DESULFATADOR youtube como reparar una bateria con sal y agua https://www youtube com/watch!

"#$$%&tc'F(&) *ATER)A +E,UE-A O *ATER)A DE AUTO SAL ).$LESA Epsom Salt 'agnesium Sul/ate U+S nombre 0el compuesto es 1SULFATO DE 'A$.ES)O1

en bateria pe2ue3a por ca0a hollito 0e la bateria 4 cuchara0a 0e sal

////////////// 56mo re"i"ir las bater7as 0e un carrito 0e gol/ usan0o sales 0e Epsom Escrito por 8 D A09ins : Tra0uci0o por Ana 'ar7a $ue"ara Las bater7as 2ue se usan en los carritos 0e gol/ son 0e plomo y ;ci0o Esto signi/ica 2ue utili<an la misma tecnolog7a 2ue las bater7as 0e los autos 5uan0o se 0escargan completamente 0emasia0o a menu0o= el a<u/re pue0e recolectar los electro0os 0el plomo en un proceso 2ue se llama sul/ataci6n Esto blo2uea el /lu>o 0e electrici0a0 +ue0es re"ertir la sul/ataci6n y re"i"ir las bater7as 0e un carrito 0e gol/ usan0o sul/ato 0e magnesio= me>or conoci0o por la mayor7a como sales 0e Epsom )nstrucciones

4 Suelta los cables 0e la bater7a 2ue 2uieres re"i"ir usan0o una lla"e inglesa y remue"e la bater7a 0el carrito 0e gol/ ,uita las tapas 0e pl;stico 0e la parte superior 0e la bater7a y 0rena el /lui0o a un contene0or 2ue no sea met;lico

5alienta un litro 0e agua 0estila0a a apro@ima0amente 4AB gra0os ChumeanteD A3a0e apro@ima0amente E on<as por peso C4B cuchara0itas colma0asD 0e sales 0e Epsom y 0espuFs re"uel"e hasta 2ue estFn totalmente 0isueltas G Usa un embu0o 0e pl;stico para llenar ca0a cel0a 0e la bater7a con la soluci6n 0e agua y sales Epsom Sacu0e la bater7a para asegurarte 0e 2ue no 2ue0an burbu>as 0e aire atrapa0as H Usa un carga0or 0e tres /ases a>usta0o a seis "oltios para cargar la bater7a 5onecta el carga0or a los terminales positi"o y negati"o siguien0o las instrucciones 0el /abricante Encien0e el carga0or y 0e>a 2ue la bater7a se cargue to0a la noche El carga0or 0e tres /ases est; 0ise3a0o para las bater7as 0e plomo y ;ci0o y cambiar; autom;ticamente a carga ba>a cuan0o la bater7a estF casi completa A Apaga el carga0or y 0esconFctalo (uel"e a colocar las tapas 0e las cel0as y reinstala la bater7a en el carrito 0e gol/ Debe /uncionar a0ecua0amente Repetir el proceso 0e carga una "e< a la semana por tres semanas es una buena i0ea para asegurar 2ue la sul/ataci6n se re"ierte completamente y 2ue la bater7a est; /uncionan0o a su capaci0a0 m;@ima

Consejos y advertencias
El ;ci0o sul/Irico en las bater7as 0e plomo y ;ci0o es altamente corrosi"o Usa siempre guantes y ga/as 0e protecci6n cuan0o estFs traba>an0o con estas bater7as AsegIrate 0e 2ue el ;rea 0e traba>o est; bien "entila0a y mantFn las llamas abiertas le>os 0e la bater7a +ara e"itar 0a3os en la plomer7a= neutrali<a el /lui0o "ie>o 0e la bater7a a3a0ien0o una cuchara0a a la "e< 0e bicarbonato 0e so0a hasta 2ue 0e>en 0e /ormarse burbu>as Ja 2ue los carritos 0e gol/ pue0en ser almacena0os por largos perio0os= es Itil poner la bater7a en un carga0or Esto pre"en0r; 2ue se 0escargue por completo y 2ue se pro0u<ca m;s sul/ataci6n A0em;s= la bater7a estar; lista para usarse la pr6@ima "e< 2ue 2uieras usar el carrito 0e gol/ otra "e<

///////////////////////////////// OTRA FUE.TE DE ).FOR'A)5O.

