George Orwell - 1984 (completed in 1948 when the Cold War was beginning) George Orwells real name

was Eric Arth r !lair " a disting ished !ritish #o rnalist$ essa%ist and no&elist' (born aro nd the beginning o( the )* th cent r%) his (ather was a ci&il ser&ant with the !ritish colonial administration in +ndia and ! rma' ed cated in England$ (o ght in the ,panish Ci&il War' d ring the War World ++$ he wrote and broadcast (or the !!C- .e became primaril% /nown as a political writer' his later wor/s re(lected his disill sionment with 0 ssian comm nism- .is most pop lar wor/s are1 the political (able Animal Farm a satire in which he attac/s 0e&ol tionar% and 2ost30e&ol tionar% 0 ssia and 1984 a (ictional wor/ which warns o( the dangers o( li(e and li&ing in a totalitarian state-(What is totalitarianism4) 5ied (rom t berc losis in 196*1978 " the %ear when ,talin proclaimed the constit tion o( the 9nited o( ,o&iet ,ocialist 0ep blics (9,,0) :the most democratic in the World; act all% a one3part% state$ a dictatorship- < the boo/ is an attac/ on socialism and general and the comm nist regime in 0 ssia in partic lar$ a prophes% o( what wo ld happen in the West$ sho ld comm nism spreadChapter 1 :It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. Winston Smith, his
chin nuzzled into his breast in an effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quickly through the glass doors of ictory !ansions, though not quickly enough to prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him. "he hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. At one end of it a coloured poster, too large for indoor display, had been tacked to the wall. It depicted simply an enormous face, more than a metre wide# the face of a man of about forty$five, with a heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features. %&'(n each landing, opposite the lift$shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. )I* )+(",-+ IS WA".,I/* 0(1, the caption beneath it ran. %&'Inside the flat a fruity voice was reading out a list of figures which had something to do with the production of pig$iron 2raw iron3. "he voice came from an oblong metal plaque like a dulled mirror which formed part of the surface of the right$hand wall. Winston turned a switch and the voice sank somewhat, though the words were still distinguishable. "he instrument %the telescreen, it was called' could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it off completely. ,e moved over to the window# a smallish, frail figure, the meagreness of his body merely emphasized by the blue overalls which were the uniform of the party. %&' (utside, even through the shut window$pane, the world looked cold. %&'"he black$ moustachio4d face gazed down from every commanding corner. "here was one on the house$front immediately opposite. )I* )+(",-+ IS WA".,I/* 0(1, the caption said, while the dark eyes looked deep into Winston4s own. 5own at street level another poster, torn at one corner, flapped fitfully in the wind, alternately covering and uncovering the single word I/*S(.. In the far distance a helicopter skimmed down between the roofs, hovered for an instant like a bluebottle, and darted away again with a curving flight. It was the police patrol, snooping into people4s windows. "he patrols did not matter, however. (nly the "hought 6olice mattered. %&' :,is eyes re$focused on the page. ,e discovered that while he sat helplessly musing he had also been writing, as though by automatic action. And it was no longer the same cramped, awkward handwriting as before. ,is pen had slid voluptuously over the smooth paper, printing in large neat capitals 5(W/ WI", )I* )+(",-+ 5(W/ WI", )I* )+(",-+ 5(W/ WI", )I* )+(",-+ 5(W/ WI", )I* )+(",-+ 5(W/ WI", )I* )+(",-+

over and over again, filling half a page. ,e could not help feeling a twinge of panic. It was absurd, since the writing of those particular words was not more dangerous than the initial act of opening the diary, but for a moment he was tempted to tear out the spoiled pages and abandon the enterprise altogether. ,e did not do so, however, because he knew that it was useless. Whether he wrote 5(W/ WI", )I* )+(",-+, or whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. "he "hought 6olice would get him 7ust the same. ,e had committed 8 would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper 8 the essential crime that contained all others in itself. "houghtcrime, they called it. "houghtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever. 0ou might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you. It was always at night 8 the arrests invariably happened at night. "he sudden 7erk out of sleep, the rough hand shaking your shoulder, the lights glaring in your eyes, the ring of hard faces round the bed. In the vast ma7ority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. 6eople simply disappeared, always during the night. 0our name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one$time e9istence was denied and then forgotten. 0ou were abolished, annihilated# vaporized was the usual word.;

