This article is about the metallic element. For the place, see Calcium, New York.

Calcium
20

Ca
Mg

Ca
Sr potassium calcium scan!ium

Calcium in the perio!ic table

Appearance !ull gra", sil#er

Spectral lines o$ calcium General properties Name, symbol, number Pronunciation Element category Group, period, block Standard atomic weight Electron con iguration calcium, Ca, %& 'k(lsi)m' KAL-see-m alkaline earth metal % *alkaline earth metals+, ,, s ,&.&-.*,+ /0r1 ,s% %, ., ., % soli! 2.33 g4cm56 2.6-. g4cm56 2223 723,. 8F.,% 8C,, %-&6 8F2,., 8C,2-3- 7,

Physical properties Phase !ensity "near r#t#$ %i&uid density at m#p# 'elting point (oiling point

)eat o usion )eat o *apori+ation 'olar heat capacity ; *;a+ at T *7+ 2 .<, 2& :3<

..3, k94mol52 23,.- k94mol52 %3.:%: 94mol524752 2&& 2&-2 2k 2%%2& k 2,,6 2&& k 2-33

,apor pressure

Atomic properties -.idation states Electronegati*ity 0oni+ation energies "more$ /2, =2/21 *strongl" basic o>i!e+ 2.&& *;auling scale+ 2st? 3.:.. k94mol52 %n!? 22,3., k94mol52 6r!? ,:2%., k94mol52 Atomic radius Co*alent radius ,an der 1aals radius 2:- pm 2-<@2& pm %62 pm $aceAcentere! cubic Crystal structure 'agnetic ordering Electrical resisti*ity 2hermal conducti*ity 2hermal e.pansion Speed o sound "thin rod$ 3oung4s modulus Shear modulus (ulk modulus Poisson ratio 'ohs hardness (rinell hardness CAS registry number !isco*ery !iamagnetic *%& 8C+ 66.< nB4m %&2 C4m524752 *%3 8C+ %%.6 Dm4m524752 *%& 8C+ 6.2& m4s52 %& E;a -., E;a 2- E;a &.62 2.-3 2<- M;a -,,&A-&A% )istory Fumphr" Ga#" *2.&.+ 'iscellanea

5irst isolation

Fumphr" Ga#" *2.&.+

'ost stable isotopes Main article? Hsotopes o$ calcium iso Ca ,2 Ca ,% Ca ,6 Ca ,, Ca ,3 Ca ,< Ca

,&

hal 6li e !' !E "'e,$ !P %2 = = ,& J3.:K2& " *L L + &.2:, 0r ,2 2.&6K2&3 " M A 7 ,% Ca is stable with %% neutrons ,6 Ca is stable with %6 neutrons ,, Ca is stable with %, neutrons ,3 2<%.- ! L5 &.%3. Sc 23 5 5 ,< J%..K2& " *L L + &.:.. Ti 5 ,L &.<:,, 2.:: Sc ,Ca s"n ,.36< ! N 2.%:A 5 5 ,. LL ,.%-, Ti ,. Ca &.2.-I ,.6K2&2: " 5 ,. *L + &.&&3. Sc Geca" mo!es in parentheses are pre!icte!, but ha#e not "et been obser#e!

NA :<.:,2I trace &.<,-I &.263I %.&.<I s"n &.&&,I

# t e

7 re$erences Calcium is the chemical element with s"mbol Ca an! atomic number %&. Calcium is a so$t gra" alkaline earth metal, an! is the $i$thAmostAabun!ant element b" mass in the OarthPs crust. Calcium is also the $i$thAmostAabun!ant !issol#e! ion in seawater b" both molarit" an! mass, a$ter so!ium, chlori!e, magnesium, an! sul$ate./%1 Calcium is essential $or li#ing organisms, in particular in cell ph"siolog", where mo#ement o$ the calcium ion Ca%= into an! out o$ the c"toplasm $unctions as a signal $or man" cellular processes. 0s a maQor material use! in mineraliRation o$ bone, teeth an! shells, calcium is the most abun!ant metal b" mass in man" animals.

Contents

2 Notable characteristics o 2.2 F an! 7 lines % Compoun!s 6 Hsotopes o 6.2 Hsotope $ractionation , Eeochemical c"cling 3 Fistor" < Sccurrence - 0pplications o -.2 Calcium compoun!s

. Nutrition o ..2 Gietar" supplements o ..% Car!io#ascular Hmpact o ..6 Ssteoporosis o .., Cancer : FaRar!s an! to>icit" 2& See also 22 Te$erences 2% Further rea!ing 26 O>ternal links

Notable characteristics

Flame test. UrickAre! color originates $rom calcium. Hn chemical terms, calcium is reacti#e an! so$t $or a metal *though har!er than lea!, it can be cut with a kni$e with !i$$icult"+. Ht is a sil#er" metallic element that must be e>tracte! b" electrol"sis $rom a $use! salt like calcium chlori!e./61 Snce pro!uce!, it rapi!l" $orms a gra"Awhite o>i!e an! nitri!e coating when e>pose! to air. Hn bulk $orm *t"picall" as chips or VturningsV+, the metal is somewhat !i$$icult to ignite, more so e#en than magnesium chipsW but, when lit, the metal burns in air with a brilliant highAintensit" orangeAre! light. Calcium metal reacts with water, generating h"!rogen gas at a rate rapi! enough to be noticeable, but not $ast enough at room temperature to

generate much heat, making it use$ul $or generating h"!rogen./,1 Hn pow!ere! $orm, howe#er, the reaction with water is e>tremel" rapi!, as the increase! sur$ace area o$ the pow!er accelerates the reaction with the water. ;art o$ the slowness o$ the calciumXwater reaction results $rom the metal being partl" protecte! b" insoluble white calcium h"!ro>i!e. Hn water solutions o$ aci!s, where this salt is soluble, calcium reacts #igorousl". Calcium, with a !ensit" o$ 2.33 g'cm6, is the lightest o$ the alkaline earth metalsW magnesium *speci$ic gra#it" 2.-,+ an! ber"llium *2..,+ are more !ense, although lighter in atomic mass. From strontium onwar!, the alkali earth metals become more !ense with increasing atomic mass. Ht has two allotropes./31 Calcium has a higher electrical resisti#it" than copper or aluminium, "et weightA$orA weight, !ue to its much lower !ensit", it is a rather better con!uctor than either. Fowe#er, its use in terrestrial applications is usuall" limite! b" its high reacti#it" with air. Calcium salts are colorless $rom an" contribution o$ the calcium, an! ionic solutions o$ calcium *Ca%=+ are colorless as well. 0s with magnesium salts an! other alkaline earth metal salts, calcium salts are o$ten Yuite soluble in water. Notable e>ceptions inclu!e the h"!ro>i!e, the sul$ate *unusual $or sul$ate salts+, the carbonate an! the phosphates. Cith the e>ception o$ the sul$ate, e#en the insoluble ones liste! are in general more soluble than its transition metal counterparts. Chen in solution, the calcium ion to the human taste #aries remarkabl", being reporte! as mil!l" salt", sour, Vmineral likeV or e#en Vsoothing.V Ht is apparent that man" animals can taste, or !e#elop a taste, $or calcium, an! use this sense to !etect the mineral in salt licks or other sources./<1 Hn human nutrition, soluble calcium salts ma" be a!!e! to tart Quices without much e$$ect to the a#erage palate. Calcium is the $i$thAmostAabun!ant element b" mass in the human bo!", where it is a common cellular ionic messenger with man" $unctions, an! ser#es also as a structural element in bone. Ht is the relati#el" highAatomicAnumber calcium in the skeleton that causes bone to be ra!ioAopaYue. S$ the human bo!"Ps soli! components a$ter !r"ing an! burning o$ organics *as $or e>ample, a$ter cremation+, about a thir! o$ the total VmineralV mass remaining, is the appro>imatel" one kilogram o$ calcium that composes the a#erage skeleton *the remain!er being mostl" phosphorus an! o>"gen+.

