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The Jakes Fading Model for Antenna Arrays Incorporating Azimuth Spread
Tracy L. Fulghum, Karl J. Molnar, and Alexandra Duel-Hallen
AbstractA new method for simulating the multiplicative fading of the narrow-band, flat wireless channel for antenna array receivers is presented. The new approach produces a set of fading waveforms, one waveform associated with each receiver element, in which the waveforms are appropriately correlated to take into account the spread, or dispersion, in the azimuth (arrival angle) of the received signal. The new method is an extension of the Jakes method of simulating fading in which the appropriate correlation of the set of waveforms is accomplished by directly considering the azimuth of scatterers in a particular distribution about the mobile transmitter. The models used for this cluster of scatterers are a ring and a disk of scatterers. Further modifications of the disk model permit the generation of fading waveforms which are correlated in a manner which reflect actual field measurements of azimuth dispersion. Analytical correlation of these models is reviewed for purposes of verification with the waveforms generated by the method. Index TermsAntenna arrays, azimuth dispersion, channel modeling, Jakes fading model.

I. INTRODUCTION HERE HAS been a recent increase of interest in the use of antenna array or multielement receivers in cellular systems as evidenced in [1]. Such smart antenna systems are used for such purposes as terminal location, interference cancellation, and space division multiple access (SDMA). With this increased interest in multiple antenna systems comes an increased interest and need for adequate modeling and simulation of the channel, which now has increased emphasis on the spatial aspects of the environment. An excellent survey of spatial channel models is given in [2]. As with most channel models, the amplitude and delay of scattered signals are considered. However, in the case of the antenna array receiver, the azimuth or angle of arrival is considered as well in these spatial channel models. It is logical to assume that due to local scatterers around a mobile transmitter there should be an apparent angular spread to the azimuth of the signal as viewed at the base station. That is, if local scattering were not present, the signal would be represented as a discrete impulse of energy on the azimuth axis. If local scatterers are present, this energy is no longer contained at
Manuscript received August 6, 1997; revised December 5, 2000 and September 25, 2001. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant CCR-9725271 and in part by CACC, North Carolina State University. T. L. Fulghum and K. J. Molnar are with Ericsson Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA (e-mail: Tracy.Fulghum@ericsson.com; Karl.Molnar@ ericsson.com). A. Duel-Hallen is with the Center for Advanced Computing and Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7914 USA (e-mail: sasha@eos.ncsu.edu). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVT.2002.801742

one discrete azimuth, but is dispersed or smeared, analogous to a channels impulse response being dispersed in time. This has been observed through field measurements which show the azimuth spread from a cluster of scatterers to be significant while s, indicating an essentially flat the time dispersion is small, channel for a narrow-band signal such as EIA/TIA-136 (where s) [3], [4]. the symbol duration is For a narrow-band cellular system such as EIA/TIA-136, with no direct line of sight, the channel distortion is due to multiplicative Rayleigh fading. That is, the baseband received signal is a version of the transmitted signal multiplied by complex Gaussian channel coefficient. Also, the EIA/TIA-136 slot transmission is long enough where the variation of the channel over this burst can be significant, so the received signal is typically modeled as the transmitted signal multiplied by a Rayleigh fading waveform. In the case of an antenna array receiver, the received signal at different antenna elements is modeled with the use of different fading waveforms. The spatial aspects of the channel, then must be contained in this set of fading waveforms, specifically, the correlation between the fading waveforms. For simulation purposes, it is then important to generate a set of fading waveforms appropriately correlated in order to take into account the spatial aspects of the channel, in particular the spread in the azimuth of the scattered signal [5]. A relationship has been shown between the azimuth spread of a signal and the correlation of the fading of the signal received at different points of an array: in general, the smaller the azimuth spread, the greater correlation between the fading of two signals received at different elements [6], [7]. A number of previous works use the notion of azimuth spread in the modeling of the spatial channel, from a Gaussian distribution of power across azimuth [8] to uniform distribution of power over a fixed span of azimuth [9][11]. Many models use a specific spatial distribution of discrete scatterers to introduce azimuth spread. In some cases, a ring configuration of significant diameter is used for the cluster of scatterers near a mobile to model the spreading of the azimuth [12][16], [6], while some use an area (typically circular) of uniformly distributed scatterers to model the scattering [12], [16], [17]. One work, [11], uses a similar development of scatterers in an area for purposes of azimuth spreading to develop spatial correlations for generation of fading using a filtered Gaussian noise approach, imposing a uniform distribution of the scatterers in azimuth, as viewed by the receiver array. A model suggested by [10] assumes scatterers in a circular area, spread over some span of azimuth as viewed by the receiver antenna array. Doppler shifts are assumed on the signals reflected by these scatterers. However, in the model of [10], a uniform distribution of scatterer azimuths is imposed as in [11], and the underlying physical distribution of scatterers is lost. It

