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Definition

Level BL BL, SL S PL SL SL,BL,PL

Functions Protection C Control Measurement Monitoring g Data Communication

Sequence 4 5 1 2 3

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Configuration

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Measurement
Measurementi M includes l d electrical l i lmeasurementslike lik V, V I, I Power, P Powerfactor&harmonics,aswellasanalogvaluesliketemperature, vibration&humidity. Realtimeinformationaboutsubstationorswitchgearisobtained.

Allmeasurements t oncecollected ll t dh helps l in i the th f following ll i : Loadflowanalysis Protectionplanning Preventionofdisturbances&disturbancefaultrecording(DFR) Stateestimation Electricitybilling,etc.

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Monitoring
Monitoring M i i refers f toinformation i f i such hasswitchgear i h status,trip i circuit i i status,tripoperationcounter,conditionmonitoringinformation, maintenanceinformation,etc. Theinformationprovidedbythemonitoringsystemisgenerallyused foralarmprocessing,SER(sequenceofeventrecording),etc.Which inturnisusedfortheprotectionandcontrolschemes.

AllmonitoringfunctionsarenowtakencarebydigitalrelaysandIEDs whichcanevenrecordandcommunicatethedatathroughSCADA SCADA, thusnoseparatemonitoringsystemistobeused

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Protection
P Protection i is i the h mosti importantcomponentof fPSA Aimofprotectionistoprotectequipmentsandpersonnelto limitthedamageincaseofafault. Protectionfunctionswastraditionallyprovidedby electromechanicalrelays(onerelayforonefunction).Now Th numerical The i l&di digital it lrelays l (M (Multi ltifunction f ti relays) l )along l withIEDsprovideProtectionfunctionstogetherwithcontrol, measurement,monitoring&communications. Localfunctions: ShouldbeabletofunctionindependentlyofPSA FunctionsofprotectionshouldneverbecompromisedorrestrictedinanyPSA

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Control
Controlfunctionsaredividedintotwopartslocalcontrol&remote control. Localcontrolisexecutedonthelowercommunicationlevels(between bay&processlevels)whereasremotecontrolisdependentonthe hi h communication higher i i l levels l (between (b b bay&station i l levels). l)

Local lcontrol l:
Consistsofactionthecontroldevicecanlogicallytakebyitself. Humaninterventionislimitedhence,lessriskofhumanerror Examples interlocking,switchingsequences,synchronizationchecketc.

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Control
Remotecontrol:
TocontrolsubstationfromSCADAsystem. Commandslikeopen/closeetc etc.canbegivendirectlythroughremotecontrolleddevices devices. Relaysettingscanalsobechangedviathesystem RequestforcertaininformationfromthesubstationorSCADAsystembecomessimple. Eliminatestheneedforpersonaltogotosubstationtoperformswitchingaction. Canbeusedinrealtimethusquick&effectivecontrolispossible.

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Communicationrequirements
Tasks Response time H M H H Data throughput H H L L Data integrity H H M H Time sync. H M H H

Measurement Monitoring Protection Control

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Function of the SCADA master station

1. Display p y real-time data received from the IEDs, relays, y bay controllers, RTUs or PLCs connected in the power system 2. Keep historical records of data received and retrieve these records when required 3. Provide an active operator interface for supervisory control and remote configuration of IEDs and other devices 4. Activate Alarms 5. Perform Communication over the network.

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 CommunicatingComputersandProtectionDevices,with associated i t dC Cubicles bi l and dConfiguration C fi ti Database D t b

Master M t clock l k (GPS)

Operator Interface

HMI & Maintenance WEB access

C264C SCADA Interface DNP3 & IEC 60870-5-101

C264

Fast Ethernet UCA2- IEC 61850

HV FEEDER BAY

C264C C264C Main protection EHV FEEDER BAY

I/Os

C264
I/Os

COMMON BAY

MV FEEDER BAYS S MV FEEDER BAYS

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OverallSystemArchitecture

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Five Task of SCADA SYSTEM

Input/output task Thi program i This is th the i interface t f b between t th the control t l and d monitoring it i system t and the plant floor. Alarm task This manages all alarms by detecting digital alarm points and comparing the th values of analog alarm points to alarm thresholds. Trends task The trends task collects data to be monitored over time. Reports task Reports are produced from plant data. These reports can be periodic, event triggered or activated by the operator. Display task This manages all data to be monitored by the operator and all control actions requested by the operator.