) and 8 lines
Zisible spectra o$ man" stars, inclu!ing the Sun, e>hibit strong absorption lines o$ singl" ioniRe! calcium. ;rominent among these are the FAline at 6:<..3 [ an! the 7 line at 6:66.- [ o$ singl" ioniRe! calcium, or Ca HH. For the Sun an! stars with low temperatures, the prominence o$ the F an! 7 lines can be an in!ication o$ strong magnetic acti#it" in the chromosphere. Measurement o$ perio!ic #ariations o$ these acti#e regions can also be use! to !e!uce the rotation perio!s o$ these stars./-1

Compounds

Calcium, combine! with phosphate to $orm h"!ro>"lapatite, is the mineral portion o$ human an! animal bones an! teeth. The mineral portion o$ some corals can also be trans$orme! into h"!ro>"lapatite. Calcium h"!ro>i!e *slake! lime+ is use! in man" chemical re$iner" processes an! is ma!e b" heating limestone at high temperature *abo#e .%3 8C+ an! then care$ull" a!!ing water to it. Chen lime is mi>e! with san!, it har!ens into a mortar an! is turne! into plaster b" carbon !io>i!e uptake. Mi>e! with other compoun!s, lime $orms an important part o$ ;ortlan! cement. Calcium carbonate *CaCS6+ is one o$ the common compoun!s o$ calcium. Ht is heate! to $orm Yuicklime *CaS+, which is then a!!e! to water *F%S+. This $orms another material known as slake! lime *Ca*SF+%+, which is an ine>pensi#e base material use! throughout the chemical in!ustr". Chalk, marble, an! limestone are all $orms o$ calcium carbonate. Chen water percolates through limestone or other soluble carbonate rocks, it partiall" !issol#es the rock an! causes ca#e $ormation an! characteristic stalactites an! stalagmites an! also $orms har! water. Sther important calcium compoun!s are calcium nitrate, calcium sul$i!e, calcium chlori!e, calcium carbi!e, calcium c"anami!e an! calcium h"pochlorite. 0 $ew calcium compoun!s where calcium is in the o>i!ation state =2 ha#e also been in#estigate! recentl"./21

0sotopes
Main article? Hsotopes o$ calcium Calcium has $i#e stable isotopes *,&Ca, ,%Ca, ,6Ca, ,,Ca an! ,<Ca+, plus one more isotope *,.Ca+ that has such a long hal$Ali#e that $or all practical purposes it can also be consi!ere! stable. The %&I range in relati#e mass among naturall" occurring calcium isotopes is greater than $or an" other element e>cept h"!rogen an! helium. Calcium also has a cosmogenic isotope, ra!ioacti#e ,2Ca, which has a hal$Ali$e o$ 2&6,&&& "ears. \nlike cosmogenic isotopes that are pro!uce! in the atmosphere, ,2Ca is pro!uce! b" neutron acti#ation o$ ,&Ca. Most o$ its pro!uction is in the upper metre or so o$ the soil column, where the cosmogenic neutron $lu> is still su$$icientl" strong. ,2 Ca has recei#e! much attention in stellar stu!ies because it !eca"s to ,27, a critical in!icator o$ solarAs"stem anomalies. Ninet"Ase#en percent o$ naturall" occurring calcium is in the $orm o$ ,&Ca. ,&Ca is one o$ the !aughter pro!ucts o$ ,&7 !eca", along with ,&0r. Chile 7X0r !ating has been use! e>tensi#el" in the geological sciences, the pre#alence o$ ,&Ca in nature has impe!e! its use in !ating. TechniYues using mass spectrometr" an! a !ouble spike isotope !ilution ha#e been use! $or 7ACa age !ating. The most abun!ant isotope, ,&Ca, has a nucleus o$ %& protons an! %& neutrons. This is the hea#iest stable isotope o$ an" element that has eYual numbers o$ protons an! neutrons. Hn superno#a e>plosions, calcium is $orme! $rom the reaction o$ carbon with

#arious numbers o$ alpha particles *helium nuclei+, until the most common calcium isotope *containing 2& helium nuclei+ has been s"nthesiRe!./citation needed1

0sotope ractionation
0s with the isotopes o$ other elements, a #ariet" o$ processes $ractionate, or alter the relati#e abun!ance o$, calcium isotopes./.1 The best stu!ie! o$ these processes is the massA!epen!ent $ractionation/disambiguation needed1 o$ calcium isotopes that accompanies the precipitation o$ calcium minerals, such as calcite, aragonite an! apatite, $rom solution. Hsotopicall" light calcium is pre$erentiall" incorporate! into minerals, lea#ing the solution $rom which the mineral precipitate! enriche! in isotopicall" hea#" calcium. 0t room temperature the magnitu!e o$ this $ractionation is roughl" &.%3] *&.&%3I+ per atomic mass unit *0M\+. MassA!epen!ent !i$$erences in calcium isotope composition con#entionall" are e>presse! the ratio o$ two isotopes *usuall" ,,Ca',&Ca+ in a sample compare! to the same ratio in a stan!ar! re$erence material. ,,Ca',&Ca #aries b" about 2I among common earth materials./:1 Calcium isotope $ractionation !uring mineral $ormation has le! to se#eral applications o$ calcium isotopes. Hn particular, the 2::- obser#ation b" Skulan an! Ge;aolo/2&1 that calcium minerals are isotopicall" lighter than the solutions $rom which the minerals precipitate is the basis o$ analogous applications in me!icine an! in paleooceanograph". Hn animals with skeletons mineraliRe! with calcium the calcium isotopic composition o$ so$t tissues re$lects the relati#e rate o$ $ormation an! !issolution o$ skeletal mineral. Hn humans changes in the calcium isotopic composition o$ urine ha#e been shown to be relate! to changes in bone mineral balance. Chen the rate o$ bone $ormation e>cee!s the rate o$ bone resorption, so$t tissue ,,Ca',&Ca rises. So$t tissue ,,Ca',&Ca $alls when bone resorption e>cee!s bone $ormation. Uecause o$ this relationship, calcium isotopic measurements o$ urine or bloo! ma" be use$ul in the earl" !etection o$ metabolic bone !iseases like osteoporosis./221 0 similar s"stem e>ists in the ocean, where seawater ,,Ca',&Ca ten!s to rise when the rate o$ remo#al o$ Ca%= $rom seawater b" mineral precipitation e>cee!s the input o$ new calcium into the ocean, an! $all when calcium input e>cee!s mineral precipitation. Ht $ollows that rising ,,Ca',&Ca correspon!s to $alling seawater Ca%= concentration, an! $alling ,,Ca',&Ca correspon!s to rising seawater Ca%= concentration. Hn 2::- Skulan an! Ge;aolo presente! the $irst e#i!ence o$ change in seawater ,, Ca',&Ca o#er geologic time, along with a theoretical e>planation o$ these changes. More recent papers ha#e con$irme! this obser#ation, !emonstrating that seawater Ca%= concentration is not constant, an! that the ocean probabl" ne#er is in ^stea!" state_ with respect to its calcium input an! output./2%1/261 This has important climatological implications, as the marine calcium c"cle is closel" tie! to the carbon c"cle *see below+.