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is not clear what distribution of scatterers within a circular area would produce a uniform distribution of scatterer azimuths (or scattered power through azimuth). Further, the Doppler shifts for the scatters in the model of [10] are not chosen based on an underlying physical distribution, but to ultimately obtain the classic Doppler spectrum in the received signal. The assumption of a uniform distribution of scatterers or scattered power in azimuth may not always be appropriate. Recent field measurements in [3] and [4] show a Laplacian distribution of power in azimuth, suggesting that there are more scatterers or more scattered energy closer to the true direction of the mobile transmitter. In this paper, we introduce a new fading simulation method, based on the well-known Jakes method [18], [19], for generating a set of fading waveforms for modeling the multiplicative Rayleigh fading of the signals received at an antenna array. We consider a desired spatial distribution of the cluster of discrete scatterers about the mobile transmitter and introduce this into Jakes modeling method [20][22]. The method proposed in [23] requires the generation of multiple uncorrelated fading waveforms, e.g., using the Jakes method or filtering of complex Gaussian noise, which are then correlated by a coloring transformation based on the desired correlation to be modeled. In this paper, we directly incorporate the azimuth of scatterer signals in the Jakes method of generating fading waveforms to produce a set of fading waveforms which is correlated spatially given the desired azimuth spreading. Since the circular symmetry of the scatterers about the transmitter is maintained as in the original Jakes model, the appropriate Doppler spectrum and temporal correlation of the waveforms is assured. We focus first on the ring of scatterers model since the extension from the original Jakes model is straightforward and easily illustrates the concept. This is then extended to the uniform disk of scatterers model, which makes for a more intuitively pleasing distribution of power through azimuth and makes a reasonable approximation for a Gaussian angular distribution. The method of fading generation for the uniformly distributed disk of scatterers may be modified to produce nearly any distribution of azimuth spread. This is examined through example by tailoring the simulation model, producing fading waveforms which are appropriately correlated to reflect a Laplacian distribution of power through azimuth, which has been suggested by recent field measurements [3], [4]. Section II of this paper reviews analytically the spatial correlation along a linear antenna array for both ring and disk scattering models. Section III briefly reviews the Jakes modeling method and discusses the modifications to that model to account for angular spreading. Section IV examines the correlation of fading waveforms generated with the models and compares the results to the expected analytical correlations. Section V examines the modifications to the disk model to yield waveforms which correlate in a manner as determined by field measurements. The paper is concluded in Section VI. II. ANALYTICAL CORRELATION We consider the scenario in which a base-station receiver antenna array is place at a height where the influence of scatterers close to the receiver is negligible. The transmitter, however, is placed within a plane of scatterers (e.g., an urban environment).

Fig. 1.

Geometry of scatterers.

We consider only scatterers within a circle of influence of radius around the mobile transmitter. Fig. 1 shows the geometry of this situation where is the azimuth of a scattered signal with respect to broadside of a linear array. The angle can be broken down into , the angle of spreading around some nominal azimuth , where (1) By simple trigonometry, can be described in terms of the radius of the scatterer , the distance between the mobile transmitter , and the angle of a scatterer with respect to the line between the receiver and transmitter (2) Assuming that is small with respect to , (2) then simplifies with trigonometric approximations to (3) is defined as maximum azimuth spread in where radians. To examine the effect of azimuth spread on the spatial correlation of fading waveforms at an antenna array, an approach similar to the development in [18] for the spatial correlation at the base station is used. Of interest is the correlation of waveforms separated in distance and received along an axis, specifically, the line of antennas in a linear array as shown in Fig. 1. Consider a signal from a particular scatterer arriving at the line of antennas with an azimuth . If the signal received at one , then the signal at spot along the axis of the array is , will differ simply by a another spot separated by , , where phase shift: and are expressed in terms of multiples of carrier wavelength. This is often known as the narrow-band assumption for arrays: is considered small enough where the time delay in signal arrival along the array is negligible with respect to the data signal modulating the carrier, but is significant with regard (the transmitted to the carrier phase [24]. If we let , the cross correlation of signal), and assume that the signal then becomes

(4)

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Fig. 2. Power angle spectra.