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Possiblefunctionalscope
MONITORING
Alarm & Archives Disturbance Condition monitoring

CONTROL

Auto-reclose & Synch-check

Interlock & sequences

Load shedding & Volt reg.

PROTECTION

Line & Transformer

Busbar & Circuit breaker

Generator & Motor

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Main Modules of SCADA System S f Software

Data acquisition Control A hi i /d b Archiving/database storage The humanmachine interface (HMI)

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Data acquisition
Data acquisition refers to reception, analyzing and processing of all data from the field. Real-time data is normally be graphically p y according g to the user defined displayed, configuration. Data will be compared p to p pre-set limits, and alarms raised when these limits are exceeded.
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Control
Control commands from the SCADA master station to the field devices Control commands are initiated by operator or automatically as per Predefined parameters. parameters

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Archiving/databasestorage
StorageofHistoricalData. Data Donetoassessfortrendinformation,fault finding andreporting. finding, reporting

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Thehumanmachineinterface
HMIconsistofinput&outputdevicefor interactionb/woperatorandsoftware. Inputdevice(Keyboardandmouse) mouse),Output device(GraphicaldisplayscreenandPrinter forrealtimedateandreportsandrecords) SCADAdisplayshouldexhibitDifferentlevels todiplay di l real ltime i situation i i of fplant. l

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FirstLevel: OverviewofthePlanttobe monitored. i d

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SecondLevel: DetailsofrelevantStn.

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Thirdlevel: Requireddetailsofthefeeder(Electrical values, l Al Alarmcondition, diti eqpposition iti etc) t ) FouthLevel: Singledevicestatus.

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PowerSystemAutomation Architecture

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Contents
Introduction DifferentTypesOfPowerSystemArchitectures Advantages&DisadvantagesOfDifferentSystems C Comparison i OfAll4S Systems t A According di T ToTh Their i Ad Advantages t & Disadvantages

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Introduction
Consistsoflocalintelligence,acommunicationnetworkandat leastoneSCADAstation. FourmaintypesofArchitectureSystems NamelyType1, 1 Type2, 2 Type3&Type4Systems DifferonlyinBaylevel Samepropertiesamongotherlevelsasprocesslevel, Communicationnetwork&SCADAlevel

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Type1Systems
Mostadvancedsystemavailabletoday OneIEDhandlingallthepowersystemautomation applications DirectcommunicationofIEDtothenetwork

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Type1Systems

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Type1Systems Advantages
Simplifiedcircuitryandwiring AllI/Osroutedtoonedevice Installation&Commissioningofonlyonedeviceperbay Integrateddisturbancerecording&sequenceofeventreporting Selfsupervision Easiercommunication Easierfaultidentification SpaceSaving Peertopeercommunicationpossible

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Type1Systems Disadvantages
AllbayapplicationswillbreakdownincaseofIEDfailure Alldatalostincaseofcommunicationfailuretothedevice Microprocessortimemaymarginallyslowdowntheexecution ofprotectionfunctions

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Type2Systems
Protection&ControlareseparatedintwoIndependent devices TheBayControllerdirectlycommunicatestotheSCADA network Protectiondevicemayormaynotcommunicatedirectlyto SCADAnetwork Exchange E h of fI Information f ti possible ibl b between t P Protection t ti relay l & Baycontroller

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Type2Systems

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Type2Systems Advantages
DedicatedControl&Protectiondevice NoInfluenceoffailureoneachothersApplications Microprocessortimewillnotaffecttheexecutionof protectionfunctions Peertopeercommunicationpossible

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Type2Systems Disadvantages
MoreComplexcircuitry&wiring SeparateProtection&Controlapplications Installation&Commissioningoftwodevicesperbay Di t b Disturbance recording di &sequenceof fevent treporting ti arenot t integrated Moreloadingonthecommunication&complexconfiguration onthenetwork Morephysicalspacerequired