Geochemical cycling
Calcium pro#i!es an important link between tectonics, climate an! the carbon c"cle. Hn the simplest terms, upli$t o$ mountains e>poses CaAbearing rocks to chemical weathering an! releases Ca%= into sur$ace water. This Ca%= e#entuall" is transporte! to

the ocean where it reacts with !issol#e! CS% to $orm limestone. Some o$ this limestone settles to the sea $loor where it is incorporate! into new rocks. Gissol#e! CS%, along with carbonate an! bicarbonate ions, are re$erre! to as !issol#e! inorganic carbon *GHC+.

Tra#ertine terraces ;amukkale, Turke" The actual reaction is more complicate! an! in#ol#es the bicarbonate ion *FCS65+ that $orms when CS% reacts with water at seawater pF? Ca%= = %FCS5 6 CaCS 6 *limestone+ = CS %=F %S Note that at ocean pF most o$ the CS% pro!uce! in this reaction is imme!iatel" con#erte! back into FCS5 6. The reaction results in a net transport o$ one molecule o$ CS% $rom the ocean'atmosphere into the lithosphere./2,1 The result is that each Ca%= ion release! b" chemical weathering ultimatel" remo#es one CS% molecule $rom the sur$icial s"stem *atmosphere, ocean, soils an! li#ing organisms+, storing it in carbonate rocks where it is likel" to sta" $or hun!re!s o$ millions o$ "ears. The weathering o$ calcium $rom rocks thus scrubs CS% $rom the ocean an! atmosphere, e>erting a strong longAterm e$$ect on climate./231 0nalogous c"cles in#ol#ing magnesium, an! to a much smaller e>tent strontium an! barium, ha#e the same e$$ect. 0s the weathering o$ limestone *CaCS6+ liberates eYuimolar amounts o$ Ca%= an! CS%, it has no net e$$ect on the CS% content o$ the atmosphere an! ocean. The weathering o$ silicate rocks like granite, on the other han!, is a net CS% sink because it pro!uces abun!ant Ca%= but #er" little CS%.

)istory
`ime as buil!ing material was use! since prehistoric times going as $ar back as -&&& to 2,&&& UC./2<1 The $irst !ate! lime kiln !ates back to %3&& UC an! was $oun! in 7ha$aQah mesopotamia./2-1/2.1 Calcium *$rom `atin calx, geniti#e calcis, meaning

VlimeV+/2:1 was known as earl" as the $irst centur" when the 0ncient Tomans prepare! lime as calcium o>i!e. `iterature !ating back to :-3 0G notes that plaster o$ paris *calcium sul$ate+, is use$ul $or setting broken bones. Ht was not isolate! until 2.&. in Onglan! when Sir Fumphr" Ga#" electrol"Re! a mi>ture o$ lime an! mercuric o>i!e. /%&1 Ga#" was tr"ing to isolate calciumW when he hear! that Swe!ish chemist 9ans 9akob UerRelius an! ;ontin prepare! calcium amalgam b" electrol"Ring lime in mercur", he trie! it himsel$. Fe worke! with electrol"sis throughout his li$e an! also !isco#ere!'isolate! so!ium, potassium, magnesium, boron an! barium. Calcium metal was not a#ailable in large scale until the beginning o$ the %&th centur".

-ccurrence
See also categor"? Calcium minerals Calcium is not naturall" $oun! in its elemental state. Calcium occurs most commonl" in se!imentar" rocks in the minerals calcite, !olomite an! g"psum. Ht also occurs in igneous an! metamorphic rocks chie$l" in the silicate minerals? plagioclases, amphiboles, p"ro>enes an! garnets.

Applications
Calcium is use!/%21

as a re!ucing agent in the e>traction o$ other metals, such as uranium, Rirconium, an! thorium. as a !eo>i!iRer, !esul$uriRer, or !ecarboniRer $or #arious $errous an! non$errous allo"s. as an allo"ing agent use! in the pro!uction o$ aluminium, ber"llium, copper, lea!, an! magnesium allo"s. in the making o$ cements an! mortars to be use! in construction. in the making o$ cheese, where calcium ions in$luence the acti#it" o$ rennin in bringing about the coagulation o$ milk.

Calcium compounds
See also categor"? Calcium compoun!s Calcium carbonate *CaCS6+ is use! in manu$acturing cement an! mortar, lime, limestone *usuall" use! in the steel in!ustr"+ an! ai!s in pro!uction in the glass in!ustr". Ht also has chemical an! optical uses as mineral specimens in toothpastes, $or e>ample. Calcium h"!ro>i!e solution *Ca*SF+%+ *also known as limewater+ is use! to !etect the presence o$ carbon !io>i!e b" being bubble! through a solution. Ht turns clou!" where CS% is present. Calcium arsenate *Ca6*0sS,+%+ is use! in insectici!es. Calcium carbi!e *CaC%+ is use! to make acet"lene gas *$or use in acet"lene torches $or wel!ing+ an! in the manu$acturing o$ plastics. Calcium chlori!e *CaCl%+ is use! in ice remo#al an! !ust control on !irt roa!s, in con!itioner $or concrete, as an a!!iti#e in canne! tomatoes, an! to pro#i!e bo!" $or automobile tires.

Calcium c"clamate *Ca*C<F22NFSS6+%+ is use! as a sweetening agent in se#eral countries. Hn the \nite! States it is no longer permitte! $or use because o$ suspecte! cancerAcausing properties./%%1 Calcium gluconate *Ca*C<F22S-+%+ is use! as a $oo! a!!iti#e an! in #itamin pills. Calcium h"pochlorite *Ca*SCl+%+ is use! as a swimming pool !isin$ectant, as a bleaching agent, as an ingre!ient in !eo!orant, an! in algaeci!e an! $ungici!e. Calcium permanganate *Ca*MnS,+%+ is use! in liYui! rocket propellant, te>tile pro!uction, as a water steriliRing agent an! in !ental proce!ures. Calcium phosphate *Ca6*;S,+%+ is use! as a supplement $or animal $ee!, $ertiliRer, in commercial pro!uction $or !ough an! "east pro!ucts, in the manu$acture o$ glass, an! in !ental pro!ucts. Calcium phosphi!e *Ca6;%+ is use! in $ireworks, ro!entici!e, torpe!oes an! $lares. Calcium stearate *Ca*C2.F63S%+%+ is use! in the manu$acture o$ wa> cra"ons, cements, certain kin!s o$ plastics an! cosmetics, as a $oo! a!!iti#e, in the pro!uction o$ water resistant materials an! in the pro!uction o$ paints. Calcium sul$ate *CaSS,4%F%S+ is use! as common blackboar! chalk, as well as, in its hemih"!rate $orm better known as ;laster o$ ;aris. Calcium tungstate *CaCS,+ is use! in luminous paints, $luorescent lights an! in bAra" stu!ies. F"!ro>"lapatite *Ca3*;S,+6*SF+, but is usuall" written Ca2&*;S,+<*SF+%+ makes up se#ent" percent o$ bone. 0lso carbonate!Acalcium !e$icient h"!ro>"lapatite is the main mineral o$ which !ental enamel an! !entin are comprise!.