For a ring of scatterers model, we consider a continuum of from the mobile transinfinitesimal scatterers at radius mitter. Since these scatterers are assumed uniformly distributed around the circle of scatterers, the average is taken with respect to a uniform alpha (see Appendix A), resulting in (5) is the Bessel function of order zero. where To further understand the nature of the spreading of the received signal in azimuth, and subsequently its spatial correlation along the antenna array, consider the power azimuth spectrum (PAS). The PAS is analogous to the power spectral density (PSD) and simply gives the power received in a differential element of azimuth ( ) as the PSD gives us the power of a signal in a differential element of frequency ( ). Thought of in another way, this is the distribution of energy through azimuth apparent to a base station for a scattered signal. We consider all the power scattered toward the receiver ( ) to be evenly distributed among all the scatterers in the circle about the mobile. With a continuum of scatterers in this ring, the power is uniformly distributed in the angle about the mobile, with the power in a being differential element of angle (6) Transforming this distribution in (see Appendix B) to a distribution in through the relations in (1) and (3) results in a PAS of (7)

when and 0, otherwise. This PAS rad (5.7 ). Note that this is is shown in Fig. 2 for the same form as the PSD of the -field component of a fading waveform as given in [18, eq. (1.2-11)]. In fact, this PAS has an inverse Fourier transform relationship with the spatial cor) relation derived at (5), provided that the azimuth spread ( is small. For simplicity of illustration, consider the case where , so that . Then

(8) Here, is analogous to in the time correlation, and is analogous to in the PSD. For the more general case of the nominal , the Fourier relationship still holds at small azazimuth imuth spreads, with some modifications. By following the same now line of reasoning as in (26)(28) (Appendix A) maps to , and the result of the inverse transform must be mul. tiplied by a phase term of It is noted that spatial correlation for a ring of scatterers has the same form as the complex correlation of the -field of the fading component, as given in [18], with a re-mapping of the variables. Given this relationship, the complex correlation along the axis of a linear array can be found for any PAS (i.e., any distribution of scatterers) provided the azimuth spread is small to hold. enough for the approximation A uniformly distributed disk of scatterers is another model which has been used to describe scattering [16], [17]. This is a more intuitively pleasing model which considers the transmitter placed in a plane of scatterers uniformly distributed in

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area. The circle of influence around the transmitter then creates a uniformly distributed disk of scatterers. Given this model, the power from this disk of scatterers can be mapped into a PAS, from the modified inverse Fourier relationship. to obtain as before, a uniUsing the same conventions for , , and formly distributed disk of scatterers gives a PAS of (9) and 0, otherwise. The PAS for when this model of scatterers has the same form as the PSD for the -direction -field in [18, eq. (1.2-12)], and is shown in Fig. 2 rad (5.7 ). Using the modified inverse Fourier for ) transform, a complex correlation (setting

(10) is obtained, which is the same form as the complex correlation of the -field in [18], with the appropriate substitution of variables. These analytic correlation expressions will be used as a basis of comparison to the correlation of waveforms generated with the model. III. MODIFICATIONS TO THE JAKES MODEL Consider the basis of the Jakes model for generating a fading discrete scatterers are waveform [18], [19]. In this model, placed uniformly in a circle around the transmitter, where the th scatterer is at the angle in the circle (11) Each scatterer produces a scattered signal with a different Doppler frequency shift and random phase shift. The Doppler is related to the change frequency shift for the th scatterer in the path length between the scatterer and the mobile over time and is given by (12) where is the speed of the mobile, is the speed of light, is the radio carrier frequency, and is the angle of motion of the transmitter with respect to the line between the mobile transmitter and the base receiver, as shown in Fig. 1. Each scattered signal will also have a random phase, considered uniform on , which one can interpret as being due to some small random variation in the placement of the scatterer (on the order of a wavelength) which is not accounted for otherwise in the distance measurements. These scattered signals combine at the receiver to form a version of the transmitted signal distorted by a complex multiplicative fading process, where the fading waveform model is given by (13)

Fig. 3. (a) Discrete ring of scatterers. (b) Discrete disk of scatterers (arranged in spokes).

