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KOTA DAMANSARA

B.ENG (Hons)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
In collaboration with

University of
Sunderland

LAB REPORT
TORSIONAL
VIBRATION
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
SUBJECT CODE: EAT 203

LECTURER : DR. CHIA CHEE MING


NAME
: KWONG WAI HONG
STUDENT ID : SCM-017888
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 16TH APRIL 2013

1. INTRODUCTION
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an
equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a spring system
or random such as tidal waves. There are 2 types of vibrations, free and forced. Free
vibrations are vibrations of a system that was set off initially and is allowed to move
freely and forced vibrations are vibrations that have an alternating motion applied to the

system.
Torsional vibration is a type of forced vibration which is an oscillatory angular
motion causing twisting in the shaft of a system. The oscillatory motion is superimposed
on the steady rotational motion of a rotating/reciprocating machine. Even though the
vibration cannot be detected without special measuring equipment, its amplitude can be
destructive. For example, gear sets that alter speeds of power transmission systems
transmit the vibration to the casing.
The natural frequency is the rate at which an object vibrates when it is not disturbed
by an outside force. Each degree of freedom (DOF) of an object has its own natural
frequency.
The objective of this experiment is to determine the natural frequency for a system
undergoing torsional vibration.
2.

THEORY

Newtons 2nd law for torsional system


...... ( 1 )
where Io = mass moment of inertia
of the disk

k = I o

Hence, ...... ( 2 )
where k = torsional stiffness of the
shaft
Rearranging ( 2 )
...... ( 3 )
where natural frequency of the
system,
... ( 4 )
From Simple Theory of Torsion,

2
+ n = 0

k
Io
T
G
= =
J
R
L

where T = Applied torque


= Shear stress
R =
G = Shear modulus
L = Length of shaft
As torsional stiffness , it can be
3.

= I o

n =

J = Polar second moment of area


Radius of shaft
= Angle of twist
GJ
T determined through ...... ( 5 )
kk==

APPARATUS
One solid circular disk with mass = 4.536kg, diameter = 150mm and thickness =
30mm.
One annular circular disk with mass 1.89kg, outer diameter 150mm, inner

diameter = 110mm and thickness = 30mm.


Two chucks; One steel rod; One stopwatch.

4. PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of the rod provided was
measured at three different locations to get the
average diameter of the rod.
2. The chuck was anchored tightly to the solid
circular disk.
3. The chuck with disk was anchored to the rod at
a distance 30cm from the other chuck.
4. The disk was displaced slightly such that the
rod was twisted.
5. The disk was released and the stop watch was
started simultaneously.
6. The time taken, T was recorded when the disk
has executed 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cycles, N.
7. Steps 3 to 6 were repeated by increasing the
length of the rod (i.e., distance between two
chucks) to 35 and 40 cm.
8. The whole procedure was repeated by
attaching the annular circular disk on top of the
solid disk.
Picture 1

5.

RESULT

Length, L (m)
Number of cycles, N
10
20
30
40
50

Without annular disc


With annular disc
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.3
0.35
Time taken, T (s)
3.67
4.66
6.74
6.75
7.56
7.34
12.10
16.38
15.91
17.00
15.36
17.31
18.04
24.31
25.34
16.68
24.17
26.47
34.81
38.81
23.06
32.30
34.02
41.10
43.69

0.4
8.16
17.34
25.94
42.00
52.12

Figure 1; m = 4.536kg, L = 0.3m, without annular disc

Figure 2; m = 4.536kg, L = 0.35m, without annular disc

Figure 3; m = 4.536kg, L = 0.4m, without annular disc

Figure 4; m = 6.426kg, L = 0.3m, with annular disc

Figure 5; m = 6.426kg, L = 0.35m, with annular disc

Figure 6; m = 6.426kg, L = 0.4m, with annular disc

Sample calculation
For 0.3m
(circular disc)
(circular disc +
annular disc)

r 4
J =
2
(0.002) 4
= mr 2
Io =
2
2 2 11 4
m
mr 2
m=( r2.+513
r2 ) (010
.075) 2
Io =
+ =1 4.536
2
2
2
2
4.536(0.075
)
1
.
89(02.055 + 0.075) 2
=
0
.
1276
kgm
=
+
2
2
2
= 0.02873kgm

