A 1D477ERE)< <YPE5 87 BR4D:E5 A)D 4<5 PAPER BY

Prof. P. C. Vasani, Applied Mechanics Department, L. D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad !"##$%. pc&'im(rth.net Ph. )o. *#+,-+."/!0# Mobile )o1,"0%!.00#"

bh2mi;ld(rediffmail.com

Bh2mi3a B. Mehta M. E. C4V4L ' *CA5AD- 5em ' 444 B'0, 6alindi 7lats, 8pp. 6ad9a Patidar Boarding, C. :. Road, Ahmedabad !"###/. Ph. )o. *#+,-/%/$#,!

Definition A bridge is a str2ct2re pro&iding passage o&er an obstacle 9itho2t closing the 9a= beneath. <he re>2ired passage ma= be for a road, a rail9a=, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. <he obstacle to be crossed ma= be a ri&er, a road, rail9a= or a &alle=. 4n other 9ords, bridge is a str2ct2re for carr=ing the road traffic or other mo&ing loads o&er road or rail9a=. A bridge is an arrangement made to cross an obstacle in the form of a lo9 gro2nd or a stream or a ri&er 9itho2t closing the 9a= beneath. a depression or obstr2ction s2ch as channel,

Components of bridge <he bridge str2ct2re comprises of the follo9ing parts. 52perstr2ct2re or Dec3ing <his incl2des slab, girder, tr2ss, etc. <his bears the load passing o&er it and transmits the forces ca2sed b= the same to the s2bstr2ct2res. Bearings <he bearings transmit the load recei&ed from the dec3ing on to the s2bstr2ct2re and are pro&ided for distrib2tion of the load e&enl= o&er the s2bstr2ct2re 52bstr2ct2re <his comprises piers and ab2tments, 9ing 9alls or ret2rns and their fo2ndation. Piers and Ab2tments <hese are &ertical str2ct2res @ing 9alls and Ret2rns <hese are pro&ided as eAtension of the ab2tments to retain the earth of approach ban3 9hich other9ise has a nat2ral angle of repose. 7o2ndation <his is pro&ided to transmit the load from the piers or ab2tments and 9ings or ret2rns to and e&enl= distrib2te the load on to the strata. <his is to be pro&ided s2fficientl= deep so that it is not affected b= the sco2r ca2sed b= the flo9 in the ri&er and does not get 2ndermined. @hile the abo&e mentioned are str2ct2rall= operational parts, for safet= hand rails or parapets, g2ard rails or c2rbs are pro&ided o&er the dec3ing in order s2pporting dec3?bearing pro&ided for transmitting the load do9n to the bed?earth thro2gh fo2ndation. material 9hich ma= not ha&e s2fficient bearing strength to bear the s2perstr2ct2re load directl=.

to pre&ent &ehicle or 2ser from falling into the stream or for the separation of traffic streams. v Classification Bridges ma= be classified in man= 9a=s, as belo9. According to the fleAibilit= of s2perstr2ct2re as fiAed span bridges or mo&able bridges. 7iAed span s2perstr2ct2re 4n case of fiAed span s2perstr2ct2re, the s2perstr2ct2re remains in a fiAed position and most of the bridges are of this categor=. Mo&able span bridges 4n case of mo&able span s2perstr2ct2re, the s2perstr2ct2re is lifted or mo&ed 9ith the help of some s2itable arrangement. According to the position of bridge floor and the highest flood semi' thro2gh bridges. Dec3 bridges Dec3't=pe bridges refer to those in 9hich the road dec3 is carried on the top flange or on top of the s2pporting girders. <he dec3 slab or sleeper ma= cantile&er o2t to some eAtent be=ond the eAtreme longit2dinal girder.
78RMA<48) LEVEL

relati&e to the formation le&el

discharge as dec3 bridges, thro2gh bridges or

B7L

Dec3 Bridge

<hro2gh bridges 4n the thro2gh t=pe bridges, the dec3ing is s2pported b= the bottom flange of the main s2pporting girders pro&ided on either side.