Nutrition
Main articles? Calcium in biolog", Calcium metabolism, an! Gisor!ers o$ calcium metabolism Calcium is an important component o$ a health" !iet an! a mineral necessar" $or li$e. The National Ssteoporosis Foun!ation sa"s, VCalcium pla"s an important role in buil!ing stronger, Tecommen!e! a!eYuate intake b" the HSM $or calcium?/%61/%,1 !enser bones earl" in Age Calcium "mg9day$ li$e an! keeping bones &X< months %&& strong an! health" -X2% months %<& later in li$e.V 2X6 "ears -&& 0ppro>imatel" :: 2&&& percent o$ the bo!"Ps ,X. "ears calcium is store! in the :X2. "ears 26&& /%31 bones an! teeth. The 2:X3& "ears 2&&& rest o$ the calcium in 32X-& "ears *male+ 2&&& the bo!" has other 32X-& "ears *$emale+ 2%&& important uses, such as -2= "ears 2%&& some e>oc"tosis, especiall" neurotransmitter release, an! muscle contraction. Hn the electrical con!uction s"stem o$ the heart, calcium replaces so!ium as the mineral that !epolariRes the cell, proli$erating the action potential. Hn car!iac muscle, so!ium

in$lu> commences an action potential, but !uring potassium e$$lu>, the car!iac m"oc"te e>periences calcium in$lu>, prolonging the action potential an! creating a plateau phase o$ !"namic eYuilibrium. `ongAterm calcium !e$icienc" can lea! to rickets an! poor bloo! clotting an! in case o$ a menopausal woman, it can lea! to osteoporosis, in which the bone !eteriorates an! there is an increase! risk o$ $ractures. Chile a li$elong !e$icit can a$$ect bone an! tooth $ormation, o#erAretention can cause h"percalcemia *ele#ate! le#els o$ calcium in the bloo!+, impaire! ki!ne" $unction an! !ecrease! absorption o$ other minerals./%<1/%-1 Se#eral sources suggest a correlation between high calcium intake *%&&& mg per !a", or twice the \.S. recommen!e! !ail" allowance, eYui#alent to si> or more glasses o$ milk per !a"+ an! prostate cancer./%.1 Figh calcium intakes or high calcium absorption were pre#iousl" thought to contribute to the !e#elopment o$ ki!ne" stones. Fowe#er, a high calcium intake has been associate! with a lower risk $or ki!ne" stones in more recent research./%:1/6&1/621 Zitamin G is nee!e! to absorb calcium. Gair" pro!ucts, such as milk an! cheese, are a wellAknown source o$ calcium. Some in!i#i!uals are allergic to !air" pro!ucts an! e#en more people, in particular those o$ non Hn!oAOuropean !escent, are lactoseAintolerant, lea#ing them unable to consume nonA$ermente! !air" pro!ucts in Yuantities larger than about hal$ a liter per ser#ing. Sthers, such as #egans, a#oi! !air" pro!ucts $or ethical an! health reasons. Man" goo! #egetable sources o$ calcium e>ist, inclu!ing seawee!s such as kelp, wakame an! hiQikiW nuts an! see!s like almon!s, haRelnuts, sesame, an! pistachioW blackstrap molassesW beans *especiall" so" beans+W $igsW YuinoaW okraW rutabagaW broccoliW !an!elion lea#esW an! kale. Hn a!!ition, se#eral $oo!s an! !rinks, such as orange Quice, so" milk, to$u, break$ast cereals, an! brea!s are o$ten $orti$ie! with calcium./6%1 Numerous #egetables, notabl" spinach, char! an! rhubarb ha#e a high calcium content, but the" ma" also contain #ar"ing amounts o$ o>alic aci! that bin!s calcium an! re!uces its absorption. The same problem ma" to a !egree a$$ect the absorption o$ calcium $rom amaranth, collar! greens, an! chicor" greens. This process ma" also be relate! to the generation o$ calcium o>alate. 0n o#erlooke! source o$ calcium is eggshell, which can be groun! into a pow!er an! mi>e! into $oo! or a glass o$ water./661/6,1/631 The calcium content o$ most $oo!s can be $oun! in the \SG0 National Nutrient Gatabase./6<1

!ietary supplements

3&& milligram calcium supplements ma!e $rom calcium carbonate Calcium supplements are use! to pre#ent an! to treat calcium !e$iciencies. S$$ice o$ Gietar" Supplements *National Hnstitutes o$ Fealth+ recommen!s that no more than <&& mg o$ supplement shoul! be taken at a time because the percent o$ calcium absorbe! !ecreases as the amount o$ calcium in the supplement increases./%61 Ht is there$ore recommen!e! to sprea! !oses throughout the !a". /6-1 Tecommen!e! !ail" calcium intake $or a!ults ranges $rom 2&&& to 26&& mg./6-1 Calcium supplements ma" ha#e si!e e$$ects such as bloating an! constipation in some people. Ht is suggeste! that taking the supplements with $oo! ma" ai! in nulli$"ing these si!e e$$ects./6-1 Zitamin G is a!!e! to some calcium supplements. ;roper #itamin G status is important because #itamin G is con#erte! to a hormone in the bo!", which then in!uces the s"nthesis o$ intestinal proteins responsible $or calcium absorption./6.1

The absorption o$ calcium $rom most $oo! an! commonl" use! !ietar" supplements is #er" similar./6:1 This is contrar" to what man" calcium supplement manu$acturers claim in their promotional materials. Milk is an e>cellent source o$ !ietar" calcium $or those whose bo!ies tolerate it because it has a high concentration o$ calcium an! the calcium in milk is e>cellentl" absorbe!./6:1 So"milk an! other #egetable milks are usuall" sol! with calcium a!!e! so that their calcium concentration is as high as in milk. 0lso !i$$erent kin! o$ Quices booste! with calcium are wi!el" a#ailable. Calcium carbonate is the most common an! least e>pensi#e calcium supplement. Ht shoul! be taken with $oo!, an! !epen!s on low pF le#els *aci!ic+ $or proper absorption in the intestine./,&1 Some stu!ies suggests that the absorption o$ calcium $rom calcium carbonate is similar to the absorption o$ calcium $rom milk./,21/,%1 Chile most people !igest calcium carbonate #er" well, some might !e#elop gastrointestinal !iscom$ort or gas. Taking magnesium with it can help to a#oi! constipation. Calcium carbonate is ,&I elemental calcium. 2&&& mg will pro#i!e ,&& mg o$ calcium. Fowe#er, supplement labels will usuall" in!icate how much calcium is present in each ser#ing, not how much calcium carbonate is present. 0ntaci!s $reYuentl" contain calcium carbonate, an! are a commonl" use!, ine>pensi#e calcium supplement. Coral calcium is a salt o$ calcium !eri#e! $rom $ossiliRe! coral ree$s. Coral calcium is compose! o$ calcium carbonate an! trace minerals. Calcium citrate can be taken without $oo! an! is the supplement o$ choice $or in!i#i!uals with achlorh"!ria or who are taking histamineA% blockers or protonApump inhibitors./,61 Calcium citrate is about %2I elemental calcium. 2&&& mg will pro#i!e %2& mg o$ calcium. Ht is more e>pensi#e than calcium carbonate an! more o$ it must be taken to get the same amount o$ calcium. Calcium phosphate costs more than calcium carbonate, but less than calcium citrate. Microcr"stalline F"!ro>"apatite *MF+ is one o$ se#eral $orms o$ calcium phosphate use! as a !ietar" supplement. F"!ro>"apatite is about ,&I calcium.

