AC Motor As in the DC motor case, a current is passed through the coil, generating a torque on the coil.

Since the current is alternating, the motor will run smoothly only at the frequency of the sine wave. It is called a synchronous motor. More common is the induction motor, where electric current is induced in the rotating

coils rather than supplied to them directly. One of the draw ac!s of this !ind of AC motor is the high current which must flow through the rotating contacts. Spar!ing and heating at those contacts can waste energy and shorten the lifetime of the motor. In common AC motors the magnetic field is produced y an electromagnet powered y the same AC voltage as the motor coil. "he coils which produce the magnetic field are sometimes referred to as the #stator#, while the coils and the solid core which rotates is called the #armature#. In an AC motor the magnetic field is sinusoidally varying, $ust as the current in the coil varies. %ow does a AC 'enerator and DC motor wor!& 'enerator Motor Motor

%yper(hysics))))) *lectricity and Magnetism

R Nave

'o +ac!

AC Generator
"he turning of a coil in a magnetic field produces motional emfs in oth sides of the coil which add. Since the component of the velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field changes sinusoidally with the rotation, the generated voltage is sinusoidal or AC. "his process can e descri ed in terms of ,araday-s law when you see that the rotation of the coil continually changes the magnetic flu. through the coil and therefore generates a voltage.

/oltage generation detail

AC Motor

'enerator and Motor

DC Motor

Generator and Motor

A hand0cran!ed generator can e used to generate voltage to turn a motor. "his is an e.ample of energy conversion from mechanical to electrical energy and then ac! to mechanical energy.

Inde. DC Circuits

As the motor is turning, it also acts as a generator and generates a # ac! emf#. +y 1en2-s law, the emf generated y the motor coil will oppose the change that created it. If the motor is not driving a load, then the generated ac! emf will almost alance the input voltage and very little current will flow in the coil of the motor. +ut if the motor is driving a heavy load, the ac! emf will e less and more current will flow in the motor coil and that electric power eing used is converted to the mechanical power to drive the load.
Demonstration AC Motor AC 'enerator DC Motor

Electrical machine
An Electrical machine is a device that converts mechanical

energy to

electrical energy or vice versa, and changes AC voltage from one level
to another level.

Generator
'enerator is the device that converts mechanical energy at its prime mover to produce constant electrical energy at its output. 'enerator is classified into two types3 AC generator and DC generator.

AC Generator
AC generator is the generator that converts mechanical energy at its prime mover into AC electricity. AC generator is classified into several types3

Asynchronous AC generator or induction AC generator, an AC generator whose field current is supplied y magnetic induction into the field windings. Synchronous AC generator, an AC generator whose magnetic field current is provided y a separate DC current source, either e.ternal DC source or mounted DC source.

DC Generator
DC generator is the generator that converts mechanical energy at its prime mover into DC electricity. DC generator is classified into several types3

Cumulatively compounded DC generator, a DC generator whose oth shunt field and series field are present and their effects are additive. Differentially compounded DC generator, a DC generator whose effects of shunt field and series field are su tractive. Separately e.cited DC generator, a DC generator whose field flu. is produced y a separate power source independent of the generator. Series DC generator, a DC generator whose field circuit is in series with the armature

Motor Motor is the device that converts electrical energy at its input to produce mechanical energy. Motor is classified into two types3 AC motor and DC motor.
AC Motor

AC motor is the motor that converts AC electrical energy at its input into mechanical energy. AC motor is classified into several types3

Asynchronous AC motor or induction AC motor Synchronous AC motor

DC Motor
DC motor is the motor that converts DC electricity into mechanical energy. Its main components are stator, rotor, windings 4field windings and armature windings5 and commutator.
DC motor is classified into five types3

Compounded DC motor (ermanent magnet DC motor Separately e.cited DC motor, a DC motor whose field circuit receives power from a separate constant voltage supply. Series DC motor, a DC motor whose field windings consist of relatively few turns and connected in series with the armature circuit. Shunt DC motor, a DC motor whose field circuit receives power directly across the armature terminals.

1osses in DC motor are rush drop losses, core losses, mechanical losses and stray losses.

Transformer
"ransformer is the device that converts AC voltage from one level to another level higher or lower, or even to the same level with out changing the voltage.

AC Motor / Generator Project

"his pro$ect started one night while I was lying in ed trying to visuali2e how an AC motor wor!ed. I !new that it was different from a DC motor as in it did not

require rushes and the speed was controlled y frequency instead of voltage. After some research I came up with this pro$ect to etter my understanding of AC motors. AC Theory: AC Current is different from DC in that the polarity is constantly inverting in a given period. ,or e.ample3 1ets say you have a standard attery hoo!ed up to a volt meter. 6ormally you would connect the positive lead to the positive terminal of the attery as well as the negative lead to the negative terminal. If you wish to generate an AC current you would connect the leads normally for half a second and then invert them 4where the positive terminal is connected to the negative lead and the negative terminal is connected to the positive lead5 for another half second. If you constantly repeat this process you will have an AC current operating at one hert2 47h25. 8here a hert2 is 7 9 (eriod. "he period is the time the current is positive plus the time it is negative in one cycle, so in our case :.;s < :.;s = 7s per period. In America AC voltage to your home is typically 77: /olts at >:h2 in a smooth sine wave.

Quick Magnet Theory: A more in depth theory a out magnets can e found here. ,or our practical purposes all we need to !now is that a magnet has two poles, north and south.

(oles attract each other when placed from north to south and repel when placed north to north or south to south.

Quick Electromagnet Theory: An electromagnet is a magnet that is created with a coil. 8hen current passes through the coil a magnetic flu. is created. Conversely when a magnetic field passes through the coil a current is created. More information can e found here.

AC Motor/Generator theory Most of the information I used to design this motor came from this page. I placed si. magnets on the rotor with alternating poles and placed > coils in the housing with the polarities also alternating. 8hen an AC current is run through the coils the polarity will switch the magnets poles from north to south at the given frequency. "herefor the rotor will turn so that the poles on the magnets will always line up.