B7L

78RMA<48) LEVEL

<hro2gh Bridge

5emi thro2gh bridges <he semi'thro2gh bridge has its dec3 mid9a= and the dec3 load is transmitted to the girder thro2gh the 9eb of the girder. 4n this also, the main girders are on either side of dec3.
78RMA<48) LEVEL

B7L

5emi'thro2gh Bridge

According to the inter'span relations as simple, contin2o2s or cantile&er bridges. 5impl= s2pported :enerall= 9idth of bridge is di&ided into n2mber of indi&id2al spans. 7or each span, the load carr=ing member is simpl= s2pported at both ends. <he plate girder and tr2ss girders are 2sed as this t=pe of bridges. <he= are s2itable at places 9here 2ne&en settlements of fo2ndations are li3el= to ta3e place. Contin2o2s 4n contin2o2s bridges spans are contin2o2s o&er t9o or more s2pports. <he= are staticall= indeterminate str2ct2res. <he= are 2sef2l 9hen 2ne&en settlement of s2pports does not ta3e place. 4n contin2o2s bridges the bending moment an=9here in the span is considerabl= less than that in case of simpl= s2pported span. 52ch red2ction of the bending moment 2ltimatel= res2lts in the economic section for

bridge. 4n contin2o2s bridges the stresses are red2ced d2e to negati&e moments de&eloped at pier or s2pports. <h2s contin2o2s span bridges ha&e considerable sa&ing compared to simpl= s2pported bridge constr2ction. 7ollo9ing are the ad&antages of RCC contin2o2s girder bridges o&er simpl= s2pported girder bridges. o As the bearings are placed on the centerline of piers, the reactions at piers are transmitted centrall=. o 4t is fo2nd that the contin2o2s girder bridge s2ffers less &ibration and deflection. o <he contin2o2s girder bridge re>2ires onl= one bearing at each pier as against t9o bearing for simpl= s2pported girder bridge.

o <he depth of dec3ing at mid span is red2ced and it ma= pro&e to be 2sef2l for o&er bridges 9here headroom is of prime consideration. o <he eApansion Coints re>2ired 9ill be less. o <here is red2ction in cost as less >2antit= of concrete and steel are re>2ired. 7ollo9ing are the disad&antages of RCC o&er simpl= s2pported girder bridges. o <he design is more complicated as it is a staticall= indeterminate str2ct2re. o <he detailing and placing of reinforcements are to be carried o2t 9ith eAtreme care. o <he placing of concrete and remo&al of form9or3 are to be eAec2ted caref2ll= in proper se>2ence. Cantile&er A cantile&er bridge is formed of cantile&ers proCecting from s2pporting piers. <he ends of a cantile&er bridge are treated as fiAed. A cantile&er bridge combines the ad&antages of a simpl= s2pported span and a contin2o2s span. 7or long spans and deep &alle=s and at places 9here it 9ill not be fo2ndation. <he practicable to 2se centering, cantile&er bridges are are s2itable in case of 2ne&en settlement of of constr2ction of a cantile&er bridge ma= either be more s2itable. <he= contin2o2s girder bridges

simple t=pe or of balanced t=pe.

Cantile&er 5pan

Cantile&er 5pan

Cantile&er Bridge 9ith simple constr2ction

4n case of cantile&er bridge 9ith balanced t=pe of constr2ction, hinges are pro&ided at the points of contrafleA2re of a contin2o2s span and an intermediate simpl= s2pported span is s2spended bet9een t9o hinges.

Cantile&er 5pan

5impl= 52pported Cantile&er 5pan

h, beam, tr2ss, slab, rigid

Cant const

frame or s2spensio n bridges. 5lab Beam

A cc or d n g t t e fo r m or t p e of s 2 p er s r2 c 2r e a s a c

Beam

:irder <r2ss < he girder? beam as 9ell as can made 2p of timber, steel or concret e, can made 2p of or be the be tr2ss

combination steel concrete.

of and

<r2 ss :ir der Bri dge

Arch

Barrel <=pe Arch Bridge

52spension

52spension Bridge
52spension bridges are made 2p of high tensile steel cables str2ng in form of catenaries to 9hich the dec3 is attached b= steel s2spenders, 9hich are mainl= made 2p of steel rods?members?cables. <he dec3ing can be of timber, concrete or steel spanning across the stiffening girders transmitting load to the s2spenders. Cable sta=ed Cable'sta=ed bridges are similar to the s2spension and a n2mber of these can be of masonr=, concrete or steel. are1 Arch Vario2s economical span ranges for these t=pes generall= adopted 1 7or small spans of ! to $%m in spans. 5labs :irders and beams 1 <r2sses 1 $# to /#m *eAception 2p to 0%#m in contin2o2s constr2ction-. !# to !+%m simpl= s2pported and 2p to %%#m 9ith 1 Dp to ,m. masonr=, steel bridges eAcepting that there 9ill be no s2spenders in the cable'sta=ed bridges

arch 2p to %$,m and concrete arches 2p to !#%m

Bridges

cantile&ered combination. 52spension 8&er %##m 2p to $.##m.