http://es scrib0 com/0oc/%G4KE%?4/*atteryLDesul/atorL4?" http://es scrib0 com/0oc/AH?HE%EM/Desul/ata0orL0eL*aterias http://bricoenergia E/orum bi</t?BHL0esul/ata0orLelectronico http://www electronica?BBB com//uentes/recupera0orLbateriasG htm Recupera0or 0e bater7as 0e plomo ;ci0o con L'AAA Les o/recemos otro recupera0or 0e bater7as o 0esul/ata0or 0e bater7as

N,uF es la sul/ataci6n y por 2uF ocurre! Es la consecuencia real 0e la reacci6n 2u7mica por la 0escarga 0e la bater7a= 0on0e el plomo C+bD y el 0i6@i0o 0e plomo C+bO?D= la reacci6n con ;ci0o sul/Irico CO?SOHD 0urante el proce0imiento 0e la 0escarga= el cambio en sul/ato 0e plomo C+bSOHD La capa 0e sul/ato 0e plomo no es capa< 0e 0isol"erse en agua y esto crea una capa 0e aislamiento real entre las bal0osas 0e la bater7a y el electrolito A menu0o lle"a a /ormar sul/ato 0e plomo= 0ebi0o al 0esuso 0e la bater7a por mes y por lo tanto no hay manera 0e recuperar la carga completa N56mo pue0e el recupera0or 0esul/ator restaurar una bater7a 0e plomo! 5uan0o est; conecta0o a una bater7a 0Fbil 0urante unas horas Ca "eces 07asD= simplemente se 0isuel"e la capa 0e sul/ato 0e plomo C+bSOHD 2ue cubren las bal0osas 0e la bater7a +or supuesto= este circuito tiene 2ue ser utili<a0o s6lo si la bater7a no est; 0a3a0o= Inicamente si est; sul/ata0a= si la bater7a est; roto= en corto o con elementos colapsa0os= el 0esul/ator no pue0e hacer su /unci6n El consumo 0e corriente 0e este 0esul/ator es G?LGG mA En el caso 0e 2ue la bater7a estF totalmente 0escarga0a= es necesario conectar una /uente 0e alimentaci6n para 2ue /uncione el recupera0or o 0esul/ata0or= tener la precauci6n 0e "eri/icar cuan0o la bater7a tenga alguna carga propia y 0esconectar la /uente Antes 0e proce0er a conectar el recupera0or= sacu0ir la bater7a y luego 2uitar los tapones y botar el aci0o 2ue contiene= la"ar con agua 0estila0a al menos una "e< y botarla Ahora la llenamos nue"amente con agua 0estila0a y proce0emos a conectar el recupera0or DespuFs 0e haber lle"a0o a cabo el proce0imiento 0e 0esul/atar la bater7a= botamos el agua 0estila0a y rellenamos con electrolito y la ponemos a cargar en carga lenta por al menos ?H horas

Lista 0e componentes

5apacitores: 54: GB PF capacitor electr7tico 5?: B?? PF capacitor cer;mico 5G: BHE PF capacitor cer;mico 5H: 4BB PF o A 0e ?? PF en paralelo CEsta para minimi<ar la resistencia interna 0el con0ensa0or o ESRD= capacitor electr7tico Semicon0uctores: )54: L'AAA ,4: )RF%QGH o )RF%AGB D4: *J??% para ?BB "oltios Resistores: R4: HEB RS R?: ?? RS RG: GGB S RH: GGB S (R4: HEB S potenci6metro o minipot Otros: L4: *obina 0e ??B PO

L?: *obina 0e 4BBB PO *4: *ater7a sul/ata0a para recuperaci6n F4: Fusible 0e ? amperios S84: )nterruptor para encen0i0o y apaga0o 0el circuito

ele9tir E0ici6n BGL?B4H

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Voltajes de funcionamiento ptimo para leds:

Al$a)n+ CAluminium gallium in0ium phosphi0eD: 4 %T? 4 "oltios Al$a)n+: Se utili<a en la /abricaci6n 0e 0io0os emisores 0e lu< 0e color ro>o 0e alto brillo= naran>a= "er0e y amarillo= para /ormar la heteroestructura 2ue emite la lu< TambiFn se utili<a para hacer los 0io0os l;ser )n$a. C)n0ium gallium nitri0eD: G 4TG A "oltios )n$a.: Es la capa luminescente en los Le0s 0e color a<ul y "er0e mo0erno y= a menu0o crecen en un bu//er 0e $a. en un substrato transparente como= por e>emplo= <a/iro o 0e carburo 0e silicio Tiene una capaci0a0 0e alta temperatura y su sensibili0a0 a la ra0iaci6n ioni<ante es ba>a Cal igual 2ue otros nitruros 0el grupo )))D= por lo 2ue es tambiFn un material potencialmente a0ecua0o para las matrices 0e cFlulas solares 0e los satFlites )n/rare0 C)RD: 4 ? "oltios

