would be performing during half time.

1. Because of the cold weather, the members of the band worried about their half-time performance. 2. Marcia and the other saxophone players were clapping their hands vigorously so that their fingers wouldnt become even more numb in the raw, icy air. 3. They imagined what would happen if their fingers froze to the keys of their instruments. 4. Instead of music, harsh noise would blare out and probably startle the spectators. 5. The other band members would likely skip a beat, and chaos would soon spread across the field. 6. Out of step, the flute players might well stumble into the clarinet player, collide with the trombone players, or even trip over the drummers. 7. When half time was called, Marcia and her friends rolled their eyes and laughed about the dreadful scene they had just pictured. 8. Could such a disaster possibly happen? 9. As the band marched onto the field, lard, white snowflakes swirled in the air and settled on the brand-new uniforms and shiny instruments. 10. Some people were leaving the stands when the principal announced over the loudspeaker: Ladies and gentlemen, the band will now play Jungle Bells.

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Adverbs
An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb and a sentence. An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often). Sokun Nisa sings beautifully. The tickets to the 2014 FIFA World Cup are overly expensive. The car can go very fast. Luckily, I brought some instant noodle with me.

Some Types of Adverbs

The following chart summarizes some common types of adverbs in English. Types of Adverbs Manner Place Time Frequency Sentence Degree Interrogative Relative Functions These adverbs tell us in which manner an action occurs. These adverbs tell where an action occurs. These adverbs tell when an action occurs. These adverbs tell how many times an action occurs. These adverbs modify the whole sentence rather than particular word/words in the sentence. These adverbs tell the degree of an adjective or an adverb. Including when? where? why? and how?, these adverbs are used in questions to ask about an action. Including when, where and why, these adverbs are used in relative clauses and they modify an action of the clause. Examples Visal ran slowly. I went downstairs to eat dinner. The guest came yesterday. He goes to school daily. Certainly, youre going to be great. The road is quite dangerous. Where do you live? Last year when they was a flood, tens of peoples lives were lost.

PRACTICE 5
Identify the adverb or adverbs in each of the following sentences. After each adverb, give the word it modifies and the part of speech of that word. EXAMPLE 1. My sister Juanna and I had often talked about getting a houseplant for our room. 1. oftenhad talked (verb) 1. A couple of months ago, Juana and I finally decided to buy a houseplant for the kitchen. 2. The large ones we saw were too expensive for us. 3. Suddenly, Juana had a brainstorm. 4. Lets buy some seeds and grow them indoors. 5. At the seed store, the owner, Mrs. Miller, greeted us cheerfully. 6. We explained that we wanted to grow a large plant but that our room never gets bright sunlight and that in the winter it can be especially chilly and dark. 7. These are seeds of the bo tree, an unusually hardy member of the fig family native to India, said Mrs. Miller. 8. There, this tree is sacred to Buddhists because it is said that the Buddha received enlightenment under a bo tree. 9. When we got back to our house, we planted the seeds. 10. In a short time, they sprouted, and we now have an unusual house plant that is suited to our environment. Page |8

Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase. A preposition that consists of two or more words is called a compound preposition. I I I I rode past the village. rode near the village. rode around the village. rode in front of the village. Commonly Used Prepositions aboard about above across after against along amid among around as at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but (meaning except) by concerning down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past since such as through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without

Commonly Used Compound Prepositions according to because of by means of in addition to in front of in spite of instead of on account of prior to

PRACTICE 6
For each of the following words, write two sentences. In the first sentence, use the word as a preposition and underline the prepositional phrase. In the second sentence, use the word as an adverb and circle the word or words the adverb modifies. EXAMPLE 1. in 1. We are going in the house now. We are going in now. 1. around 2. by 3. up 4. outside 5. aboard Page |9

Conjunctions
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. I started college when I was 16. Sokha and I love to dance. Neither Panha nor Thida knows how to fix the tap.