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Type3Systems
Consistsofanintelligentrelay WhichdoesnotdirectlycommunicatetotheSCADAmaster NottermedasanIEDinpowersystemautomationcontext CommunicationsprocessorforcommunicationstotheSCADAmaster Specificallydesignedforruggedsubstationenvironment VeryversatileandpowerfulCommsprocessorfordatacommunications Supportsvarioustypesofdevicesinsubstations

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Type3Systems

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Type3Systems Advantages
Simplifiedcircuitryandwiring AllI/Osroutedtoonedevice Installation&Commissioningofonlyonedeviceperbay Integrateddisturbancerecording&sequenceofevent reporting Selfsupervision Easiercommunication Easierfaultidentification SpaceSaving

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Type3Systems Disadvantages
AllbayapplicationswillbreakdownincaseofIEDfailure Alldatalostincaseofcommunicationfailuretothedevice Microprocessortimemaymarginallyslowdowntheexecutionof protectionfunctions Morecomplexcircuitry&wiringcomparetoType1systems Peertopeercommunicationsnotpossible Directpointtopointcommunicationsbetweentworelaysmaybepossible

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Type4Systems
SimilartoType2systems Protectionoriented,traditionalrelayswithoutcontrol applications BayRTUorPLChandleslocalbaycontrolapplications StationRTUforhigherlevelcommunications

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Type4Systems

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Type4Systems Advantages
DedicatedControl&Protectiondevice NoInfluenceoffailureoneachothersApplications Microprocessortimewillnotaffecttheexecutionof protectionfunctions Peertopeercommunicationpossible dependingon communicationtopologyandprotocolused

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Type4Systems Disadvantages
MoreComplexcircuitry&wiring SeparateProtection&Controlapplications Installation&Commissioningoftwodevicesperbay Disturbancerecording&sequenceofeventreportingarenotintegrated Moreloadingonthecommunication&complexconfigurationonthe network Morephysicalspacerequired Alldatalostincaseofcommunicationfailuretothedevice

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Comparison
ComparisonOfPowerSystemArchitectures Type2/BayController Type3/Comms Processor T Type 1/IEDB Based dSSA T Type 4/RTU/PLC Based B dSSA BasedSSA BasedSSA MostAdvancedSystem Twoseparatedevicesfor Twoseparatedevicesfor OneIEDhandlingallthe protection& protection& powersystems communication communication Protectionoriented traditionalrelays

Technology

Communication

IEDcommunicatesdirectly tocommunicationnetwork Simple Easier Onedeviceperbay Possible Possible Possible Easier LesserSpaceRequired Possible ABB,GE,Siemens,Alstom

Baycontroller communicatestothe network Complex Notintegrated Atleasttwodevicesper bay Notintegratedinone device Notintegratedinone device NotPossible MoreComplex MoreSpaceNeeded Possible ABB GE ABB, GE,Siemens, Si Alstom

SeparateCommsProcessor StationRTUfor forcommunicationtothe communicationtomaster network SCADAnetwork Simple Easier Onedeviceperbay Possible Possible Possible Easier LesserSpaceRequired NotPossible SEL Complex Notintegrated Atleasttwodevicesperbay Notintegratedinonedevice Notintegratedinonedevice NotPossible MoreComplex MoreSpaceNeeded Possible Siemens,Various Si V i RTU/PLC Suppliers

Circuitry&Wiring Integration Installation&Commissioning IntegratedDisturbance Recording Sequenceofeventreporting p SelfSupervision FaultLocation PhysicalSpace PeertopeerCommunication Manufacturers

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DataCommunication

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RoleofDataCommunicationinPSA
FormsthecoreofanyPSA VirtuallyholdsallcomponentsofPSA Without i h communication, i i Functions i of felectrical l i l protection&localcontrolwillcontinue PSAcannotfunctionwithoutcommunication

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BasicRequirements ofDatacommunication q

Physical y Link Agreed g Medium SameLanguage CommonContext ReceiverIdentified

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CommunicationTechnology

StarTopology:MultipleStationsornodesare connectedtoacentralcomponentknownas Master(Logical)orHub(Physical) Master / Hub

