ESSAY WRITING

L. I{aruatizte

EssaY

Narrative essaysmay describe real or fictional events and can be rendered in the 'we) ot itt th" third person (he/she/1h"y). It must be exciting, first person (I / strange or fuotty in order to stir the interest of the reader and be successful. Both f"girfrit"rgr and ends are important parts as the former stimulate the interest of the reader and the latter satisfy i'ris curiosity and expectations. Keep in mind that a boring or even too predictable ending can spoil a good story' In narratives we use a wide range of pist tensesas well as both direct and reported speech.Descriptiors of people and places can also be included in narrative essays.

STRUCTURE
Introduction: . paraqraph 1 - You set the scene (describe the time, place weather, atmosirnu.E, people involved, possible feelings) Body: . paragraph 2 - before the main events >incidents leading to the main,event . iru.u[ruirn 3 - the main event (s): describe the events, the people involved in, give details Conclusion: . firrul paragraph - end the story referring t9 the resolution of the conflict, moodi, consequences,people's reactions, feelings etc'

LINK WORDS
as,nou)that,the assoon during,meanwhile, o to show time:when,then,after,before, while,until, since, immediately, when, hardly... thor-, no'sooner... that, as, moment by thetime,aslongas to startwith, to . to order or list e'ients /points: firstly,first of aII,in the first place, thirdly,finally beginwith, secondly, apart moreoaer, . t;d more points, whatii more, from this,in addition furthermore, not only...butalso to this,besides, all things intoaccount, takingeaerything . to conclud e:finally, all in ati,on thewhole, to sumuP,in conclusion considered,

EXAMPLES OF NARRATIVE Example L.

ESSAYS

Experience'' . ., .,' Narrate a scaring event: 'A Dreadful : of 'Mihai Viteazul' National graduate'student Finicd, Essav bv SAnziana College, int-ensive English class' (Introduction) was surprised to find the gailery so Mr. soames woke up with a start and him, on the wall, there was a forgotten quiet and almost Jark.'just in front of he looked at it, he suddenly remembered painting uy ,o*" orJ',Muster. As over him all at once: he had been where he was. rt dreadful realisation came locked uP in the museum! tuoutit mind the purpose of his being-there: ,n that realisation it also came into his thenewspaperhadsenthimtoinvestigateaseriesofincidentsthathadbeen now in the the town for sJme time. He was standing disturbing th" p";";f perpekator mysterious the trying to figure out where middle of the .oltiain front of him reprejented an old warlock could have been-hiilg T'heiaintinlg atten-

that was g.i*irfl""iiirt

to comeio life, steP by step.,whiie tion was drawn to the painting that aPPealed the room; 'Thy' thy' deus' baladeus' i""o'^a"a a strange *1tirpl,i"g'sot"td bring me to life'' Mr.SoameswasVeryaf'raid,hehadbeenofthedarkandthesupernaturalall hislife,butbeingarePorterwa.:llswayofdealing-.withthisproblem.Sohe ,recoiding,'button of his tape'recorder as the-incantation grew loudpressed the from my prison' d1u1'!alad:":-}::I"t er. Come, Master of ba*n, free me was covering it. Cold sweat was runnlng mist to glow-as of the painting ,iui just "a starting rislng..He screamed:'No!', down Mr. Soames,spine and his pulse

ry rt"* t"eninahis crystaiglole. Mr. soames'

at him' There was a grouP of tourists staring (Conclusion) ItwasnowmorningandMr'soameshadsleptthroug-Lth:niSh1-ll|+e reached the newspaper office he saw that gladly left the ,r,*"rr1rtl when he thebatteriesofhistaperecorderwerelow;hechu'.gedthemandplayedthe 'whoosi'. In the end, just as he tape. There *u, ,rottiir.rgbut a continuous hadgivenuphope,Mr.Soamescouldhearafadingbackground...,deus, baladeus'...

he bJganto fignt it, and" {1k1e9s' ashe felt u r,u"iio,iJi.rg his shoulder, in themiddleof the dotin to Eart"h' up, him oi *u!"t woke after, b;J Soon " main hall of the museum