Cable 5ta=ed 1 !## to /##m. According to the materials of constr2ction 2sed for s2perstr2ct2re as cement concrete, prestressed concrete, steel, masonr=, iron, timber or composite bridges. <he earliest form of materials 2sed for constr2ction of bridges 9as first stone and later bric3. <he masonr= bridges are 2sed for short spans and according to a&ailabilit= of material and s3illed labo2r. <he= are mainl= of arch t=pe of bridges. <he neAt form of constr2ction 9as <imber Bridge in 9hich timber 9as 2sed for spanning the gap and also for s2pporting the beams. <imber bridges are 2sed for short spans, light loads and for 2se as temporar= and 2nimportant either reinforced or prestressed or bridges. @ith the in&ention and a combination of both for de&elopment of concrete, bridges are being b2ilt entirel= 9ith concrete, s2perstr2ct2re. Man= combination of abo&e t=pes are also possible. <he common eAamples of composite constr2ction are1 o o o Concrete beams reinforced 9ith steel bars. Precast prestressed concrete girder 9ith cast'in'sit2 RCC slab. Rolled steel Coists topped b= a cast'in'sit2 RCC slab. the ad&antages of composite

7ollo9ing are bridges. o o o o o &ibrations. o

4t leads to red2ction in deflection and 4t leads to speed in constr2ction. 4t pro&es to be economical. 4t res2lts in better >2alit= control. <he cost of form9or3 is red2ced. <he cost of fo2ndations for ab2tments is red2ced.

o <he cost of transportation is minimiEed. o <he o&erall depth of beam for a composite constr2ction is red2ced and it leads to sa&ings in lengths of approaches.

<able sho9s the maAim2m spans 2p to 9hich a partic2lar t=pe of bridge can be recommended. 5r. )o.

$# $$ $0 $! $. $% $/ $+ According to the method of clearance for na&igation as basc2le, lift, s9ing or transporter bridges.

Mo&able

basc2le bridges

4n basc2le bridges, the main girders are lifted together 9ith dec3 abo2t the hinge pro&ided on one end of the span. Depending 2pon the 9idth of channel, the basc2le bridge ma= either be single or do2ble.

5ingle Basc2le Bridge

Do2ble Basc2le Bridge

Mo&able s9ing bridges 4n s9ing bridges, the girders and dec3 can be s92ng abo2t its middle o&er the middle pier, clearing the span on either side for passage ship.

Mo&able

lift bridges

4n this case, gantries are pro&ided at the piers at either end of the span and the entire girder and the floor s=stem is lifted 2p b= a h=dra2lic arrangement to the eAtent re>2ired for free ship. passage of the

Lift Bridge <ransporter 4n case of transporter bridges, a mo&ing cage is s2spended from an o&erhead tr2ss 9ith the help of cable or 9ire ropes. <he o&erhead tr2ss rests on t9o to9ers and it contains rails for cage to roll. <his t=pe of bridge is 2sed 9ithin a harbo2r area to pro&ide an arrangement for shifting of men and materials across a channel.

According to the eApected 2tilit= period of ser&ice as temporar=, militar= or permanent bridges. <emporar= bridges <he temporar= bridges are defined as str2ct2res, 9hich are constr2cted to cross a ri&er or a stream in place of permanent 9or3s. 52ch bridges are 2sef2l 9hen it is not possible to constr2ct a permanent bridge d2e to

shortage of mone=, time, good materials or s3illed labo2r. <he temporar= bridges are often constr2cted on di&ersions d2ring the reconstr2ction 2sef2l life of a temporar= of an eAisting permanent bridge. <he bridge is estimated as abo2t $# =ears. Militar= *pontoon, baile=Pontoon bridges are constr2cted on roads on 9hich traffic is minor and seasonal and the ri&er itself is s2bCected to floods d2ring onl= short periods, not eAceeding three months of the =ear 9hen the traffic on the load can safel= be s2spended floating t=pe bridges, pontoons are pro&ided. <hese are made 2p of floating c=linders or barges?flats 9hich are 3ept afloat in a ro9 and are connected to each other b= hinged beams o&er 2sed 9hich dec3ing is pro&ided. 52ch bridges can also be of short 2p of for mo&ement of arm=, 9hich mo&ement ma= be to bridge s2perstr2ct2res