For single-antenna receivers, the radius of this circle of scatterers is of little or no consequence. The uniform distribution of the scatterers in the circle around the transmitter is important, however, to give a proper Doppler spectrum. The Jakes model essentially is a ring of scatterers model, and the most obvious extension of this fading model to incorporate azimuth spread is to assign this circle a specific radius , as in Fig. 3(a). By giving this circle a definite radius, the scattered signals then arrive at the array at different angles. To incorporate the azimuth of each scatterer , an array response vector (ARV) is created for each scattered signal. The ARV simply contains the phase shift appropriate for each antenna element due to the azimuth of the signal. For a uniformly antenna elements, this is given spaced linear array (ULA) of by

(14) . . .

where is the interelement spacing of the antennas in terms of wavelengths [24]. While was based on an approximation of to obtain the analytic results in Section II, the exact expression (2) for is used to calculate here and for the simulations cited in Section IV. For the introduction of this new fading generation method, we have restricted ourselves to the ULA, principally due to the straightforward nature of deriving the analytic correlation expressions for a linear configuration in Section II, which are used for comparison later in Section IV. To extend this modeling method to other array configurations is simply a matter of replacing (14) with the appropriate ARV for the configuration considered.

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Each scattered signal is multiplied by its response vector and summed with the other scattered signals (15) In this manner, for an array of fading waveforms is created antenna elements, a set of

Expression (17) can be simplified further to (18) where we have expressed the sum of the individual scatterer , as a single aggregate ARV, . array response vectors, This aggregate ARV is simply the summation of the ARVs associated with each scatterer along the th radial component (19)

. . .

(16) This is actually a minor approximation since we are forcing each scatterer along a spoke to share the same random phase shift, for all , in addition to the same Doppler frei.e., quency. We would expect that even if scatterers were somehow arranged in a perfect line from the transmitter, that each would still have some random phase shift with respect to one another. However, we shall see from the comparison of the correlation of simulated waveforms to the analytic correlation, that this is an acceptable approximation. The realization of the individual scatterer response vec, and consequently the aggregate response vector, tors, depends on the placement of the scatterers along the radial component since uniform placement along the radius of a circle does not translate to uniform distribution in area. To give a better approximation of the scatterers being uniformly placed in the area of the disk, the scatterers are not placed at regular intervals along the spoke, but according to (20) where is the radius of the th scatterer from the center of the radius disk, and . IV. CORRELATION OF SIMULATED WAVEFORMS Sets of fading waveforms were generated using both the ring of scatterers and disk of scatterers fading model for an array of elements at a (wavelength) spacing, using complex oscillators in the model. In the case where the disk model is used, the number of scatterers per spoke is , representing a total of 1280 scatterers within set at the disk (while avoiding the need for 1280 separate oscillators). m, With the radius of the circle of influence set to waveforms were generated for transmitters at various distances (thus, various azimuth spreads) and various nominal azimuths. The correlation between the waveform for the first antenna and the waveforms generated for each antenna was calculated as the time average of the product of the first antenna waveform with the complex conjugate of the waveform for each of the respective antennas. Waveforms of 2-s duration were generated for a maximum Doppler shift of 100 Hz. The magnitude of the averaged product is plotted versus the separation between the antennas to which the waveforms corresponded. Plotted for comparison is the magnitude of the analytic expression, taken at ), and nomthe appropriate separation ( ), azimuth spread ( inal azimuth ( ).

This is the basic azimuth spread Jakes model for a ring of scatterers first discussed in [20] and [25]. Note that, in general, the only way to get a perfectly correlated set of waveforms is if the ARV for each scattering element is the same. This will only happen if the signal from each scatterer comes from exactly the same direction, i.e., there is no azimuth spread. This case arises only if the circle of scatterers and is considered to be essentially a point source, or . The modeling of a group of fading waveforms reduces, then, to a single fading waveform multiplied by an array response vector. So the result is the same fading waveform for each antenna, with only a phase difference between the fading waveforms in the group. If there is angular spreading ( and ), then, in general, there must be decorrelation of the set of fading waveforms since the scattering signals arrive from subtly different directions. For a uniformly distributed disk of scatterers, we approximate by placing a finite number of discrete scatterers along radial lines, or spokes from the mobile transmitter out to the maximum distance of interest ( ), as shown in Fig. 3(b). The scatterers are placed on each of radial lines (for a total of discrete scatterers), in the case of the figure, and . The scatterers are placed in a spoked arrangement in order that multiple scatters will have the same angle with respect to the mobile transmitters motion, and thus have the same Doppler shift. Since the basic Jakes model uses a summation of complex sinusoidal waveforms of specific Doppler frequencies and random phase shifts, forcing the scatterers to lie on radial lines makes efficient reuse of the complex sinusoidal waveforms used oscillators to generate the waveforms. Instead of potentially for generating the model, only are needed. The mathematical model for this becomes (17) is now subscripted to denote the th scatwhere the ARV terer along the th spoke. The azimuth used to compute the ARV is given by (2). All scatterers on the same spoke will share the same angle in the circle, , but the radius from the center, , will depend on which of the scatterers on the spoke is being reduces to disk considered. Note that the case where model to the ring model.