ExamPle 2.
Act'' Narrate about a heroic deed: 'A Heroic English class Intensive F Essay by Diana Jdranu' 12th

(Introduction) The cool of the August morning gave way to unbearableheat as the sun rose higher and began to beat down relentlessly. David and his older brother, Steven, headed to the kitchen to ask their mother if they could go play by the riverside. she let them. go, but not before making them promisJttrey wouldn,t go anywhere near the water. Even if the river didn't seem wild at ihe surfa.", ih" bottom was stirred by strong currents, which had claimed the lives of many over the years. (Body) The boys,had hardly reached the soothing shadow of the trees along the river when Steven took off his clothes and headed for the river. He had"just turned 11,but he seemedolder and was stronger than the other children his age. David tried to stop him from going in deeper than up to his knees,but his broiher ignored him. Not even being reminded by the promise he had made could stop Steven from distancing himself from shore. But j:rst iE he was calling out for his brother to join him, a powerful current swept his feet and began Jut ying him downstream. No matter how hard he tried, he just couldn't regain his balance and maintain himself afloat,so his head would come out of the water and then disappear again for a matter of seconds.David was now running along the shore, desperately calling for help. No one seemed to hear, until a tall, well-built man suddenly.appeared and without a second thought plunged into the fast-moving river. After a few moment! of-desperate struggle wltn ine unbelievable strengtf, of the current he managed to bring steven to iurface and then to shore. The man laid the boy's body on the soft grass and turned him on his side. This made Steven cough and spit out all the water he had swallowed. As he slowly lugutl recovering from the shock of being so close to drowning, hE brother found out that the man who had saved his Steven'slife was just strSlling along the riverside when he heard the cries for help. He was almoit fiftv. but i-t had been only a few months since he hacl retired from the police and he hadn,t lost his strength and physical shape. (Conclusion) As soon as he cameback to his senses, Steventhanked the man and the three of them made their way back to the boys' home. After the incident, Steven never found the courage to bathe in the river again although he became a very good swimmer.

Example 3.
Imagine a fantastic story: 'Late night's story'. Essayby Alexandra B6leanu, l-1th grade intensive English class (Introduction) It was a fine, calm winter nighl, though very cold. while I was enjoying the smell of burning woods drifting from the chimney, the moon, pale is a ci"oud, was.sendinguP a blue smoke over the empty streetsof our city. Although I tried hard to fight the tiredness,my eyes slowly closed as I was ruidi.,g a n6vel, but I was not asleep for a long time.

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(Body) When I woke up, apparently not after a long sle-ep'everything 3ro.11d different. At first I was intrigued as I could not find the ,""*ua prt u tittffii my feeblemindedness, end of the blanket. I knew it must have been becauie of blanket I used to put the like look didn't me covering f"l fn" piece of fabric I didn't have much over. It looked more like a paiiof trousers... my trous-ers! g-uide4y fgTd rnyself sliptime to understanJwhat was happening becauset ping through a never-endingchannel.when I finally reachedthe tloor, wnlcn And *ur*, rt"uhz# t had been travelling through my own pants' ";;r%;;;;lt this was just the beginning of my adventure! cold' And the No sJor.e. diJiiand"on the cold parquet, I started to feel back t t*d ieft some moments Uifote was too high for me to climb .orlffi-" become had *u, that the clothes I used to wear before io-'fuiy problem ^o* something else to put on. But what could fit a 5 cenfind to ioo ru".g",so I had a safety pin would timetres tall creature?Maybe a hanikerchiei grasped with across my cousin's ;;k" lhe perfect outfit f-or me. Luckily for me, I came with great difficu-ldolls, which were lying on the .utp"t, b"uutifully dressed' orr" of them, and put on-its pink blouse and purple ties I'manag"a to "'"Jr""r, pants. I felt"ridiculous in these vivid colours, but there was not time for comthe way to talk to someone who could get me out of this i;;Ji;l*d ;i;i;* terrible situation. someone would I headed fo, *y room, which seemed miles away' hgging turning nolslkey run into me. As soon as I arrived in the hallway,Iheard the came from draught ly and th" fror*-doorlrddenly openeclwhile a harsh, winter but they house, the outside almost flo*i.rg *". Th"t-t, my parents_entered things Little me' notice seemedtoo absorbedUi their cor,rretsuiiot and did not what kitchen' to the are never important! I couldn't give up, so I followed them sustained of minutes before seemed some stePs away,now^took me a couple o{ parents. were effort to reach. when i finally arrived at the destination, {Y rustle was bag's I tried to talk to them, but the plastic .rr,puckir,gtt rmffig. " louder than mY voice. about me. I felt so suddenly i r"rt u great sadnessbecausenobody cared me from the danalone in tnis enormou"sworld. There was nobody to protect now a threat. I was g",s t was facirrg. Euch u'-'d single thing in my own house How can a mistake' by lould easily get"stepped on by-the cat, or thrown out energy' more no had I poor little .r"itor" fui" u giant when he is so vulnerable? was cold, I floor the I leaned on a piece of furiiture, but as I was barefoot and started shivering'