)n/rare0 C)RD: la lu< es ra0iaci6n electrom;gnetica con una longitu0 0e on0a m;s larga 2ue la 0e la lu< "isible= me0i0a 0el bor0e nominal 0e la lu< ro>a "isible en B E micr6metros= y e@ten0iFn0ose con"encionalmente a GBB micr6metros La corriente es generalmente ?B mA= para UFO LED= GB mA para )n$a. y AB mA para Al$a)n+ La /uente 0e "olta>e es segIn tus necesi0a0es= es 0ecir= lo 2ue tengas a tu 0isposici6n= generalmente es una /uente 0e M o 4? "oltios ';s in/ormaci6n sobre las caracter7sticas 0e los le0s lo pue0es leer a2u7 Dicho lo anterior= a continuaci6n les 0e>amos la calcula0ora: http://www electronica?BBB com/calculoLresistorLle0 htmUsingle /////////////////////////////// L'G4E /////////////////////////

TOE 5O.STA.TL5URRE.T 5)R5U)T

Fig E4a

5onstantL5urrent 5ircuits

The three circuits abo"e pro"i0e a constant current through the LED Cor LEDsD when the supply rises to 4A" an0 higher The secon0 an0 thir0 circuits can be turne0 on an0 o// "ia the input line

Fig E4b

5onstantL5urrent 5ircuit

The /irst circuit in Fig E4b is a constantLcurrent arrangement= pro"i0ing a /i@e0 current to the LEDs= no matter the supply "oltage This is 0one by turning on the top transistor "ia the ?9? resistor )t 9eeps turning on until the "oltageL0rop across resistor R is B MA" At this point the lower transistor starts to turn on an0 current /lows through the collectorLemitter terminals an0 it 1robs1 the top transistor o/ current /rom the ?9? resistor The top transistor cannot turn on any more an0 the current /lowing though R is the same as the current /lowing through the LEDs an0 0oes not increase

The secon0 0iagram in Fig E4b is also a constantLcurrent circuit with the base /i@e0 at: B E" V B E" # 4 H" "ia the two 0io0es The transistor is turne0 on "ia the ?9? resistor an0 a "oltage is 0e"elope0 across resistor R 8hen this "oltage is B E"= the emitter is B E" abo"e the B" rail an0 the base is 4 H" )/ the transistor turns on more= the emitter will be B K" abo"e the B" rail an0 this will only gi"e B M" between base an0 emitter The transistor woul0 not be turne0 on with this "oltageL0rop= so the transistor cannot be turne0 on any more than B MA" across the resistor R

Fig E4ba

5onstantL5urrent 5ircuit

Fig E4ba

5onstantL5urrent 5ircuit

Fig E4ba shows two more constant current circuits 1sourcing1 the LEDs The E constant current circuits gi"e you the choice o/ either sourcing or sin9ing the LED current

Fig E4bab 5onstantL5urrent 5ircuit /or high "oltage supply

Fig E4bab 5onstantL5urrent 5ircuit /or high "oltage supply )/ the supply "oltage is high= the transistor controlling the current C*5AHED will get hot an0 alter the currentL/low Fig E4bab uses a +O8ER TRA.S)STOR to 0issipate the losses an0 the currentL controlling transistor remains col0 8hen the circuit turns O.= the current through R is <ero an0 the "oltage on the base o/ the *5AHE turns it on /ully The "oltage between collector an0 emitter is about B ?" an0 this means the emitter o/ the power transistor is below the base o/ the *5AHE The base o/ the power transistor is B E" abo"e the base o/ the *5AHE an0 the power transistor

also turns on /ully 5urrent increases through R an0 when the "oltage across R reaches B E"= The *5AHE starts to turn OFF The collector "oltage rises an0 this starts to turn OFF the power transistor This is how the current through the LOAD is limite0 by the "alue o/ R

TOE 5URRE.T ')RROR 5)R5U)T

Fig E4bac 5urrent 'irror 5ircuit This is not a constant current circuit )t is a 5URRE.T SOUR5E circuit A constant current circuit means the current will not change i/ the supply "oltage is increase0 or 0ecrease0 This circuit simply supplies a D5 signal Cin the /orm o/ a "oltageD to another circuit so that the current in the original circuit is a"ailable in the secon0 circuit an0 this is calle0 a current mirror arrangement 8e start with 0iagram A