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Fig. 4. Correlation versus antenna separation, analytic, and model generated results.

Fig. 4 shows the magnitude of the correlation versus antenna separation for the fading waveforms generated with the new method. The distance of the transmitter to receiver was varied 4000, 2000, 1000, and 500, with nominal azimuth over 0 . This corresponds to increasing azimuth spreads of 0.7 , 1.4 , 2.9 , and 5.7 , respectively. While we are focusing on the disk model, a single example of the correlation of simulated waveforms generated with the ring model is included for comparison. Also provided in Fig. 4 are plots of the analytic expressions given by (5) and (10), where close agreement with the correlation of the simulated waveforms is observed. Note that as the angular spread becomes greater, the correlation at a given antenna separation becomes less. This makes sense considering the analogy between the relationship of frequency to time separation and the relationship of azimuth to spatial separation. If an impulse exists as the PSD in the frequency domain, this will transform to a constant amplitude correlation in time separation. If that PSD impulse is smeared, or spread, the resulting correlation waveform will no longer be constant. This is true with the azimuth. If the discrete azimuth (an impulse in the PAS or azimuth domain) is smeared, the resulting spatial correlation waveform will not be constant (in the spatial domain). Fig. 5 shows the effect of varying nominal azimuth, , on the m and correlation of waveforms. In each case, m, so the angular spread about that nominal azimuth is constant, 5.7 . As increases to 90 from broadside, the correlation becomes increasingly flat, with the fading becoming totally correlated at the endfire azimuth. This agrees with the notion that no diversity is obtained when a signal arrives along the line of an-

tennas in a diversity array. Again, close agreement between the correlation of simulated waveforms and the analytic expression is shown. All aforementioned simulated results use a model with oscillators to generate the fading waveforms. As expected, with fewer oscillators in the model, the correlation shows increasingly less agreement with the theoretical curves. The number of oscillators is important for time correlation properties as well. Previous work [19], as well as empirical to give acceptable results. observations here, show Simulation with the model shows independence between the spatial correlation and the direction of motion of the mobile transmitter. The direction of the mobile will only have an effect on the Doppler frequency of each scattered component, and it can be shown that the dependence on Doppler frequency drops out of the calculation of azimuth spread and spatial correlation , as in this case. for a time separation of V. SIMULATION
OF

NONUNIFORM DISTRIBUTION SCATTERERS

OF

Recent field measurements in [3], [4] reveal a PAS that is Laplacian in distribution around a nominal azimuth. That is (21) where we have chosen a nominal azimuth of zero for simplicity is the total power scattered toward the array, of illustration. is a constant which defines the degree of azimuth and spreading. The constant defines the azimuth deviation which yields power 4 dB below the peak. The corresponding cor-

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Fig. 5. Correlation and nominal angle of arrival, analytic, and model generated results for disk model.

relation function derived from this using the Fourier transform approach discussed earlier is (22) The PAS of (21) suggests that the distribution of scatterers may be something other than uniform in area; namely, its shape suggests that more energy is reflected from areas closer to the transmitter. This may occur, for example, when scatterers farther away from the transmitter are shielded by scatterers nearer the transmitter, with fewer of the far scatterers being illuminated by the transmitter. Also, additional propagation loss may occur due to the distance of the scatterers from the transmitter. To obtain fading waveforms which reflect an underlying Laplacian PAS, we must reexamine the assumption of uniform distribution of scatterers in area and the assumption of equal reflected power from each scatterer within the disk simulation model. It is desirable to obtain an analytic expression which describes the amount reflected power from a particular point (differential area) around the transmitter which will give us a Laplacian distribution of power in azimuth. For the uniform disk model, this was assumed to be constant over the disk, and led to the use of uniformly distributed discrete scatterers with equal reflected power within the disk simulation model. A mapping of the Laplacian distribution of power in azimuth to a density of reflected power in area around the transmitter would lend insight into how to distribute the discrete scatterers within the disk simulation model, and further, how to scale the reflected signal from each. Attempts were made to find an analytic expression where the power reflected from a particular point was a function only of distance of the point from the transmitter. This assumption of