,tt"tt#*:l',

don,tyougoto bed? me:.,sweeti":.rlv waster]ing a voice when I saw "n, drowsy,tut was I still It,s late and look alyou, you must be iold!' *ou"
It was *" her, I started to glanie ardund and I could not believe my eyes. lqu.t"! never-"iq1"q more no more dangers'.no No more pink c"l'othes, l?:-:L:y:.:-:1" Haven't youever felt kitchen. But that little world definiteiy existsin our minds' or helpless in mountain a of beauty miserable compared with the outstanding strength and and qualities yolr this enormous world? The secret is to tiust never give uP' 11

Example

4.

Remember one of your birthday parties: 'The mysterious gift'. Essayby Teodora Beleagd (Introduction) The morningafter,I woke up and there it was: shinning as if the suns rays were reflecting themselves of the surface of a lake. It was the most precious gift I've ever received and it was all minel It's still fresh in my mind the felling that I had the other day when I got it. (Body) My family and I were preparing the celebration of my eighteenth birthday. I was helping my mother in the kitchen while my father was out shopping for the event that was about to take place that night. Out of the blue, mom rushed out of the kitchen as if she suddenly remembered to check something eise. I followed, only to find her secretly hiding something in the drawer. I was very intrigued, thinking that was a present for me. However, when she tumed and faced me she gave me that look as if everything was just in my mind. The party began at 9 o'clock p.m. All was perfect! Everything from the music, that everyone enjoyed even though the DJ was a bit young, to the balloons that were in place, with the big jumbo balloon ready to gush out confetti and other little balloons. After the cake, it was the time for opening presents. I was so excited! I got everything a girl could ever dream of, but still there was no gift from my parents which let me to believe that everything was just in my mind. However, I couldn't be more wrong! My mother took me aside and told me a short fascinating story about this gift I was about to receive on their behalf. I was blown away! After the party, it was hard for me to'sleep that night, constantly thinking about what a precious gift I have been given. (Conclusion) And now it's morning! I find myself looking at it, still mesmerized by both its beauty and the story behind it. Something priceless,that has been passed down from generation to generation, linking the past with the present and the future, still looking as if it were brand new. It's the most beautiful ring that I've ever seen!

2. Descriptizte
STRUCTURE

Essay

Introduction: . paragraph 1- give general information about the person / place saying when, where you saw them for the first time, reasons for the choice Body: . paragraph 2-4: you describe the physical appearance, qualities, hobbies/interest, character, behal'iour; you start a new paragraph for each new topic. When you describe a place, you should mention what you can see and do there, buildings details, historical facts etc.

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Conclusion: . paragraph 5 - includes your comments/feelings about the person / place.

EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY Example 1-.