The transistor is turne0 on because the base is connecte0 to the collector The collector can only rise to about B E" because it is connecte0 to the base so that most o/ the supplyL"oltage appears across the loa0 This means the current through the loa0 is 9nown )t can be 0etermine0 by OhmWs Law: ) #(/R OereWs how the circuit wor9s: 8hen the circuit is turne0 O.= current /lows through the resistor an0 through the baseLemitter >unction This turns the transistor O. "ery har0 an0 the current through the collectorLemitter circuit increases This re0uces the "oltage on the collector an0 as it 0ecreases= the "oltage on the base 0ecreases an0 the transistor starts to turn OFF )n the en0= the transistor is turne0 on to allow 4BmA to /low through the collectorLemitter >unction 0ue to the 4B" supply an0 49 resistor Suppose we instantly change the 49 /or 4BB ohms The transistor is only lightly turne0 O. an0 current though the collectorLemitter is only 4BmA *ut the 4BBR will 0eli"er 4BBmA an0 the e@tra current will /low into the base an0 turn the transistor O. har0er This will increase the current thorough the collectorLemitter >unction an0 rob the base o/ the e@tra current= howe"er the current into the base will be higher than be/ore because the transistor has to be turne0 on more to allow about 4BBmA to /low through the collectorLemitter >unction )/ we ta9e a lea0 /rom the base o/ the transistor= as shown in /ig * we can connect it to the base o/ an i0entical transistor an0 the secon0 transistor will allow the same current to /low though the collectorLemitter >unction The result is circuit 5 The current through the 4BBR resistor will be 4BmA Cnormally it woul0 be 4BBmAD The secon0 transistor is only lightly turne0 on an0 allows 4BmA to /low

ADJUSTABL CU!! "T #$% ! SU##L&

A rea0er re2ueste0 a circuit /or an A0>ustableL5urrent A" +ower Supply )n other wor0s he wante0 a power supply with 5URRE.T L)')T).$ This type o/ power supply is "ery han0y so you can test an un9nown circuit an0 pre"ent it being 0amage0 For this 0esign we will ma9e the current a0>ustable /rom 4BBmA to 4 amp This circuit can be a00e0 to any power supply with an output o/ more than E" Our circuit re2uires at least two "olts 1hea0Lroom1 /or the "oltage across the regulating transistor Cthe transistor that 0eli"ers the "oltage an0 current D an0 about B A" /or the currentL 0etecting resistor

The ma@imum current is set by the 4BBR pot an0 This circuit 0eli"ers A" when no current is /lowing an0 the "oltage gra0ually re0uces 8hen the set "alue o/ current as selecte0 by the 4BBR pot is reache0 the output "oltage will ha"e 0roppe0 by B M" This is the "oltage 0e"elope0 across the currentLsensing resistor an0 this "oltage is 0etecte0 by the *5AHE to to start to re0uce the output "oltage As soon as the ma@imum current is reache0= the "oltage /alls at a /aster rate an0 i/ the output is shortLcircuite0= the currentL/low will be as set by the pot 5O.STA.T 5URRE.T LAs soon as the loa0 reaches the point where it ta9es the /ull current= the circuit turns into a 5O.STA.T 5URRE.T power supply

ADXUSTA*LE 5URRE.T +O8ER SU++LJ

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(OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERTER This soun0s "ery comple@ but it is "ery simple The simplest "oltageLtoLcurrent component is a resistor A resistor per/orms lots o/ 0i//erent >obs= 0epen0ing on the circuit One o/ its >obs limits the current to a LED )t is calle0 a 5URRE.T L)')T).$ RES)STOR )t can also be calle0 a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.?O.(ERTER

OereWs how it wor9s:

Fig 4BG0 A resistor is a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERTER

A re0 LED must be 0eli"ere0 a "oltage o/ e@actly 4 E" /or it to wor9 )n other wor0s it must be connecte0 to a 4 E" supply *ut a 4 E" supply is "ery har0 to obtain= so we use a G" supply an0 a 0ropper resistor The resistor con"erts the G" to 4 E" This is easy to un0erstan0 because the G" supply is /i@e0 at G" an0 when a "oltage is 0eli"ere0 to the re0 LED it 0e"elops e@actly 4 E" across it The resistor sits between the G" an0 4 E" 8hen the "oltage o/ the supply is increase0= The "oltage across the LED remains at 4 E" an0 the "oltage across the resistor increases This is shown in the 0iagrams abo"e 8hen the "oltage across a resistor increases= the current through it increases ThatWs how we get GmA= EmA an0 4BmA This is calle0 (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERS)O. The (OLTA$E on the input goes up an0 0own an0 the 5URRE.T through the LED goes up an0 0own The input 5URRE.T will also go up an0 0own but we are only co"ering the /act that the input (OLTA$E rises an0 /alls an0 the output 5URRE.T R)SES an0 /alls Any circuit that pro0uces this e//ect is calle0 a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERTER A transistor can also be connecte0 to pro0uce (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERS)O. The /ollowing circuit is an emitterL/ollower )t is also a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERTER A rising an0 /alling "oltage on the input creates a rising an0 /alling 5URRE.T on the output )t also pro0uces a rising an0 /alling "oltage on the output but we are only concerne0 with the /act that the circuit pro0uces a rising an0 /alling 5URRE.T on the output when the