GJ
L
3
7016 )(210
(806.10
.513 =
10011.7247
) rads 1
=
=
0.01276
0.3 3
6.701
1
3 10 1
==6.70110 Nm = 0.4829rads
0.02873
theoretical exp erimental
100%
exp erimental

k=
k
Io
k
n =
Io
%error =

n =

Calculated Results

Circular disc
Circular disc +
annular disc

Length, L (m)
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.35
0.40

0.7247 2.0121
=
= 63.98%
.0121
Natural2frequency,
n (rads-1)
Experimental
Theoretical
2.0121
0.7247
1.4778
0.6709
1.5012
0.6276
1.1366
0.4829
1.0483
0.4471
0.8774
0.4183

Percentage error (%)


177.65
120.27
139.20
135.37
134.47
109.75

6.

DISCUSSION
As seen from the percentage error obtained, the values are rather high. This might be
due to the high sensitivity of the apparatus. Any slight movement like human reflex or air
resistance will affect the apparatus.
There are a few factors that affect the values. During the turning of the disc, there
were some horizontal vibrations involved as the stability when turning the disc cannot be
controlled properly, causing the shaft to vibrate in a horizontal manner. Another factor
would be the inconsistency in time taking. When the disc was oscillating, there were
assumptions made that it has gone 1 cycle, when it was not. This caused the time taken to
be inaccurate. Besides that, there was the presence of air resistance. During the lab,
unwanted air movement caused the rod to vibrate horizontally, which affected the turning
of the disc.
To solve these problems, there are a few solutions. The disc should be turned
cautiously and slowly using a small turning angle. This will ensure that the turning of the
disc can be controlled easily. The disc should be marked to ensure that the oscillation can
be observed easily for better time taking. A wind shield should be used to prevent any
unwanted air movement.
7. CONCLUSION
The natural frequency of a system undergoing torsional vibration was determined
though the lab although there were many errors committed during the lab. With the
presence of the high percentage in errors, the lab cannot be considered a success although
the objective was accomplished.
REFERENCE

Eshleman, R, "Chapter 38, Torsional vibration in reciprocating and rotating


machines", URL: http://cursos.itcg.edu.mx/libros/Libros%20y%20Manuales%20de
%20Ingenieria/Engineering
%20Books/Harris__Shock_And_Vibration_Handbook/HARRIS~1.HA/70811_38.pdfE, accessed on 14 April 2013
Hibbller, R.C., "Mechanics of Materials", 8th edition, Prentice Hall.

KOTA DAMANSARA

B.ENG (Hons)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
In collaboration with

University of
Sunderland

LAB REPORT
UNDAMPED
FREE
VIBRATION
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
SUBJECT CODE: EAT 203

LECTURER : DR. CHIA CHEE MING


NAME
: KWONG WAI HONG
STUDENT ID : SCM-017888
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 16TH APRIL 2013

1.

INTRODUCTION
All systems possessing mass and elasticity are capable of free vibration, or
vibration that takes place in the absence of external excitation. Of primary interest
for such a system is its natural frequency of vibration. The basic vibration model of a
simple oscillatory system consists of a mass, a massless spring, and a damper. If damping
in moderate amounts has little influence on the natural frequency, it may be neglected.
The system can then be considered to be conservative. An undamped spring-mass system
is the simplest free vibration system. It has one degree of freedom (DOF).
The objective of this experiment is to determine the natural
frequency for an undamped spring mass system.
2. THEORY
Newtons 2nd law
... ( 1 )