Calcium lactate has similar absorption as calcium carbonate,/,,1 but is more e>pensi#e. Calcium lactate an! calcium gluconate are less concentrate! $orms o$ calcium an! are not practical oral supplements./,61 Calcium chelates are s"nthetic calcium compoun!s in which calcium is boun! to an organic molecule, such as malate, aspartate, or $umarate. These $orms o$ calcium ma" be better absorbe! on an empt" stomach. Fowe#er, in general the" are absorbe! similarl" to calcium carbonate an! other common calcium supplements when taken with $oo!./,31 The VchelateV mimics the action that natural $oo! per$orms b" keeping the calcium soluble in the intestine. Thus, on an empt" stomach, in some in!i#i!uals, chelates might, in theor", be absorbe! better.

Cardio*ascular 0mpact
0 stu!" in#estigating the e$$ects o$ personal calcium supplement use on car!io#ascular risk in the Comencs Fealth Hnitiati#e Calcium'Zitamin G Supplementation Stu!" *CFH CaG Stu!"+ $oun! a mo!estl" increase! risk o$ car!io#ascular e#ents, particularl" m"ocar!ial in$arction in postmenopausal women. 0 broa! recommen!ation o$ calcium'#itamin G supplements is there$ore not warrante!./,<1 Hn contrast, the authors o$ a %&26 literature re#iew conclu!e! that the bene$its o$ calcium supplementation, such as on bone health, appear to outweigh an" risk calcium supplementation ma" theoreticall" pose to the car!io#ascular health./,-1

-steoporosis
Such stu!ies o$ten !o not test calcium alone, but rather combinations o$ calcium an! #itamin G. Tan!omiRe! controlle! trials $oun! both positi#e/,.1 an! negati#e/,:1/3&1/321/3%1 e$$ects. The !i$$erent results ma" be e>plaine! b" !oses o$ calcium an! un!erl"ing rates o$ calcium supplementation in the control groups./361

Cancer
0 metaAanal"sis/3,1 b" the international Cochrane Collaboration o$ two ran!omiRe! controlle! trials/331/3<1 $oun! that calcium Vmight contribute to a mo!erate !egree to the pre#ention o$ a!enomatous colonic pol"psV. More recent stu!ies were con$licting, an! one that was positi#e $or e$$ect *`appe, et al.+ !i! control $or a possible antiAcarcinogenic e$$ect o$ #itamin G, which was $oun! to be an in!epen!ent positi#e in$luence $rom calciumAalone on cancer risk *see secon! stu!" below+./3-1

0 ran!omiRe! controlle! trial $oun! that 2&&& mg o$ elemental calcium an! ,&& H\ o$ #itamin G6 ha! no e$$ect on colorectal cancer./3.1 0 ran!omiRe! controlle! trial $oun! that 2,&&X23&& mg supplemental calcium an! 22&& H\ #itamin G6 re!uce! aggregate! cancers with a relati#e risk o$ &.,&%./3:1 0n obser#ational cohort stu!" $oun! that high calcium an! #itamin G intake was associate! with Vlower risk o$ !e#eloping premenopausal breast cancer.V/<&1

)a+ards and to.icity

Compare! with other metals, the calcium ion an! most calcium compoun!s ha#e low to>icit". This is not surprising gi#en the #er" high natural abun!ance o$ calcium compoun!s in the en#ironment an! in organisms. Calcium poses $ew serious en#ironmental problems, with ki!ne" stones the most common si!eAe$$ect in clinical stu!ies. 0cute calcium poisoning is rare, an! !i$$icult to achie#e unless calcium compoun!s are a!ministere! intra#enousl". For e>ample, the oral me!ian lethal !ose *`G3&+ $or rats $or calcium carbonate an! calcium chlori!e are <.,3/<21 an! 2., g'kg,/<%1 respecti#el". Calcium metal is haRar!ous because o$ its sometimesA#iolent reactions with water an! aci!s. Calcium metal is $oun! in some !rain cleaners, where it $unctions to generate heat an! calcium h"!ro>i!e that saponi$ies the $ats an! liYue$ies the proteins *e.g., hair+ that block !rains. Chen swallowe! calcium metal has the same e$$ect on the mouth, esophagus an! stomach, an! can be $atal./<61 O>cessi#e consumption o$ calcium carbonate antaci!s'!ietar" supplements *such as Tums+ o#er a perio! o$ weeks or months can cause milkAalkali s"n!rome, with s"mptoms ranging $rom h"percalcemia to potentiall" $atal renal $ailure. Chat constitutes ^e>cessi#e_ consumption is not well known an!, it is presume!, #aries a great !eal $rom person to person. ;ersons consuming more than 2& grams'!a" o$ CaCS6 *d, g Ca+ are at risk o$ !e#eloping milkAalkali s"n!rome,/<,1 but the con!ition has been reporte! in at least one person consuming onl" %.3 grams'!a" o$ CaCS6 *d2 g Ca+, an amount usuall" consi!ere! mo!erate an! sa$e./<31 Sral calcium supplements !iminish the absorption o$ th"ro>ine when taken within $our to si> hours o$ each other./<<1 Thus, people taking both calcium an! th"ro>ine run the risk o$ ina!eYuate th"roi! hormone replacement an! thence h"poth"roi!ism i$ the" take them simultaneousl" or nearAsimultaneousl". /<-1/unreliable medical source?1 O>cessi#e/vague1 calcium supplementation can be !etrimental to car!io#ascular health, especiall" in men./<.1/<:1

See also
Calcium Period 4 elements Alkaline earth metals Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically) Chemical elements (sorted by number)

(ooks
Ziew or or!er collections o$ articles

Portals
0ccess relate! topics

Chemistry portal Me!ia $rom Commons Ge$initions $rom Ciktionar" Te>tbooks $rom Cikibooks `earning resources $rom Ciki#ersit"