Types of Conjunctions
There are four types of conjunctions, namely coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and adverbial conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions, also known as FANBOYS, are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. They are used to join words, phrases, or clauses with equal emphasis. Coordinating Conjunctions and but, yet for so or, nor Functions additional relationship opposite, contracting, concessive relationship causal relationship result or effect choice, option, alternative Examples Dara and Kunthea went shopping and watched the movie. I went downstairs to eat dinner. I need to go now, for there is someone waiting for me at the car. There is someone waiting for me at the car, so I need to go now. Youd better study now, or youll fail the exam. Youll never see me again, nor will you hear from me.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions come at the beginning of a dependent clause and establishes the subordinating relationship of the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence. Without such relationship, the dependent clause cannot make complete sense by its own. Elizabeth brushes her teeth before she goes to bed every night. Now that the country is peaceful, people are free to travel without fears. Common Subordinating Conjunctions after although as as if as long as as though because before even if even though if if only in order that now that once rather than since so that than that though till unless until when whenever where whereas wherever while

Correlative Conjunctions
A correlative conjunction is a conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence. They help indicate the relationship between elements they connect in a sentence. Kids enjoy both wet and dry sports. Not only do students enjoy summer vacation, but they also enjoy Christmas break. Correlative Conjunctions not only...but also both...and either...or neither...nor whether...or

Adverbial Conjunctions
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Adverbial conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that connect two independent clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or other relationships. I want to go to Japan next summer. However, I still dont have enough money. The snow storm hit the city this morning; consequently, all schools were shut down. Some Adverbial Conjunctions accordingly additionally again almost anyway as a result besides certainly comparatively consequently contrarily conversely elsewhere equally eventually finally further furthermore hence henceforth however in addition in comparison in contrast in fact incidentally indeed instead just as likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next nonetheless notably now otherwise rather similarly still subsequently that is then thereafter therefore thus undoubtedly uniquely on the other hand

PRACTICE 7
Complete the following sentences with appropriate conjunctions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I need to work hard __________________ I can pass the exam. __________________ he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections. __________________ you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem. They said that the movie was fantastic, __________________ I watched it. __________________ he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine. I don't know __________________ I can buy a pair of jeans. She went to the shops __________________ couldn't find anything that could fit her needs. Everybody likes him because he is nice __________________ helpful. __________________ he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word. Keep quiet __________________ go out.

Interjections
An interjection expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Some examples of interjections include ah, ouch, ugh, wow, oops, hey, oh, etc. An interjection is generally set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point or by a comma or commas. Exclamation points indicate strong emotion. Commas indicate mild emotion. Whew! What a day Ive had! Well, Im just not sure.

PRACTICE 8
Using the interjections from the list provided, complete the following sentences. Be sure to use the words as interjections and not as adjectives or adverbs. excellent well 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ whoa ouch wow oops whew hey cool yow

I stubbed my toe! I forgot to buy bananas. our teacher didnt give a pop quiz today. tomorrow is a holiday! I cant decide; both puppies are adorable. I didnt know you ran cross-country. she won the race! what time are you going home? my name was drawn in the raffle! our runner was passed inches away from the finish line!

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Notes
Remember that the way a word is used in a sentence determines what part of speech the word is. Rich heard the light patter of raindrops. [adjective] The flash of light hurt her eyes. [noun] Use care when you light the fire. [verb]

PRACTICE 9
Determine the part of speech of the italicized word in each of the following sentences. EXAMPLE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. Marisa holds the school record for the 100-meter dash. 1. noun They decided that the hedge needed a trim. Their hedges always look trim and neat. We usually trim the tree with homemade ornaments. Mom always shears a couple of inches off the top of the tree. Later, she uses shears to cut straggling branches. I wasnt thirsty, but I did down one glass of water before finishing my workout. Dale ran down the stairs and hugged his sister. If heights bother you, dont look down, the guide warned. I asked for Tuesday off, but my boss gave me Monday off instead. All but two of the students voted in the class elections.

APPLICATION EXERCISES
1. Fill in the gaps: From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that in the case of nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word: arbitrary (adj) assign (v) context (n) criterion (n) data (n) denote (v) devise (v) formulate (v) ignore (v) impact (n) similar (adj) summary (n) usage (n) vertical (adj)