(=) :"he !inistry of "ruth8!initrue, in /ewspeak:8was startlingly different from any other
ob7ect in sight. It was an enormous pyramidal structure of glittering white concrete, soaring up, terrace after terrace, ;<< metres into the air. =rom where Winston stood it was 7ust possible to read, picked out on its white face in elegant lettering, the three slogans of the 6arty# WA+ IS 6-A.=+--5(! IS S>A -+0 I*/(+A/.- IS S"+-/*", "he !inistry of "ruth contained, it was said, three thousand rooms above ground level, and corresponding ramifications below. Scattered about >ondon there were 7ust three other buildings of similar appearance and size. So completely did they dwarf the surrounding architecture that from the roof of ictory !ansions you could see all four of them simultaneously. "hey were the homes of the four !inistries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided. "he !inistry of "ruth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. "he !inistry of 6eace, which concerned itself with war. "he !inistry of >ove, which maintained law and order. And the !inistry of 6lenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. "heir names, in /ewspeak# !initrue, !inipa9, !iniluv, and !iniplenty. "he !inistry of >ove was the really frightening one. "here were no windows in it at all. Winston had never been inside the !inistry of >ove, nor within half a kilometre of it. It was a place impossible to enter e9cept on official business, and then only by penetrating through a maze of barbed$wire entanglements, steel doors, and hidden machine$gun nests.;

Chapter 2 :5own in the street the wind flapped the torn poster to and fro, and the word I/*S(.
fitfully appeared and vanished. Ingsoc. "he sacred principles of Ingsoc. /ewspeak, doublethink, the mutability of the past. ,e felt as though he were wandering in the forests of the sea bottom, lost in a monstrous world where he himself was the monster. 2living in a fish tank3 ,e was alone. "he past was dead, the future was unimaginable. What certainty had he that a single human creature now living was on his side? And what way of knowing that the dominion of the 6arty would not endure for ever? >ike an answer, the three slogans on the white face of the !inistry of "ruth came back to him# WA+ IS 6-A.=+--5(! IS S>A -+0 I*/(+A/.- IS S"+-/*", ,e took a twenty$five cent piece out of his pocket. "here, too, in tiny clear lettering, the same slogans were inscribed, and on the other face of the coin the head of )ig )rother. -ven from the coin the eyes pursued you. (n coins, on stamps, on the covers of books,

on banners, on posters, and on the wrappings of a cigarette 6acket 8 everywhere. Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in bed 8 no escape. /othing was your own e9cept the few cubic centimetres inside your skull.;

Chapter 3 :(ceania was at war with -urasia# therefore (ceania had always been at war with
-urasia. %&' If the 6arty could thrust its hand into the past and say of this or that event, it never happened 8 that, surely, was more terrifying than mere torture and death? "he 6arty said that (ceania had never been in alliance with -urasia. ,e, Winston Smith, knew that (ceania had been in alliance with -urasia as short a time as four years ago. )ut where did that knowledge e9ist? (nly in his own consciousness, which in any case must soon be annihilated. And if all others accepted the lie which the 6arty imposed $if all records told the same tale 8 then the lie passed into history and became truth. 4Who controls the past,4 ran the 6arty slogan, 4controls the future# who controls the present controls the past.4;

(=) :"o know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling
carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the 6arty was the guardian of democracy, to forget whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again# and above all, to apply the same process to the process itself. "hat was the ultimate subtlety# consciously to induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had 7ust performed. -ven to understand the word 4doublethink4 involved the use of doublethink. ;

QUESTIONS: .ow wo ld %o de(ine >do blethin/4 .ow does the 2art% control memor%4 What rele&ant (orms o( control can %o identi(% in the no&el4 (%o ma% thin/ o( a t%polog%)