Fin! out more on Cikipe!iaPs

Sister pro:ects

;e erences
2. 7rieck, S#enW Earls, FelmarW Cesterhausen, Matthias *%&2&+. VMechanistic Oluci!ation o$ the Formation o$ the Hn#erse Ca*H+ San!wich Comple> /*th$+6Ca*eAC<F6A2,6,3A;h6+Ca*th$+61 an! Stabilit" o$ 0r"lA Substitute! ;hen"lcalcium Comple>esV. Journal of the American Chemical Society <=2 *63+? 2&&.2.22&36,&%&. !oi?2&.2&%2'Qa2&336,w. ;MHG %&-2.,6,. %. Gickson, 0. E. an! Eo"et, C. *2::,+. V3V. Handbook of method for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea ater! version ". STN`'CGH0CA-,. 6. ;auling, `inus *2:-&+. #eneral Chemistry. Go#er ;ublications. p. <%-. HSUN &A-2<-A&2,:A:. ,. Theo!ore Era". $he %lements. ;age 33 3. !oi?2&.2&&-'UF&%.-62:< <. Tor!o$$, M. E. *%&&2+. VCalcium? Taste, Hntake, an! 0ppetiteV. &hysiological 'evie s >< *,+? 23<-X:-. ;MHG 223.2,:-. -. Sta$$ *2::3+. VFA7 ;roQectV. Mount Cilson Sbser#ator". Tetrie#e! %&&<A&.A2&. .. Tussell, C0W ;apanastassiou, G0W Tombrello, T0 *2:-.+. VCa isotope $ractionation on the earth an! other solar s"stem materialsV. #eochim Cosmochim Acta ?2 *.+? 2&-3X:&. Uibco!e?2:-.EeCo0..,%.2&-3T. !oi?2&.2&2<'&&2<A-&6-*-.+:&2&3A:. :. Skulan, 9W Gepaolo, G9 *2:::+. VCalcium isotope $ractionation between so$t an! mineraliRe! tissues as a monitor o$ calcium use in #ertebratesV. &roc (atl Acad Sci )SA @A *%,+? 26-&:X26. Uibco!e?2:::;N0S...:<26-&:S. !oi?2&.2&-6'pnas.:<.%,.26-&:. ;MC %,2%:. ;MHG 2&3-&26-. 2&. Skulan, 9W Gepaolo, G9W Swens, T` *9une 2::-+. VUiological control o$ calcium isotopic abun!ances in the global calcium c"cleV. #eochimica et Cosmochimica Acta A< *2%+? %3&3X2&. Uibco!e?2::-EeCo0..<2.%3&3S. !oi?2&.2&2<'S&&2<A-&6-*:-+&&&,-A2.

22.

Skulan, 9W Uullen, TW 0nbar, 0GW ;uRas, 9OW Shackel$or!, `W `eblanc, 0W Smith, SM *%&&-+. VNatural calcium isotopic composition o$ urine as a marker o$ bone mineral balanceV. Clinical Chemistry AB= *<+? 2233X223.. !oi?2&.26-6'clinchem.%&&<.&.&2,6. ;MHG 2-,<62-<. 2%. Fantle, MW Gepaolo, G *%&&-+. VCa isotopes in carbonate se!iment an! pore $lui! $rom SG; Site .&-0? The Ca%=*aY+Xcalcite eYuilibrium $ractionation $actor an! calcite recr"stalliRation rates in ;leistocene se!imentsV. #eochim Cosmochim Acta C< *2&+? %3%,X%3,<. Uibco!e?%&&-EeCo0..-2.%3%,F. !oi?2&.2&2<'Q.gca.%&&-.&6.&&<. 26. Eri$$ith, OliRabeth M.W ;a"tan, 0!inaW Cal!eira, 7enW Uullen, ThomasW Thomas, Ollen *%&&.+. V0 G"namic marine calcium c"cle !uring the past %. million "earsV. Science =22 *2%+? 2<-2X2<-,. Uibco!e?%&&.Sci...6%%.2<-2E. !oi?2&.22%<'science.22<6<2,. ;MHG 2:&-,6,3. 2,. feebe *%&&<+. VMarine carbonate chemistr"V. National Council $or Science an! the On#ironment. Tetrie#e! %&2&A&6A26. 23. Uerner, Tobert *%&&6+. VThe longAterm carbon c"cle, $ossil $uels an! atmospheric compositionV. (ature ?2A *<:<,+? 6%6X6%<. Uibco!e?%&&6Natur.,%<..6%6U. !oi?2&.2&6.'nature&%262. ;MHG 2,<%.&<2. 2<. Miller, M. Michael. VCommo!it" report?`imeV. \nite! States Eeological Sur#e". Tetrie#e! %&2%A&6A&<. 2-. Cilliams, Tichar! *%&&,+. *ime +ilns and *ime ,urning. p. ,. HSUN :-.A&A-,-.A&3:<A&. 2.. Sates, 9. 0. F *%&&.A&-A&2+. *ime and *imestone- Chemistry and $echnology! &roduction and )ses. HSUN :-.A6A3%-A<2%&2A-. 2:. cal>. Charlton T. `ewis an! Charles Short. A *atin .ictionary on ;erseus ;roQect. %&. Ga#" F *2.&.+. VOlectroAchemical researches on the !ecomposition o$ the earthsW with obser#ations on the metals obtaine! $rom the alkaline earths, an! on the amalgam procure! $rom ammoniaV. &hilosophical $ransactions of the 'oyal Society of *ondon @>? 666X6-&. Uibco!e?2.&.TS;T...:...666G. !oi?2&.2&:.'rstl.2.&..&&%6. %2. `i!e, G. T., e!. *%&&3+. C'C Handbook of Chemistry and &hysics *.<th e!.+. Uoca Taton *F`+? CTC ;ress. HSUN &A.,:6A&,.<A3. %%. Newton, Ga#i! O *%&&:A&2A&2+. /ood Chemistry. pp. -6X--. HSUN :-.2,6.2&:-3<. %6. VGietar" Supplement Fact Sheet? CalciumV. Tetrie#e! . March %&22. %,. VGietar" Te$erence Hntakes $or Calcium an! Zitamin GV. No#ember %&2&. %3. VGietar" Supplement Fact Sheet? CalciumV. S$$ice o$ Gietar" Supplements, NHF. Tetrie#e! 62 March %&22. %<. Stan!ing Committee on the Scienti$ic O#aluation o$ Gietar" Te$erence Hntakes, Foo! an! Nutrition Uoar!, Hnstitute o$ Me!icine *2::-+. .ietary 'eference 0ntakes for Calcium! &hosphorus! 1agnesium! 2itamin . and fluoride. Cashington GC? The National 0ca!emies ;ress. HSUN &A6&:A&<,&6A 2. %-. Committee to Te#iew Gietar" Te$erence Hntakes $or Zitamin G an! CalciumW Hnstitute o$ Me!icine *%&22+. 0. Catharine Toss, Christine `. Ta"lor, 0nn `. Yaktine, Feather U. Gel Zalle, e!. .ietary 'eference 0ntakes for Calcium and 2itamin .. HSUN :-.A&A6&:A2<6:,A2.

%..