circular symmetry or independence of direction from the transmitter is reasonable as it is a requirement to obtain the classic Doppler spectrum repeatedly observed in field measurements. Unfortunately, the determination of this mapping is not straightforward, and a closed-form analytic expression remains elusive. Consequently, we turn to numerical means to determine modifications to the disk simulation model which will give us fading waveforms which closely approximate (22) in terms of the shape of the correlation function. First, we modify the model so that the reflected power from a given scatterer is no longer constant, but varies as a function of the distance from the transmitter. This is accomplished by modifying (19) to include a scaling factor , multiplying the ARV of the th scatterer on a spoke (23) where (24) where is the degree to which the power reflected from a scatterer tapers off as a function of distance from the transmitter. The factor (25) , assures normalized power in (18). Note that if and , resulting in the uniform disk model with which we began.

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Fig. 6. Correlation for analytic and model generated results for Laplacian PAS.

Next, we remove the restriction that the scatterers be placed uniformly in area. We use the rule given in (20) for placement of the scatterers along the spoke, but allow the degree of the expression, , to be something other than 0.5. With these modifications in place, we set about finding the , for the maximum azimuth spread possible parameters: 1) from the disk, 2) , for the distribution of scatterers within the disk, and 3) , for the scaling of power from each scatterer. Many realizations of the simulation model were tried while varying these parameters between realizations. The waveforms generated were correlated and compared with the expected correlations from (22) corresponding to two different PAS measurement cases from [4], taken in the cities of Stockholm and Aarhus. In those cases, the measured PASs corresponded to 6.5 and 3.5 , respectively. Closeness parameters of of fit between the analytic correlation curve and the correlation curve from the simulated waveforms was the figure of merit for finding the best parameters. The other simulation conditions were the same as used in Section IV. As a result of this parameter search, we find that in general, with the maximum spread of the disk model set such that , the distribution of scatterers set according to , and the relative power scaling set according to , good agreement to the expected correlations are found. Fig. 6 illustrates the agreement between the correlation of simulated waveforms and the analytical correlation, with parameters set according to field measurement cases. Further, it has been observed that these parameters in the modified disk simulation model give good agreement to the correlation for the Laplacian 15 , which potentially PAS for spreading parameters 0 cover a wide range of azimuth dispersive environments.

VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, a new simulation method is developed for generating waveforms to model the multiplicative fading of the signals received at a base station antenna array in a flat faded cellular environment. This new approach is a modification of the Jakes modeling method which takes into account angular spreading of the signal by introducing the azimuth of each scattered signal. Rather than simply introduce a Doppler shift and random phase shift to each scattered signal, each scattered signal is multiplied by an array response vector which properly phases each scattered signal at the array, according to the azimuth or arrival angle of that scattered component. In this manner, properly correlated fading waveforms are produced, taking the angular spread of the scattered signals from a particular distribution of scatterers directly into account. The correlation of waveforms generated with the new method are compared to analytically developed correlation expressions for a linear array, with close agreement. While the examples shown are restricted the linear array, the method is applicable to any array configuration, all that is needed is the ability to generate an ARV of a scattered signal for the array configuration of interest. Through further minor modifications to this new simulation model, we are able to produce fading waveforms which correlate in a manner which reflect angular dispersion cases which have actually been measured in the field, assuring the relevance of this new approach to the Jakes model. The innovations discussed in [19] may be applicable to this modeling method as well. The modeling method in [19] uses Walsh sequences to produce independent fading waveforms. While the objective of introducing angular spread into the

