FINAL REPORT OF FOURIER ANALYSIS - THE ORTHOGONALITY OF THE FOURIER BASIS -

9313098, Chi-Pin Cheng, Department of Communication Engineering, NCTU. Abstract In this report, I will show that the elements of the Fourier basis are mutually orthogonal. Then, change the basis into another form, by the properties of even and odd functions. I. The Fourier Basis By denition, a periodic function f (x) with period 2 can be written as f (x) =

a0 + an cos nx + bn sin nx 2 n=1

1

1 f (x) cos mxdx, and bn = where am = for m = 0, 1, 2, ... and n = 1, 2, ...

f (x) sin nxdx,

Then, we call that {1, cos mx, sin nx|m, n N} is the Fourier basis.

II. The Orthogonality of the Fourier Basis (a) nd the norms of each element of the Fourier Basis. (sol)

1 1dx = 2

cos mx

cos mx cos mxdx = , m N

sin nx

sin nx sin nxdx = , n N

(b) claim: the elements of Fourier Basis are mutually orthogonal. (proof ) < 1, cos mx >= cos mxdx = 0, m N < 1, sin nx >= sin nxdx = 0, n N < cos mx, sin nx >= 1 2 [sin(m + n)x sin(m n)x]dx = 0, m, n N 1 < cos mx, cos nx >= 2 [cos(m + n)x + cos(m n)x]dx = 0, m, n N, m = n 1 < sin mx, sin nx >= 2 [cos(m + n)x cos(m n)x]dx = 0, m, n N, m = n the elements of Fourier Basis are mutually orthogonal.
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FINAL REPORT OF FOURIER ANALYSIS - THE ORTHOGONALITY OF THE FOURIER BASIS -

III. Change of the Fourier Basis First, review the properties of even and odd functions. For any function f (x), we can write it into f (x) = fe (x) + fo (x), where fe (x) is even, fo (x) is odd, by letting fe (x) = fo (x) =
f (x)+f (x) 2 f (x)f (x) 2

claim: the Fourier Basis can be changed into {eikx |k Z}. (proof ) Since eikx = cos kx + i sin kx, for cos kx is even, and i sin kx is odd, Then, we get f (x) = a0 i0x e + 2 a0 + 2 ak
e cos kx = e + 2 eikx eikx i sin kx = 2
ikx ikx

ak cos kx + bk sin kx
k=1

= let c0 =
a0 2 , ck

an ibn , ck 2

k=1 ibn = an + , k 2

eikx + eikx eikx eikx ibk 2 2 N, and rewrite the equation: ck eikx
k=

f (x) =

Finally we successfully change the basis into {eikx |k Z}.

IV. Coecients of the Fourier Basis Since that we know the norms and the orthogonality of the Fourier Basis, we can get the coecients by the properties learned from linear algebra. (a) for a0 : a0 = 2 (b) for am , m = 0: am = (c) for bn , n = 0: bn =

f (x) 1dx 1
2

f (x)dx

f (x) cos mxdx cos mx

2

f (x) cos mxdx

f (x) sin nxdx sin nx

2

f (x) sin nxdx

Note that we also verify the denition of Fourier Basis in I.

FINAL REPORT OF FOURIER ANALYSIS

- THE ORTHOGONALITY OF THE FOURIER BASIS - 3

V. Conclusions We veried the orthogonality of Fourier Basis, and also changed it into the complex form. In fact, The Basis can be applied on all periodic functions, say, with period 2L, by letting the Fourier Basis become {1, cos L mx, sin L nx|m, n N}, and f (x) =
L

a0 + an cos nx + bn sin nx 2 L L n=1

1 L L L f (x) sin L nxdx,

1 where am = L f (x) cos L mxdx, and bn = L for m = 0, 1, 2, ... and n = 1, 2, ...

VI. References 1. An Introduction and Experiments of Communication Engineering, Chen-Yi Chang, 2002. 2. A First Course in Fourier Analysis, Kammler, David W., Prentice Hall, 1999.