Eio#annucci O, Timm OU, Colk 0, et al3 *Februar" 2::.+. VCalcium an! $ructose intake in relation to risk o$ prostate cancerV. Cancer 'esearch B> *6+? ,,%X-. ;MHG :,3.&.-. %:. Curhan, ECW Cillett, CCW Timm, OUW Stamp$er, M9 *2::6+. V0 prospecti#e stu!" o$ !ietar" calcium an! other nutrients an! the risk o$ s"mptomatic ki!ne" stonesV *;GF+. $he (e %ngland Journal of 1edicine =2> *2%+? .66X.. !oi?2&.2&3<'NO9M2::6&6%36%.2%&6. ;MHG .,,2,%-. 6&. Uihl E, Me"ers 0. *%&&2+. VTecurrent renal stone !iseaseAa!#ances in pathogenesis an! clinical managementV. *ancet =B> *:%.%+? <32X<3<. !oi?2&.2&2<'S&2,&A<-6<*&2+&3-.%A.. ;MHG 2236&2-6. 62. Fall CG, ;ettinger M, Sberman 0 *%&&2+. VTisk $actors $or ki!ne" stones in ol!er women in the Southern \nite! StatesV. Am J 1ed Sci =22 *2+? 2%X2.. !oi?2&.2&:-'&&&&&,,2A%&&2&-&&&A&&&&6. ;MHG 22,<3%,2. 6%. Calcium in Giet, Me!line ;lus, \S National Hnstitutes o$ Fealth. Section VSther sources o$ calciumV. 0ccesse! 2% Februar" %&2, 66. Schaa$sma, 0nne an! Ueelen, Eerar! M *2:::+. VOggshell pow!er, a comparable or better source o$ calcium than puri$ie! calcium carbonate? piglet stu!iesV. Journal of the Science of /ood and Agriculture C@ *2%+? 23:<X2<&&. !oi?2&.2&&%'*SHCH+2&:-A&&2&*2:::&:+-:?2%g23:<??0HGA9SF0,&<J6.&.CSW%A 0. 6,. Schaa$sma 0, #an Goormaal 99, Muskiet F0, Fo$ste!e E9, ;akan H, #an !er Zeer O *%&&%+. V;ositi#e e$$ects o$ a chicken eggshell pow!erA enriche! #itaminAmineral supplement on $emoral neck bone mineral !ensit" in health" late postAmenopausal Gutch womenV. ,r3 J3 (utr3 >C *6+? %<-X-3. !oi?2&.2&-:'U9NU9N%&&2323. ;MHG 2%&<,66<. 63. To#enskh 9, Stanciko#j M, Masar"k ;, S#ik 7, Hstok T *%&&6+. VOggshell calcium in the pre#ention an! treatment o$ osteoporosisV. 0nt J Clin &harmacol 'es 2= *%X6+? .6X:%. ;MHG 23&2.&%%. 6<. V\SG0 National Nutrient GatabaseV. 6-. VGietar" Supplement Fact Sheet? Calcium X kuick Facts l Tetrie#e! %. 0ugust %&26 6.. Combs, E *%&&.+. $he 2itamins. 0ca!emic ;ress. p. 2<2. HSUN &A2%A 2.6,:&A3. 6:. Cea#er, CM *%&&<+. V%: CalciumV. Hn Uarbara 0. Uowman, Tobert M. Tussell. &resent +no ledge in (utrition 0 *:th e!.+. H`SH ;ress. p. 6--. HSUN 2A3-..2A2:.A.. ,&. Temington, 9oseph *%&&3+. 'emington- $he Science and &ractice of &harmacy. `ippincott Cilliams m Cilkins. p. 266.. HSUN &A-.2-A,<-6A<. ,2. fhao, YW Martin, UTW Cea#er, CM *%&&3+. VCalcium bioa#ailabilit" o$ calcium carbonate $orti$ie! so" milk is eYui#alent to cowPs milk in "oung womenV. J3 (utr3 <=B *2&+? %6-:X.%. ;MHG 2<2--2::. ,%. Martini, `igia an! Coo!, Tichar! 9 *%&&%+. VTelati#e bioa#ailabilit" o$ calciumArich !ietar" sources in the el!erl"V. American Journal of Clinical (utrition CA *<+? 26,3X263&. ;MHG 2%,3&:&%. ,6. Straub, G. 0. *%&&-+. VCalcium Supplementation in Clinical ;ractice? 0 Te#iew o$ Forms, Goses, an! Hn!icationsV. (utrition in Clinical &ractice 22 *6+? %.<X:<. !oi?2&.22--'&223,%<3&-&%%&&6%.<. ;MHG 2-3&--%:. ,,. Martin, Uer!ine T.W Cea#er, CMW Feane", T;W ;ackar!, ;TW Smith, G` *%&&%+. VCalcium 0bsorption $rom Three Salts an! CaSS,AForti$ie! Urea!

in ;remenopausal ComenV. Journal of Agricultural and /ood Chemistry B0 *26+? 6.-,X<. !oi?2&.2&%2'Q$&%&&<3g. ;MHG 2%&3:2-,. ,3. Cea#er, Connie M.W Martin, UTW Costa, NMW Saleeb, FfW Futh, ;9 *%&&%+. V0bsorption o$ Calcium Fumarate Salts Hs OYui#alent to Sther Calcium Salts Chen Measure! in the Tat Mo!elV. Journal of Agricultural and /ood Chemistry B0 *2-+? ,:-,X3. !oi?2&.2&%2'Q$&%&&,%%. ;MHG 2%2<<::%. ,<. M. 9. Uollan!, 0. Ere", 0. 0#enell, E. G. Eamble, H. T. Tei!. *%&22+. VCalcium supplements with or without #itamin G an! risk o$ car!io#ascular e#ents? reanal"sis o$ the ComenPs Fealth Hnitiati#e limite! access !ataset an! metaAanal"sis.V ,1JW6,%?!%&,& GSH? 2&.226<'bmQ.!%&,& ,-. Gowning `, Hslam M0 *9ul" %&26+. VHn$luence o$ calcium supplements on the occurrence o$ car!io#ascular e#entsV. Am J Health Syst &harm *Te#iew+ C0 *26+? 226%X:. !oi?2&.%2,<'aQhp2%&,%2. ;MHG %6-.,2<&. ,.. GawsonAFughes U, Farris SS, 7rall O0, Gallal EO *2::-+. VO$$ect o$ calcium an! #itamin G supplementation on bone !ensit" in men an! women <3 "ears o$ age or ol!erV. (3 %ngl3 J3 1ed3 ==C *2&+? <-&X<. !oi?2&.2&3<'NO9M2::-&:&,66-2&&6. ;MHG :%-.,<6. ,:. 9ackson TG, `aCroi> 0f, Eass M *%&&<+. VCalcium plus #itamin G supplementation an! the risk o$ $racturesV. (3 %ngl3 J3 1ed3 =B? *-+? <<:X.6. !oi?2&.2&3<'NO9Moa&33%2.. ;MHG 2<,.2<63. 3&. Erant 0M, 0#enell 0, Campbell M7 *%&&3+. VSral #itamin G6 an! calcium $or secon!ar" pre#ention o$ lowAtrauma $ractures in el!erl" people *Tan!omise! O#aluation o$ Calcium Sr #itamin G, TOCSTG+? a ran!omise! placeboAcontrolle! trialV. *ancet =AB *:,-2+? 2<%2X.. !oi?2&.2&2<'S&2,&A <-6<*&3+<6&26A:. ;MHG 23..3%:,. 32. ;orthouse 9, Cocka"ne S, 7ing C *%&&3+. VTan!omise! controlle! trial o$ calcium an! supplementation with cholecalci$erol *#itamin G6+ $or pre#ention o$ $ractures in primar" careV. ,1J ==0 *-,:.+? 2&&6. !oi?2&.226<'bmQ.66&.-,:..2&&6. ;MC 33-23&. ;MHG 23.<&.%-. 3%. ;rince T`, Ge#ine 0, Ghaliwal SS, Gick HM *%&&<+. VO$$ects o$ calcium supplementation on clinical $racture an! bone structure? results o$ a 3A "ear, !oubleAblin!, placeboAcontrolle! trial in el!erl" womenV. Arch3 0ntern3 1ed3 <AA *.+? .<:X-3. !oi?2&.2&&2'archinte.2<<....<:. ;MHG 2<<6<%2%. 36. Fletcher TF *%&&<+. VCalcium plus #itamin G !i! not pre#ent hip $racture or colorectal cancer in postmenopausal womenV *subscription reYuire!+. AC& J3 Club <?B *2+? ,X3. ;MHG 2<.2663,. 3,. Ceingarten M0, falmano#ici 0, Yaphe 9 *%&&3+. .ietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Hn Ceingarten, Michael 0sher. VGietar" calcium supplementation $or pre#enting colorectal cancer, a!enomatous pol"ps an! calcium metabolisism !isor!erV. Cochrane database of systematic revie s 45nline6 *6+? CG&&63,.. !oi?2&.2&&%'2,<32.3..CG&&63,..pub6. ;MHG 2<&6,:&6. 33. Uaron 90, Ueach M, Man!el 9S *2:::+. VCalcium supplements $or the pre#ention o$ colorectal a!enomas. Calcium ;ol"p ;re#ention Stu!" EroupV. (3 %ngl3 J3 1ed3 =?0 *%+? 2&2X-. !oi?2&.2&3<'NO9M2:::&22,6,&&%&,. ;MHG :..-2<2. 3<. UonithonA7opp C, 7ronborg S, Eiacosa 0, Tnth \, Fai#re 9 *%&&&+. VCalcium an! $ibre supplementation in pre#ention o$ colorectal a!enoma recurrence? a ran!omise! inter#ention trial. Ouropean Cancer ;re#ention