Remote Substations

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CommunicationTechnology
Advantages: Straightforwardandeasytomaintain Easytroubleshooting Easyadditionorremovalofnodes Failureofasinglenodedoesnotinfluencethenetwork Easymonitoringnodedoesnotinfluencethenetwork Easymonitoringofdatatrafficformanagementpurposes. Disadvantages: Theentirenetworkisdependentonthehub(master).Ifitfails,thewhole networkisdown.Oftenaredundantcentralisdown. Directcommunicationsbetweennodesarenotsupported,everything mustgothroughthehub

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CommunicationTechnology
RingTopology:Messagespacketsaretransmittedsequentiallyfromnode tonodeinapredefinedsequence. sequence Aclosedloopisformedwith informationtravelingoneway.

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CommunicationTechnology
Advantages: Thenetworkisnotnecessarilydependantonamaster,dependingonthe techniqueused,althoughanadministratormayberequiredwithcertain techniques. Eachnodecanfunctionasasignal g amplifier p Automaticmessageacknowledgementisinherenttothetopology. Directnodetonodecommunicationissupported. Disadvantages: Ifanynodegoesdowntheentireringgoesdown. Troubleshootingandfaultisolationaredifficult. Adding dd orremovingnodes d d disruptsthe h network. k Configurationandprogrammingofthesystembecomemorecomplex

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CommunicationTechnology
BusTopology:Singlebusnetworks,double(redundant)busnetworks,and complexcombinationsareusedinpractice.Busreferstothemain communicationchanneltowhicheachnodeisconnected. Mostflexibleofthedifferenttopologies.

Master (Optional)

RemoteStations
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CommunicationTechnology
Advantages: Thebusisnotdependentonasinglecentralstation Anyonenodemayfailwithoutaffectingthebus Highflexibilityofconfigurations. Nodescanbeaddedorremovedfromthebuseasily. easily Directnodetonodecommunicationissupported. Disadvantages: Securitymaybecomprised comprised,asanynodecanseethemessage message. Troubleshootingandfaultisolationcanbedifficult Noinherentautomaticacknowledgementofmessages,sincemessages areabsorbedattheendofthebusanddonotreturntothesender. Heavydatatrafficonthebusmaycauseproblems,asnodesmayfindit difficulttoaccessthebustosendamessage.

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CommunicationTechniques
MasterSlaveCommunication : Simplest,Mostcommon,Flexiblecommunicationtechnique. CentralizedcontrolbymasterSCADA PeertopeerCommunication: Devicesonthenetworktoinitiatecommunicationswithanydevicesonthe networktoinitiatecommunicationswithanyotherdeviceonthenetwork. Althoughitisnotfunctioningasamaster,aSCADAsystemwillnormally receivethemajorityofthenetworkdata,andremotecontrolcommandswill usuallybeinitiatedbytheSCADAsystem. SCADAsystemwillgodownthennetworkcommunicationcanstillbe retained. Inthesameleveli.e.withinthesamelevelthedeviceswillcommunicatewith eachother.
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ConventionalPolling
Mostcommonandsimplestformofdatacommunication AMasterstationrequestsdatafromeachslavestationinapredetermined sequence. Prioritiesmaybeassignedtoslaves,meaningthesestationswillbepolledata higherratethanthenormalstations. Polling gcanbeusedonvirtually yallphysical p y mediaandany ytopology. p gy Pollingratedependentonthemasteranddeterministicresponsetimesare obtained. Pollingresultsininefficientuseofbandwidthandrelativelyslowresponse timearecharacteristicofpollingtechniques Master M t
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ConventionalPolling
Advantages: Easeprogramming Reliabilityduetothesimplicity. Failurecommunication,eitherattheslaveorduetolinkfailure,is detectedrelativelyquickly. quickly Nodatacollisions Efficient Disadvantages: LightlyLoaded Slavescannotcommunicatedirectlywitheachotherduetoadding complexity l tothe h masterprogrammingand dresulting l inslow l communicationsbetweenslaves. Variationsinthedatatransferrequirementsofslavescannotbehandled