d2ration, across a 9ater9a= or on roads 2sed in fair 9eather onl=. Baile= refers normall= made assemblage 2nits, 9hich can be carried in 2nits, assembled and

la2nched, in a short d2ration o&er a gap. <he= ma= be pro&ided for the short'term mo&ement of an arm= or also be 2sed in case of damage to a permanent bridge d2e to the approaches or e&en a part of the bridge ha&ing been damaged lea&ing a 9ide gap, or if the traffic has been s2spended and permanent repairs to the bridge are li3el= to ta3e a long time. Permanent bridges <he permanent bridges are defined as str2ct2res, 9hich are constr2cted to cross a ri&er or a stream permanentl=. According to the f2nction as road, rail9a=, road'c2m'rail9a= or pipeline bridges. According to the method of connections adopted in steel bridges as ri&eted, 9elded or pin'connected bridges. MaCorit= of steel bridges are of ri&eted t=pe, 9elded t=pe is recentl= 2sed. Pin'connected Ri&eted Ri&eted connections are pro&ed to be more rigid and responsible for secondar= stresses. @elded According to the length of span as c2l&ert, minor bridges, maCor bridges or long span bridges. C2l&erts *less than /m-

C2l&ert is a bridge ha&ing a gross length of siA meters or less bet9een the faces of ab2tments or and meas2red at right angles thereto. Minor bridge */ to !#mMaCor bridge *abo&e !#mLong span bridge *abo&e $0#m According to the degree of red2ndanc= as determinate or indeterminate bridges. Determinate 4ndeterminate According to the le&el of crossing of high9a=s and rail9a=s as o&er bridges or 2nder bridges. 8&er bridge @hen the high9a= bridge is carried o&er or 2nder the high9a= b= means of bridge, the bridge is 3no9n as o&er bridge. Dnder bridge @hen the high9a= is carried 2nder the rail9a= trac3 b= means of bridge is 3no9n as the 2nder bridge. According to the alignment as straight or s3e9 bridges. According to the loadings, the road bridges and c2l&erts as 4RC class A, class AA, class B. According to the road le&el relati&e to the highest flood le&el of the ri&er belo9, partic2larl= for a high9a= bridge Ca2se9a= 4t ma= be fo2nd that in some cases, the high flood in the stream is occasional and the normal flo9 is &er= little or the bed is dr= most of the time. 4n pa&ed road s2ch cases, ca2se9a=s are pro&ided. Ca2se9a=s are a formed bet9een retaining 9alls on either side, ta3en eAtreme &ent 9a= bo2ndaries

s2fficientl= deep to 9ithstand sco2r action. Bigh'le&el A high le&el bridge is a bridge, 9hich carries the road9a= abo&e the highest flood le&el of the channel. <here ma= be cases 9ere ships ma= ha&e to pass thro2gh them re>2iring &er= high clearance. <he= 9ill then need &er= high approaches or highl= graded approaches e&en if the maAim2m clearance need be pro&ided in the middle portion onl=. @here the traffic on the bridge is s2ch that s2spension of traffic for a short d2ration on the road or rail9a= 9ill not materiall= affect the o&erall

traffic, the= are b2ilt 9ith dec3s 9ith minim2m clearance abo&e high flood le&el for normal passage of 9ater. 52bmersible A s2bmersible bridge is a bridge designed to be o&ertopped in floods. 52bmersible bridge is something bet9een the normal ca2se9a=s and the high'le&el bridges. <his is pro&ided in s2ch a 9a= that the bridge openings pro&ided 9ith properl= b2ilt piers and slabs can pass ordinar= floods and rarel= eApected high floods spill and pass o&er the dec3. <he normal bridges con&ention in 4ndia is to pro&ide s2bmersible stoppage of on road9a=s 9ith less traffic and 9here the

traffic d2e to the passage of high floods is not li3el= to eAceed ! da=s at a time and not more than $" da=s d2ring the co2rse of the =ear. v 5election of t=pe of bridge 4n the selection of the proper t=pe of concrete bridge for an= partic2lar case, cost is 2s2all= the determining factor. 8ccasionall=, ho9e&er, the problem is complicated b= special re>2irements, s2ch as appearance, restricted headroom, diffic2lt fo2ndations, limited time of constr2ction, or

diffic2lties in form9or3 ca2sed either b= the re>2ired height of s2pports or b= the fact that it is necessar= to maintain traffic 2nder the bridge d2ring constr2ction. 2sed1 7or bridges ha&ing one span, the follo9ing t=pes of str2ct2res ma= be