Hence, ...... ( 2 )

ky = my

= my

Rearrange Equation 2
... ( 3 )
where natural frequency of the
system,
... ( 4 )

y + n 2 y = 0

n =

k
m

3. APPARATUS
Displacement measuring transducer and Displacement measuring plate;
Spring; Weights; Loading rod
4. PROCEDURE
Determine the stiffness of the spring
1. The length of the unloaded spring was measured.
2. A weight was inserted unto the loading rod (with plate) and then the loading rod was
anchored to the spring.
3. The extension of the loaded spring was noted.
4. Steps 2 to 3 were repeated with four other different loading conditions.
Determine the natural frequency of the spring-mass system
1. A weight was inserted unto the loading rod (with plate) and then the loading rod was
anchored to the spring.
2. The displacement transducer was arranged in such a manner that the probe is at right
angle to the plate on the loading rod.
3. The quickDAQ on the PC was ran and then the Sample Rate per Channel was set
to 1000 (i.e., 1000 data captured per second) and the Recording time to 10 seconds.
4. The Play button was clicked to capture the initial displacement of the system. (Note
that reading obtained from displacement measuring transducer are expressed in terms
of voltage)
5. The data was saved under initial displacement.csv using the Save As function in the
graphic user interface.
6. The loading rod was displayed slightly and then the motion of the vibrating system
was captured by using the Play button.
7. The data was saved under final displacement.csv.
8. Steps 1 to 7 were repeated with four other different loading conditions. (Note that
data file with similar name will be overwrite)
5. RESULT
Weight, W (N)
0.00
11.77
13.73
16.00

Original length, lo (m)


0.135
0.135
0.135
0.135

Final length, lf (m)


0.135
0.165
0.172
0.183

Extension, x (m)
0.000
0.035
0.037
0.048

17.66
19.62

0.135
0.135

0.192
0.199

From graph, k = 322.65 Nm-1


When m = 1.2kg,

n =

k
=
m

322.65
= 16.4rads 1
1.2

Figure 1; m = 1.2kg

0.057
0.064

Figure 2; m = 1.4kg

Figure 3; m = 1.6kg

Figure 4; m = 1.8kg

Figure 5; m = 2.0kg
Sample Calculation
For 1.2kg,
Theoretical frequency:

Mass, m (kg)
1.20

Experimental frequency:
100
5
ff == n
2
time
theoretica
16
100
.4l 5exp erimental
== theoretica
Natural %error =
Frequency,
l f (Hz)
294
2

86
frequency, n
Experimental
Theoretical
2.61==222..40
.40
61Hz
Hz
(rads-1)
=
= 8.05%
2.61
16.40
2.40
2.61

Percentage
error, %
8.05

1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00

15.18
14.20
13.39
12.70

12.50
2.12
23.81
1.94

2.42
2.26
2.13
2.02

416.53
6.19
1017.84
3.96

6. DISCUSSION
As seen from the percentage error, there are 2 values for mass which have huge
percentage errors, which are 1.4kg and 1.8kg. There could be a few factors affecting the
results. The releasing of the loading disk was not consistent at all times as sometimes the
disc was released too fast, sometimes too slow. The inconsistency caused the spring to
oscillate in a irregular manner. Another thing is that the force to release the disk was not
consistent. The disc was either displaced too close or too far from the original position.
Besides that, the existence of unwanted air movement affected the results. As the spring
was being displaced, air movement will hinder the movement of the spring, causing some
the oscillations to be irregular.
To solve these issues, there are a few solutions. A consistent distance of displacement
should be set to obtain better results. Besides that, the disc should be released at a
consistent time to yield good results. A wind shield is required to remove most of the air
movement that would be disrupting the perfect harmony of the spring oscillation.
Although there is no dashpot attached to the system to provide damping, the system
still came to a rest after a period of time. This is due to the gravity acting on the weight.
As there is a weight acting on the slotted weights, the motion of the spring is reduced and
will eventually come to a halt.
7. CONCLUSION
The objective of the experiment was accomplished as the natural frequency for an
undamped spring mass system was determined. Despite having a huge percentage for 2
masses, the lab can be considered a success.
REFERENCE
Hibbller, R.C., "Mechanics of Materials", 8th edition, Prentice Hall.
Unknown, 2013, Untitled, [online] URL:
http://www.math.psu.edu/tseng/class/Math251/Notes-MechV.pdf Accessed: 14 Apr
2013

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