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modeling of fading was to produce a set of properly correlated fading waveforms, it is generally desirable to produce another set of properly correlated waveforms which is uncorrelated from the first set. For example, these setwise uncorrelated waveforms may be used to model the uncorrelated fading between a desired signal and an interference signal at an array, while retaining the angular spread nature of each signal. However, it is unclear whether the use of quadrantal symmetry as in [19] can be used to reduce the number of oscillators required in the method used here. This is a possible subject of further work. APPENDIX A To arrive at the expression for the correlation of a received signal along the axis of a linear array given by (5), the expected value in (4) must be evaluated. For this evaluation, the average over a uniform distribution in angle is taken (26) Observing that and assuming that is small (27) Equation (26) then becomes

tinuous ring of scatterers, there is uniform distribution of power among the scatterers or through , the angle around the transmitter. The power scattered by a differential element of , , is then (33) is the total signal power scattered toward the receiver. where , the energy arriving in a difDefining the power angle as is . Consider that for ferential element of azimuth any given azimuth, the energy arriving in a differential element comes from both sides of the ring: the portion of the ring facing the array and the portion on the opposite side. Two differential elements of then correspond to one differential element of , and thus the power in a differential portion of azimuth is two times that given in (33) (34) so (35) From (1) and (3), we know that (36) (37)

(28) Since is a function of by (3)

Evaluating

, we obtain (38)

when (29)

, and 0, otherwise. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The integrand in this equation is of the form where the relation (30) can be used. Letting , (29) becomes

The authors would like to thank G. Bottomley for his helpful comments. REFERENCES
[1] Special issue on smart antennas, IEEE Personal Commun., vol. 5, pp. 954, Feb. 1998. [2] R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport, and J. H. Reed, Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems, IEEE Personal Commun., vol. 5, pp. 1021, Feb. 1998. [3] K. I. Pedersen, P. E. Mogensen, and B. H. Fleury, Dual-polarized model of outdoor propagation environments for adaptive antennas, in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., 1999, pp. 990995. [4] , A stochastic model of the temporal and azimuthal dispersion seen at the base station in outdoor propagation environments, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 49, pp. 437447, Mar. 2000. [5] J. Salz and J. H. Winters, Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 10491057, Nov. 1994. [6] W. C. Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982. [7] F. Adachi, M. T. Feeney, A. G. Williamson, and J. D. Parsons, Crosscorelation between the envelopes of 900 MHz signals received at a mobile radio base station site, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 133, pp. 506512, Mar. 1986. [8] B. Ottersten, Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) in wireless communications, in Proc. Nordic Radio Symp., Saltsjbaden, Sweden, 1995.

(31) , and we are The integral evaluates to 0 for all except left with a general expression for the correlation as a function , and nominal azimuth of separation , angular spread (32) APPENDIX B To arrive at the distribution of power in the azimuth ( ) or power angle spectrum, the distribution of power among the scatterers around the transmitter must be transformed. With a con-

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Karl J. Molnar received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees, all in computer and systems engineering, from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, in 1982, 1984, and 1994, respectively. From 1984 to 1994, he was with the G.E. Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY, where we worked in the areas of VLSI processor design and signal processing. Since 1994, he has been with Ericsson Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC. His research interests include equalization, multiuser detection, and array processing for wireless communications. Dr. Molnar is currently serving as an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY.

Alexandra Duel-Hallen received the B.S. degree in mathematics from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, the M.S. degree in computer, information, and control engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, in 1982, 1983, and 1987, respectively. During 19871990, she was a Visiting Assistant Professor at the School of Electrical Engineering, Cornell University. From 1990 to 1992, she was with the Mathematical Sciences Research Center, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ. She is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, which she joined in January 1993. Her current research interests are in equalization, wireless communications, and multiuser detection. Dr. Duel-Hallen was Editor for Communication Theory for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS from 1990 to 1996. During 20002002, she has served as Guest Editor of two Special Issues on Multiuser Detection for the IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS. Her 1993 paper was selected for the IEEE Communications Society 50th Anniversary Journal Collection as one of 41 key papers in physical and link layer areas (19522002).

Tracy L. Fulghum received the B.S.E.E. degree from North Carolina State University, Raleigh, the M.S.E.E. degree from the University of Florida, Gainesville, and the Ph.D. degree from North Carolina State University, in 1987, 1993, and 1998, respectively. From 1988 to 1994, he was with Motorola, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL, working in land mobile radio research and development. Since 1997, he has been with Ericsson Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC. His research interests are mobile radio systems and signal processing for mobile communications, including equalization, array processing, and interference cancellation. He is an Inventor or Co-inventor on 11 patents and a number of pending patents. Dr. Fulghum is a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Florida.