Srganisation Stu!" EroupV. *ancet =BA *:%6.+? 26&&X<. !oi?2&.2&2<'S&2,&A <-6<*&&+&%.26A&. ;MHG 22&-6&2-. 3-. `appe, 9MW Tra#ersAEusta$son, GW Ga#ies, 7MW Tecker, TTW Feane", T; *%&&-+. VZitamin G an! calcium supplementation re!uces cancer risk? results o$ a ran!omiRe! trialV. $he American 7ournal of clinical nutrition >B *<+? 23.<X:2. ;MHG 2-33<<:-. 3.. CactawskiACen!e 9, 7otchen 9M, 0n!erson E` *%&&<+. VCalcium plus #itamin G supplementation an! the risk o$ colorectal cancerV. (3 %ngl3 J3 1ed3 =B? *-+? <.,X:<. !oi?2&.2&3<'NO9Moa&33%%%. ;MHG 2<,.2<6<. 3:. `appe 9M, Tra#ersAEusta$son G, Ga#ies 7M, Tecker TT, Feane" T; *%&&-+. VZitamin G an! calcium supplementation re!uces cancer risk? results o$ a ran!omiRe! trialV. Am3 J3 Clin3 (utr3 >B *<+? 23.<X:2. ;MHG 2-33<<:-. <&. `in 9, Manson 9O, `ee HM, Cook NT, Uuring 9O, fhang SM *%&&-+. VHntakes o$ calcium an! #itamin G an! breast cancer risk in womenV. Arch3 0ntern3 1ed3 <AC *2&+? 2&3&X:. !oi?2&.2&&2'archinte.2<-.2&.2&3&. ;MHG 2-366%&.. <2. `ewis, T. 9. *2::<+. Sax8s .angerous &roperties of 0ndustrial 1aterials *: e!.+. New York, NY? Zan Nostran! Teinhol!. p. <63. HSUN &A ,-2A6-.3.A3. <%. 0$003 $oxic and Ha9ardous 0ndustrial Chemicals Safety 1anual. Tok"o, 9apan? The Hnternational Technical Hn$ormation Hnstitute. 2:... p. 2&2. <6. Tumack UF. ;SHSHNGOb. Hn$ormation S"stem Microme!e>, Hnc., Onglewoo!, CS, %&2&W CCHS Zolume 2,6. Fall 0F an! Tumack UF *O!s+ <,. Ueall G;, Fenslee FU, Cebb FT, Sco$iel! TF *%&&<+. VMilkAalkali s"n!rome? a historical re#iew an! !escription o$ the mo!ern #ersion o$ the s"n!romeV. Am3 J3 1ed3 Sci3 ==< *3+? %66X,%. !oi?2&.2&:-'&&&&&,,2A %&&<&3&&&A&&&&2. ;MHG 2<-&%-:%. <3. ;icolos M7 an! Srlan!er ;T *%&&3+. VCalcium carbonate to>icit"? The up!ate! milkAalkali s"n!romeW report o$ 6 cases an! re#iew o$ the literatureV. %ndocrine &ractice ? *22+? %-%X.&. !oi?2&.,23.'O;.22.,.%-%. ;MHG 2<&&<6&&. <<. Singh, N.W Singh, ;.W Fershman, 9. *%&&&+. VO$$ect o$ calcium carbonate on the absorption o$ le#oth"ro>ineV. JA1A- the Journal of the American 1edical Association 2>= *%2+? %.%%X%.%3. !oi?2&.2&&2'Qama.%.6.%2.%.%%. ;MHG 2&.6.<32. e!it <-. Far!ing, 0nne. VCalcium Ma" Felp Cith Ceight `ossV. Tetrie#e! %&&-A&-A2&. <.. Michaolsson 7, Melhus F, CarensQa `emming O, Colk 0, U"berg ` *%&26+. V`ong term calcium intake an! rates o$ all cause an! car!io#ascular mortalit"? communit" base! prospecti#e longitu!inal cohort stu!"V. ,1J =?A? $%%.. !oi?2&.226<'bmQ.$%%.. ;MC 63-2:,:. ;MHG %6,&6:.&. <:. biao k, Murph" T0, Fouston G7, Farris TU, Chow CF, ;ark Y *%&26+. VGietar" an! supplemental calcium intake an! car!io#ascular !isease mortalit"? the National Hnstitutes o$ FealthA00T; !iet an! health stu!"V. JA1A 0nternal 1edicine <C= *.+? <6:X<,<. !oi?2&.2&&2'Qamainternme!.%&26.6%.6. ;MC 6-3<,--. ;MHG %66.2-2:.

5urther reading

Tebecca 9. Gonatelle. Health! $he ,asics. <th e!. San Francisco? ;earson O!ucation, Hnc. %&&3.

E.ternal links

CebOlements.com X Calcium Calcium at $he &eriodic $able of 2ideos *\ni#ersit" o$ Nottingham+ \SG0 National Nutrient Gatabase, Calcium content o$ selecte! $oo!s \7 Foo! Stan!ar!s 0genc"? Calcium Nutrition $act sheet $rom the National Hnstitutes o$ Fealth DhideE * t e

Periodic table "%arge *ersion$

2 % 6 , 3 < - . : 2& 22 2% 26 2, 23 2< 22 F % `i Ue U C N S F 6 Na Mg 0l Si ; S Cl , 7 Ca Sc Ti Z Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu fn Ea Ee 0s Se Ur 3 Tb Sr Y fr Nb Mo Tc Tu Th ;! 0g C! Hn Sn Sb Te H < Cs Ua `a Ce ;r N! ;m Sm Ou E! Tb G" Fo Or Tm Yb `u F$ Ta C Te Ss Hr ;t 0u Fg Tl ;b Ui ;o 0t - Fr Ta 0c Th ;a \ Np ;u 0m Cm Uk C$ Os Fm M! No `r T$ Gb Sg Uh Fs Mt Gs Tg Cn 226 Fl 223 `# 22\nkno 0lkali 0lkaline `anA Transition Sther ;ol"atomic Giatomic Noble 0ctini!e Metalloi! chemi metal earth metal thani!e metal metal nonmetal nonmetal gas proper DshowE * t e

Calcium compounds
Categories? 0lkaline earth metals Calcium Chemical elements Gietar" minerals Gietar" supplements Te!ucing agents So!ium channel blockers