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Pollingbyexception
Thistechnique q consistsofthemasterrequesting q gonly y eventchangesfromtheslavestations. Ifnochangeshaveoccurredduringthepollingcycle, nodatawillereturnedtothemaster. Protocolusedincommunicatingbetweenmasterand slavestationsmustsupportpollingbyexception. exception

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Time divisionmultiplexmediaaccess
Eachstationhasitsowntimeslot, ,during gwhichthestation maysendandreceivedata. Deterministicresponsetimesareachievedastherecanbe collisions lli i onthe th network. t k ABusadministratorisrequiredtoensurethatallstations comply p ywiththenetworkrulesalsocalledtransport p media arbitration. TDMcanbeusedonaringorbustopology

Node1
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Time divisionmultiplexmediaaccess
Advantages: Nodatacollisions Efficient Directpeertopeercommunicationspossible Disadvantages: LightlyLoaded Variationsindatatransferrequirementscannotbehandled. Communicationsfailuretoaspecific p devicemay ynotbedetected immediatelyexceptinprotocols. Networkstilldependentonacentralcommunicationscontroller. Configurationofthenetworkiscomplex

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PerformanceCriteria
Transmission: CommunicationLinkisameasureofhowmanytimesthephysicalsignal changespersecondandisexpressedasthebaudrate. rate Importantcharacteristicofalink isitsbitratespeedswillbeexpressedinbpsinthistext. Bandwidth:
Itis I i generally ll expressed donhertz h ,earning i cycles l persecond. d I Itrepresentsthe h maximumfrequencyatwhichchangescanbehandledbeforeattenuation.ItsCloselyrelated tothetransmissionmedium,rangingfromaround3000Hzforthepublictelephonesystemto theGHzrangeforopticalfibercable.

Signaltonoiseratio: Themaximumpracticaldatatransferrateforalinkismathematically relatedtothebandwidth,S/Nratioandthenumberoflevelsencodedineachsignaling element.

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PerformanceCriteria
Data D t th throughput h t::Data D t is i always l carried i dwithin ithi aprotocol t lenvelope, l ranging i from f acharacterframetosophisticatedmessageschemes,thereaddatatransferwillbe lessthanthebitrate.Theamountofredundantdataaroundamessagepacket increasesasitpassesdowntheprotocolstackinanetwork.Thismeansthatthe ratioofnonmessagedatatoreal real informationmaybesignificantfactorin determiningtheeffectivetransmissionrate,sometimesreferredtoasthe throughput. ErrorRate:ItisrelatedtofactorssuchasS/Nratio, ratio noiseandinterference. interference Thereis generallyacompromisebetweentransmissionspeedandallowableerrorrate, dependingonthetypeofapplication. Responsetime:Ittakesastheperiodittakesfromtheinstantacommandor requestisinitiatedfromonestationtoanotheruntiltheinstantreceivingstation respondtothatcommandorrequest.

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SCADAlevelsDefinition

Level BL BL, SL PL SL
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Functions Protection Control Measurement Monitoring Data Communication

Sequence 4 5 1 2
61 3

SL,BL,PL

SCADAPossiblefunctionalscope
MONITORING
Alarm & Archives Disturbance Condition monitoring

CONTROL

Auto-reclose & Synch-check

Interlock & sequences

Load shedding & Volt reg.

PROTECTION

Line & Transformer

Busbar & Circuit breaker

Generator & Motor

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SCADAConfiguration

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FirstLevel: OverviewofthePlanttobemonitored.

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SecondLevel: DetailsofrelevantStn.

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Type1Systems

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Type2Systems

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Type3Systems

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Type4Systems

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SCADAhardware
Fivelevelsof SCADAhardware
Fieldlevelinstrumentationandcontroldevices
analoganddigitalsensorssituatedateachremotesite

MarshallingterminalsandRTUs
providesaninterfacetothefielddevices

Communications C i ti system t
wire,fiberoptic,radio,telephoneline,microwaveandpossiblyeven satellite Specificprotocolsanderrordetectiontechniquesareusedforefficientand optimumtransferofdata pathwayforcommunicationsbetweenthemasterstationandtheremote sites

Themasterstation(s)
gather gat e datafrom o the t evarious a ousRTUs Us provideanoperatorinterfacefordisplayofinformationandcontrolofthe remotesites

