1

MatE 141
Midterm 1
Spring 2012

You have 1 hour, 15 minutes to complete this test. Show all your work! The neater and clearer
your work is, the more partial credit you will receive. Check all your math after you have
completed the test. Read and sign the honor code below.

I have received no information about the exact questions on this test. I realize that if I am found
to reference the work of my students during the test, I will receive a zero grade for this midterm
and be reported through the University channels for academic dishonesty.

Signature: _______________________________
Print Name: ________________________________
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2

1. A x-ray tube with a copper target is operated at 40,000 volts and 44 milliamps (20 points)
a. Calculate the short wavelength limit in for x-rays produced by this x-ray tube

o
o
o
3
A 31 . 0
Volt 40000
Volt A 12400
Volt A 10 40 . 12
= =

=
swl
swl
V

b. If the binding energy of a Cu 1s electron is 8979 eV, what is the minimum tube
voltage required to produce characteristic x-rays?

c. If the x-ray tube current was reduced to 40 milliamps, what will be the percent change
in the number of Cu K
o
x-rays that are produced?

d. What would be the advantage of using a rotating anode x-ray source with a Cu target?

A rotating anode source can be operated at higher currents than a sealed x-ray tube ,
therefore more CuKo can be produced, which allows detection of diffraction from
weaker peaks or smaller samples.


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3

2. Draw an orthorhombic unit cell below, including a set of lattice basis vectors which are
specific and to scale (i.e. make up values for a, b, and c). In the unit cell show the following
planes and directions (you can draw them in different unit cells to make it easier to see). Be
sure to show your coordinate system. Be sure that the way you draw these planes and
directions is consistent with your coordinate system. (20 points)

(100) (112) (131)
[010] [211] [332]



3. Draw the reciprocal space unit cell for the orthorhombic unit cell shown in #2 above. What
are the reciprocal space coordinates of the lattice planes given in #2? (20 points)

1 1 1
4
1 1
*
3
1 1
*
2
1 1
*

= = = = = = A
c
c A
b
b A
a
a


(100)(1,0,0) (112)(1,1,2) (131)(1,3,1)

a*
b*
c*
x
y
z
[010] [211] [332]
(100)

(112)
(131)
a
b
c
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4

4. You are designing a filter window for a Co x-ray source. You have been provided a copy of
Appendix 8 of Cullity for your calculations. (20 points)
a. What is the most common choice of material for this filter window?

The most common filter choice is Z-1. So that would be 27-1=26, Fe iron.


b. What thickness of the filter will transmit 90% of the Co Ko peak?

If we want to use the Co Ko wavelength as our source, we need to transmit a lot of it
(here this is estimating 90%). The transmission factor, TF, needs to be 0.9. / and
can be found in Appendix 8 (for Feor whatever you answered for part a). Then you
rearrange to solve for x.

m 38 . 2 m 10 38 . 2 cm 10 38 . 2
cm
g
87 . 7
g
cm
25 . 56
) 9 . 0 ln( ) TF ln(
x
x ) TF ln(
e
I
I
TF
6 4
3
2
x
0
x
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
= =

|
.
|

\
|

c. What is the transmission factor for the Co K peak for your filter?

To create a monochromatic beam, you need to effectively block out (have a low
transmission factor) for the other wavelengths of the Co source.
Now you use the data Co K wavelength on the Fe filter.

524 . 0 e e
I
I
TF
cm 10 38 . 2
cm
g
87 . 7
g
cm
5 . 345
x
0
x
4
3
2
= = = =


|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

It will transmit 52% (block 48%) of the unwanted Co K wavelength.

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5



5. Below is shown a 2D projection of a tetragonal unit cell for rutile (TiO
2
). The z-axis is out of
the page, and the z-coordinate of each atom is marked in the center of each atom (either z=0 or
z= ). (20 points).

a. Draw a 3D sketch of this unit cell.
b. What symmetry elements are present in the unit cell shown below? Indicate where the
elements are on either your sketch or the original drawing.




The space group of rutile is P4
2
/mnm, which has 15 symmetry elements not including the
identity operator (1). I have shown 7 symmetry elements in the 3D drawing of the unit cell: one
inversion center (i), three mirror planes (m), and three two-fold rotation axes (2). If you got these
7 symmetry elements, you got full credit. The other 8 symmetry elements for this space group
are the two 4
2
screw axes, two n glide planes, two

roto-inversion axes, and two 2

1
screw axes,
which are harder to visualize in a single unit cell.

x
y
Ti
O
0.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0 0
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x
y
T
i
O
m
m
x
y
Ti
O
y
x
m
2
2
z
i
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