input (OLTA$E rises an0 /alls

Fig 4BGe An emitterL/ollower is a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERTER The circuit in Fig4BGe re2uires say 4mA input current The output current will be 4BBmA The circuit has the capability o/ increasing the current or A'+L)FJ).$ the current The resistor circuit abo"e 0oes not A'+L)FJ the current )t is only a "oltageLtoLcurrent con"erter The transistor per/orms a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERS)O. an0 also pro0uces 5URRE.T A'+L)F)5AT)O. A commonLemitter stage also per/orms (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERS)O.

Fig 4BG/ A commonLemitter stage is a (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERTER A slight increase in the "oltage on the base o/ a common emitter transistor will increase the current through the loa0 by a large amount As you can see= there are lots o/ circuits that per/orm (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERS)O. but we usually i0enti/y them /or other /eatures an0 thatWs why the term (OLTA$E TO 5URRE.T 5O.(ERS)O. is rarely mentione0 There are also special circuits Cusing opLampsD to per/orm precision "oltageLtoLcurrent con"ersion= but we are concentrating on transistor stages

CU!! "T T$ V$LTA' C$"V !T !

A resistor can be use0 as a 5URRE.T TO (OLTA$E 5O.(ERTER Fig 4BGg shows a resistor calle0 a SE.SE RES)STOR )t is a lowL"alue resistor in series with one line o/ a circuit an0 its /unction is not to change the operation o/ the circuit in any way

Fig 4BGg 'easuring the 1sense resistor1

)ts /unction is to pro0uce a "ery small "oltage across it an0 this "oltage is 0etecte0 by a circuit Cbasically a "oltmeter Cor milli "oltmeterD 8hen a current /lows though a resistor= a "oltage is pro0uce0 across the resistor Jou can also say a (OLTA$E DRO+ is pro0uce0 across the resistor )/ the resistor is e@actly 4 ohm= a "oltage o/ 4" will be pro0uce0 across it when 4 amp is /lowing or 4m( is pro0uce0 /or each 4mA o/ current Using a 4 ohm resistor pro0uces an easy con"ersion )/ the circuit is ?H" or AB"= a loss o/ 4 "olt will not be notice0 *ut i/ the circuit has a lower "oltage= Csay A"D the resistor will be nee0 to be a lower "alue so the 0rop across the sense resistor 0oes not upset the operation o/ the circuit The actual "alue o/ the resistor is not important /or this 0iscussion= )t can be 4 ohm or

B 4 ohm The important point is to un0erstan0 the /unction o/ a Sense Resistor )n the circuit abo"e= i/ the globe is replace0 by a ?Bwatt or ABwatt= globe= the current through the sense resistor will increase 8e measure the "oltage Cin milli"oltsD across the resistor an0 we con"ert the "alue into 5URRE.T This is a 5URRE.T to (OLTA$E 5O.(ERS)O. A transistor can be use0 as a 5URRE.T TO (OLTA$E 0etector Fig 4BGh shows a 4 ohm sense resistor connecte0 to a transistor 8hen the circuit is turne0 O.= the charging current Cthe current /lowing into the batteryD will be high an0 when the "oltage across the sense resistor reaches B MA"= the transistor turns O. an0 the "oltage on the collector re0uces This turns on the re0 LED an0 re0uces the "oltage on the ADX terminal o/ the L'G4ET regulator an0 the regulator outputs a lower current to the batter This is how the circuit limits the charging current The resistor is con"erting the current /lowing through the circuit Can0 into the batteryD into a "oltage= an0 the transistor 0etects the "oltage The transistor is not 0etecting or measuring the current )t has absolutely no i0ea o/ the amount o/ current /lowing )t is 0etecting the "oltage across the resistor The resistor is per/orming the 5URRE.T to (OLTA$E con"ersion

Fig 4BGh The 4ohm Sense Resistor