5impl= s2pported dec3 or thro2gh girders. Right angle rigid frames. Right angle frames 9ith concealed cantile&ers 9ith or 9itho2t 9itho2t co2nter9eights. 5impl= s2pported co2nter9eights. <9o short concealed spans, one at each side of the opening, each pro&ided 9ith a cantile&er eAtending into opening and s2pporting a short center span. <he simpl= s2pported str2ct2re 9ith dec3 or thro2gh girder is staticall= determinate and is simplest to design, b2t its cost is the highest. @hen 2n=ielding fo2ndation is attainable, the right angle rigid frame and right angle frames 9ith concealed cantile&ers 9ith or 9itho2t co2nter9eights pro&ide the most economical sol2tion. :irders 9ith cantile&ers 9ith simpl= s2pported girders 9ith concealed cantile&ers, 9ith or 9itho2t co2nter9eights and t9o short concealed spans, one girders 9ith concealed cantile&ers, 9ith or

at each side of the opening, each pro&ided 9ith a cantile&er eAtending into opening and s2pporting a short center span sho2ld be considered for long spans 9here small depth of girders is desired. 7or a bridge 9ith se&eral spans, the follo9ing arrangements be considered1 A n2mber of simpl= s2pported girder spans. A combination of girders pro&ided 9ith cantile&ers and short spans s2pported b= these cantile&ers. Contin2o2s girders s2pported b= piers. independent sho2ld

M2lti'span rigid frames in 9hich the girders forming the s2perstr2ct2re are rigidl= connected 9ith elastic &ertical s2pports. <he of girders n2mber of simpl= s2pported girder spans and a combination pro&ided 9ith are cantile&ers and short spans s2pported b= staticall= determinate arrangements. Contin2o2s

these cantile&ers

girders s2pported b=

independent piers and m2lti'span

rigid frames in

9hich the girders forming the s2perstr2ct2re

are rigidl= connected 9ith

elastic &ertical s2pports are staticall= indeterminate. <he cost of the str2ct2re is highest for simpl= s2pported girder spans and lo9est for rigid frames in 9hich the girders forming the s2perstr2ct2re are rigidl= connected 9ith elastic &ertical s2pports. <he of girders n2mber of simpl= s2pported girder spans and a combination pro&ided 9ith cantile&ers and short spans s2pported b=

these cantile&ers sho2ld be 2sed onl= 9here reasonabl= 2n=ielding fo2ndation is not easil= obtainable. 8f these t9o t=pes, the design of n2mber of simpl= s2pported girder spans is simpler b2t more costl= than a combination of girders pro&ided 9ith cantile&ers and short spans s2pported b= cantile&ers. @here 2n=ielding fo2ndations are a&ailable, the contin2o2s girders or rigid frames 9ith contin2o2s girders s2pported b= independent piers or m2lti' span rigid frames in 9hich the girders forming the s2perstr2ct2re rigidl= connected 9ith elastic &ertical s2pports sho2ld be 2sed. @here hea&= piers are re>2ired, as in ri&er crossings, or 9here the str2ct2re is to be s2pported on alread= eAisting piers, contin2o2s girders s2pported b= independent piers is recommended. A rigid connection bet9een hea&= piers and more fleAible s2perstr2ct2re sho2ld ne&er be attempted. <he rigid frame 9ith m2lti'span rigid frames in 9hich the girders forming the s2perstr2ct2re are rigidl= connected 9ith elastic are these

&ertical s2pports is preferable 9here &ertical s2pports of the bridge are elastic, as in &iad2cts. 4n options eAcept n2mber of simpl= s2pported girder spans ha&ing ad&antage of pro&iding the end spans 9ith cantile&ers sho2ld be st2died partic2larl= 9ith the &ie9 of red2cing the cost of ab2tments.