Voiceless Consonants: /k/ ; /p/ ; /t/ ; /s/ ; // ; /f/ ; // ; /t/ ; /h/

The Vocal Folds are not made to vibrate. The Vocal Folds remain fully open so the eggressive pulmonic air comes freely

Voiced Consonants: /g/ ; /b/ ; /d/ ; /z/ ; // ; /v/ ; // ; /d/ ; /m/ ; /n/ ; // ; /l/ ; /r/ ; /j/ ; /w/

The Vocal Folds are made to vibrate. The Vocal Folds are brought together gently so the eggressive pulmonic air forces them apart for a moment and then they return to the same position. These two steps are repeated over and over. Place of Articulation.

Velar:

The articulators are the back part of the tongue and the soft palate. plosive /k/ plosive /g/ nasal // The articulators are the upper and lower lips. plosive /p/ plosive /b/

Bilabial:

nasal /m/

Alveolar:

The articulators are the tip and blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. plosive /t/ plosive /d/ fricative /s/ fricative /z/ nasal /n/ The articulators are the upper teeth and the tip of the tongue. fricative // fricative // The articulators are the upper teeth and the lower lip fricative /f/ fricative /v/

Dental:

Labio-dental:

Palato-alveolar: The articulators are the tip, blade and front of the tongue, the alveolar ridge and the hard palate. fricative // fricative // affricate /t/ affricate /d/ Post-alveolar: The articulators are the tip of the tongue and the back part of the alveolar ridge. approximant /r/ The articulators are the back part of the tongue and the hard palate approximant /j/ The articulators are the back part of the tongue and the soft palate while the lips are rounded. approximant /w/ It's articulated at the glottis. approximant /h/

Palatal:

Labio-velar:

Glottal:

ic air comes freely

ve pulmonic air ame position.

Manner of Articulation. Plosives:

have 3 stages. In the approach stage the articulators make a closure in the oral tra in the hold stage there is an air pressure rising behind the articulators, and in the release stage, the articulators suddenly part, the air comes out with an explosive so

Fricatives:

The articulators form a narrowing in the oral tract, the eggressive pulmonic air force its way through the narrowing, producing turbulence, also known as audible friction

lateral /l/

Nasals:

The soft palate is lowered, blocking the oral cavity and letting the eggressive pulmo escape through the nose.

Lateral:

The tongue forms a complete enclosure in the mid-line of the oral tract, so the air c out through one or both sides of the tongue.

Affricates:

They are articulated in a similar way to Plosives, i.e. They are stop consonants. Ho the release stage of an Affricate is slower than a Plosive.

and the hard palate.

Approximants: The articulators make an approach to a certain position, then move in the direction following vowel. The passage is wide enough not to cause audible friction.

e lips are rounded.

TIP When naming a consonant, you start saying if it's voiced or not. (1) Then you say its place of articulation(2) and finally its manner of articulation(3). In that order, /p/ is named this way: Voiceless Bilabial Plosive. 1 2 3

iculators make a closure in the oral tract, ng behind the articulators, and in the the air comes out with an explosive sound.

tract, the eggressive pulmonic air forces bulence, also known as audible friction.

cavity and letting the eggressive pulmonic air

he mid-line of the oral tract, so the air comes

ves, i.e. They are stop consonants. However,

ain position, then move in the direction of the h not to cause audible friction.

f articulation(3).

Vowels

Monophthongs Front Central

*The Soft Palate is raised to block off the nasal cavity, so the E.P.A. Comes out through the mouth. *There is no obstruction nor narrowing *They are the nucleus of the syllable, they are the most sonorous sound.

Unrounded *Close Position /i/ *Half Close Position // Front *Between Half Close and Half Open /e/ Vowels *Between Half Open and Open // Unrounded *Between Half Close and Half Open /3/ *Between Half Open and Open // Central *Schwa, Short Neutral or Weak Central Vowel // Vowels Unrounded Open Back Vowel // (it is the only Back Vowel which is not Rounded) Rounded Back Vowels *Close Position /u/ *Half Close Position // *Between Half Close and Half Open // *Between Half Open and Open //

The front of the tongue is raised to a point below the Cl A part of the tongue nearer to the central than to the fro The front of the tongue is raised to a point between the The front of the tongue is raised to a point between the

The centre of the tongue is raised to a po The centre of the tongue is raised to a po Fuck it

A part of the tongue nearer to the back than to the cent

The back of the tongue is raised to a point below the C A part of the tongue nearer to the centre than to the ba The back of the tongue is raised to a point between the The back of the tongue is raised to a point above the O

Diphthongs Closing /a/ /a/ // They go from an Open Position to a Close Position // /e/ Central /e/ // // They move in the direction of a Central Vowel

Back Close

Half-Close

Half-Open

Open

aised to a point below the Close Position. The lips are spread. to the central than to the front is raised to a point just above the Half Close Position. The lips are barely spread. aised to a point between the Half Close and Half Open Positions. The lips are spread. aised to a point between the Half Open and Open Positions. The lips are spread. the tongue is raised to a point between the Half Close and Half Open position. The lips are neutrally spread. the tongue is raised to a point above the Half Open Position. The lips are neutrally open.

to the back than to the centre is in its fully Open Position. The lips are neutrally open.

aised to a point below the Close Position. There is close lip-rounding with little protrusion. to the centre than to the back is raised to a point above the Half Close Position. The lips are closely rounded with little protrusion. aised to a point between the Half Close and Half Open Positions. It has medium lip-rounding. aised to a point above the Open Position. The lips are slightly rounded but not protruded.

nded with little protrusion.

Allophones Inaudible Release: The release stage of a Plosive is not heard when followed by another Plosive or an Affricate. Aspiration: It is an extra puff of air heard with the release stage of a Plosive before the onset of the following sound. It affects all the Voiceless Plosive when they are initial in a Strong Stressed Syllable. Devoicing: It is removing some voicing from an original Voiced Sound. It affects all Voiced Consonants that have a Voiceless Counterpart when they are followed or preceded by a Voiceless Consonant or Silence. Nasal Release: The release stage of a Plosive is produced through the nasal cavity when they are followed by a Nasal Sound. It affects all Plosives. Lateral Release: The release stage of an Alveolar Plosive is opened only laterally when they are followed by a Lateral Sound. It's homorganic. Syllabic Value: A consonants takes on the value of syllabic nucleus. It affects Nasals, the Lateral, and occasionally the Post Alveolar Approximant It occurs when the Schwa is ellided between two Consonants, so the second Consonant becomes longer to take up the time of a full Syllable. Dental Assimilation: It is an instance of assimilation of place. It affects all the Alveolar Consonants when followed by a Dental Sound. The tip of the tongue does not articulate with the teeth-ridge but with the upper teeth

Post-Alveolar Assimilation: It is an instance of assimilation of place. It affects Alveolar Plosives when they are followed by the Post-Alveolar Fricative in the same Syllable. The tip of the tongue does not touch the teeth-ridge but a part a little backwards from it. Labio-Dental Assimilation: It is an instance of assimilation of place. It affects the Bilabial and Alveolar Nasals when they are followed by a Labio-Dental Fricative. The articulation of the Nasal is produced between the lower lip and the upper teeth. Labialization: A Consonant is produced with noticeable lip rounding. It affects all Consonants when

they are followed by the Labio-Velar Approximant in the same Syllable. Dark Lateral: The back part of the tongue remains raised when the Lateral is followed by: Another Consonant (except the Palatal /j/), when it's followed by Silence or when it takes Syllabic Value.