Thecommercialinformationtechnology(IT)ordataprocessing departmentcomputersystem
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 71 IITMChennai 600036

17April2013

SCADA HardwareARCHITECTURE

Figure1:TypicalHardwareArchitecture

SCADAsoftware
Proprietarysoftware
Companiesdevelopproprietarysoftwaretocommunicate totheirhardware mainproblemwiththesesystemsistheoverwhelming relianceonthesupplier pp ofthesystem y

Opensoftwaresystems
Interoperability Abilitytomixdifferentmanufacturersequipmentonthe samesystem opensoftwarepackagesavailableonthemarketforSCADA systems Citect andWonderWare
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 73 IITMChennai 600036

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SCADA SOFTWAREArchitecture

ISOopen p systems y interconnectionmodel( (OSI) )

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DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 75 IITMChennai 600036

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DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 76 IITMChennai 600036

OSIReferenceModel
Thesevenlayers
Thep provisionofnetworkservicestotheusersapplication pp programs p g
Note:theactualapplicationprogramsdoNOTresidehere

Primarilytakescareofdatarepresentation(includingencryption) (sessions) )betweentheusers Controlofthecommunications( Themanagementofthecommunicationsbetweenthetwoendsystems Primarily Pi il responsible ibl for f the th routing ti of fmessages Responsibleforassemblingandsendingaframeofdatafromone systemtoanother Definestheelectricalsignalsandmechanicalconnectionsatthe physicallevel

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DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 77 IITMChennai 600036

SubstationAutomationwithDNP3

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DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 78 IITMChennai 600036

SubstationAutomationwithIEC61850

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DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 79 IITMChennai 600036

KeyfeaturesofSCADAsoftware
Userinterfaces Graphics p displays p y Alarms Trends RTU(and ( dPLC) )i interface f Scalability Accesstodata Database Networking Faulttoleranceandredundancy Client/serverdistributedprocessing
17April2013 DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 80 IITMChennai 600036

Basicstandards:RS232
TheRS232CinterfacestandardforserialdatacommunicationInterface definestheInterfacebetweenDataTerminalEquipment(DTE)andData C Communications i i E Equipment i (DCE)Employing E l i Serial S i lBinary Bi Data D interchange ThecurrentrevisionisEIA232E(1991) 3majorpartsRS232standard:
Theelectricalsignalcharacteristicssuchasthevoltagelevelsandgrounding characteristicsoftheinterchangesignalsandassociatedcircuitry Theinterfacemechanicalcharacteristicsofthemechanicalinterfacebetween DTEandDCE,and circuits,suchasthefunctionofthe Thefunctionaldescriptionoftheinterchangecircuits data,timingandcontrolsignalsusedattheinterfacebetweenDTEandDCE

17April2013

DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 81 IITMChennai 600036

Basicstandards:RS485
Multipointinterfacestandard

RS485permitsmultidropnetworkconnectionontwowiresandprovides forreliableserialdatacommunicationfor:
Distancesofupto1200m Dataratesofupto10Mbps

Up pto32linedriverspermitted p onthesameline upto32linereceiversarepermittedonthesameline Thelinevoltagesrangebetween1.5Vto6Vforlogic1and+1.5Vto +6VforLogic0 0 . Forfullduplexsystems,fivewiresarerequired. Forahalfduplexsystem,onlythreewiresarerequired.

17April2013

DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 82 IITMChennai 600036

Basicstandards:RS232
Electricalsignalcharacteristics DTEDataterminalequipment
(e.g.acomputerorprinter).ADTEdevice communicates i t with ithaDCEdevice d i and dtransmits t it data d t onpin2andreceivesdataonpin3ona25pinD typeconnector

DCEDatacommunicationsequipment
ADCEdevicetransmitsdatabetweentheDTEanda physicaldatacommunicationslink(e.g.telephone system).Ittransmitsdataonpin3andreceivesdata onpin2ona25pinDtypeconnector
17April2013 DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 83 IITMChennai 600036

Basicstandards:RS232
TheconnectionsbetweentheDTEandDCE

17April2013

DepartmentofElectricalEngineering 84 IITMChennai 600036