1. Although not exactly identical, the two books are so _____________________ to each other that one author must have copied much of his book from the other. 2. The Prime Minister set up a committee of financial experts to help him discuss and _____________________ new policies. 3. It is often possible to guess the meaning of a word from the other words around it that is to say, the _____________________. 4. In 1990, the British researcher Tim Berners-Lee _____________________ the first browser, and so paved the way for the development of the World Wide Web. 5. In newspapers, the layout of the columns is _____________________, while the rows run across the page horizontally. 6. The rise in the number of deaths of AIDS has had a very significant _____________________ on peoples sexual behavior. 7. The _____________________ of drugs has increased significantly in spite of more severe penalties such as longer prison sentences. 8. Students should not try to write down everything they hear in a lecture, but just make a _____________________ of the most important points. 9. We use the term class to _____________________ groups of people who share the same social and economic backgrounds. 10. In one case, a murderer may go to prison for life, while another may be set free: It all seems completely _____________________. 11. The new journalist was _____________________ to researching the election promises of the main political parties. 12. Before we can judge a governments success, we have to decide the _____________________, such as unemployment, defense or taxation. 13. One student failed because he completely _____________________ the instructions on the paper, although they appeared at the top of every page. Page |12

14. Market researchers use _____________________ such as peoples spending patterns as well as information about age and occupation to decide on the most effective marketing strategies. 2. Finish the sentence: Choose the best ending for each of the sentence extracts below from the list underneath: 1. I like your essay, but I want you to illustrate 2. What will the result be if in the future we assume 3. Students may be asked to compare many alternative 4. The Channel Tunnel between France and England was contracted 5. Everyone wants to be happy, but we probably all define 6. Many universities now have language centers to facilitate 7. Numbers and results are not particularly useful in themselves; we need to interpret 8. In spite of warning about cancer, many Westerners equate 9. Advertisers use a variety of techniques 10. At first, the police viewed the crimes as random 11. It may be the case that no solution is possible, given the magnitude 12. Although computers are becoming increasingly complex 13. The investigation was stopped because the witnesses could not identify a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. theories, from which they have to select the most convincing. happiness in many different ways. that nearly everyone has access to a motor car? the programs they use are becoming much easier to operate. a sun tan with health and youthfulness. the man they had seen commit the robbery. language learning for international students. at a cost of over $8 billion. of this problem. them to understand what they actually mean. events, but realized later that there was a pattern linking them. to persuade consumers to buy products and services. your points by providing some supporting examples.

3. Make a collocation: Complete the sentences with appropriate pairs of words from the two boxes. new

analyze

leading

ultimate initial

valid

status

responsibility

role

concept

the hypothesis

marital establish tense

new

reverse

results

dimension

reason temperature

a link

constant

minimum

put forward

atmosphere

results

the verdict

requirement

1. If you submit work late, you will lose marks and may even be given a fail grade, unless you have a __________ __________ such as illness. 2. One travel company is now advertising a completely __________ __________ in tourism: flights into outer space by rocket. 3. At the bottom of the ocean, the water remains at a __________ __________ irrespective of changing weather conditions at the surface. 4. The growth of China will add a __________ __________ to the economic and political situation in the Far East. 5. Students are expected not just to describe what they have done but also to __________ __________ when they write a research report. 6. Investigators have been able to __________ __________ between childhood illnesses and industrial pollution.

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7. Following the demonstrations by thousands of students, there was a very __________ __________ in the capital, with many choosing to leave the city and head for the countryside. 8. Unfortunately, although the __________ __________ were very promising, the project failed in the long run because of a lack of interest. 9. Engineers have played a __________ __________ in improving our health by giving us clean water supplies, perhaps more so than doctors. 10. The Managing Director may run the company, but __________ __________ rests with the Board of Directors. 11. On the form, please give your name, nationality, address and indicate your __________ __________. 12. When some scientists originally __________ __________ known as global warming, the idea was not taken seriously, and yet today it is accepted by nearly everyone. 13. In some instances, a Court of Appeal may __________ __________ reached at the first trial and released somebody who has been wrongly held in prison. 14. Most universities require international students to have an IELTS score of at least 6 as a __________ __________ for English language competence.

References
A. J. Thomson, A. V. Martinet. (1990). A Practical English Grammar. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. FANBOYS. (1998, October 09). Retrieved from Sacremento State: http://www.csus.edu/owl/index/sent/fanboys.htm Grammar Exercise - Conjunctions. (2013). Retrieved from My English Pages: http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-conjunctions.php Potter, D. (2007). Check Vocabulary for Academic English. London: A&C Black Publishers Ltd. Warriner, J. E. (2002). Holt Handbook Fourth Course . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

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