Describe a place you visited or you would like to: 'A Spot of Heaven'. Essay by Alexandra vlaicu, 12t1a E, intensive English class, 'Mihai viteazul' National College (Introduction) This was IT. Her perfect place, where no one ever disturbed her peace,where she could relax and have a good time ever since she discovered it years before while she was still a child going on holidays at her grands'. (Body) The meadow was sprinkled with beautiful multi-coloured flowers whose petals felt so soft and friendly against the skin. There was white, and red, and yellow, in the trees and on the ground as well. The grass went halfway up to her knees, gently stroking her feet as she walked. She could feel the welioming scent in the air, the smell of flowers and trees and birds and fresh air combined-. Further away there were trees full of fruit: apples, plums, cherries. She always smelt the jam that was to be made of the round, luscious, ripe fruit in front of her. The trees were old and strong - she could relax in their big wooden arms, where she she felt safe and loved. (Conclusion) And finally, the birds - beautifully coloured birds with light wings. Their songs were sweet, enchanting, spell-like, and that was, undoubtedly the best thing about that heavenly place that almost bewitched her and made her float in the world of dreams.

Example 2. Narrative-descriptive

essay

Describe a characterof a book/story you have read: 'Deceiving Appearance' (the portrait of the killer in'Tell-Thle Heart'by E.A. Poe). Essayby Alexandra Ioan, 12thgrade intensive English class (Introduction) Thick fog was covering the still town which looked almost frightening in the dim light of the cold moon. It was getting really quiet, as if life had ceasedto visit the streets and houses of this place, as if it refused to submit to the deep, cruel night that settled in. (Body) Suddenly, the ripple of a puddle broke the deaf silence. More confident, loud steps followed and a tall man appeared in the shivering light of a tired street lamp. He was holding a small suitcasein one hand and had a whitish piece of paper in the other. Wearing a long, brown raincoat which matched the beige suit, made his slender figure stand out. His face was covered in darkness,mostly because of the khaki hat on his head. He lifted his round chin looking around

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and let his angelic face be caressed by the shy light. His short, straight, chestnut hair outlined the round, clean shaven face,contrasting with his fairiompiexion. A snubby nose unveiled a well-shaped mouth settled in a gentle smile. But maybe his most dominant feature were his big, round eyes. Their strong hazel colour made the depth of his stern look give you chills. The young man crossed the street calmly, with no rush, looking carefully around. He was a person built for details, you could seewith how much inteiest he measured everything he encountered.Paying attention, being in a constant state of tension, he was secureand confident. His appearancebetraved his organized style, the order he was used to, maybe even tire obsessionfor it. He knocked on one of the old wooden doors and an old man let him in. It was obvious from their reactionsand gesturesthey didn't know each other and surprisin-glyenough, the old man allowed him to come in quickly. The mystery surrounding the young man was dominant, making you wonder who he wai, where he was coming from and most of all what was he planning to do while living in this empty, dull town. (Conclusion) still, the whoie perfection he was showing was making you wonder if maybe, justmaybe, there was more about this person. His certiinty was intriguing especially since he was a stranger.Those eyes,that sharp, deep gazecouldn't have been all pure and innocent, behind the hazel vale there waJsomething more/ something that nobody could name precisely... was it possible that hii appearancewas meant only to hide something, to deceive?

Example 3.
_ Make the portrait of an imaginary characterintegrated in a story: 'The toddler and her apprentice'. Essayby Oana Andreescu, lltL grade intensive English class (Introduction) {n lhe foggy, damp weather her small onix eyeswere like two twinkling coals in the hectic city street.I had only seenher for a secondthat I already knew that those eyes were there to tell a story. (Body) She was a tiny creatureof half a metre lost in the midst of the passing crowd. 11h9r dingy blue clothes she resembled a big unsteady bubble. Coming out of the far too long sleeves,fingers with a desperatedesire to clutch the air held on to the unseen. Surprisingly enough, her eyes were not dim with tears but enlightened by a somehow inexplicable ray of hope: she was hobbling on her own towards the end of the grey alley. Her brown hair with tight curls framed the joyful expressionof her face as she hobbled on the grey pavement. she was 2 years old and was now learning how to walk, ail on her own in the middle of the street. She knew no helping hand nor relied on anyone's encouragements: she was all aione and needed no support in tackling life's first tasks. After a fen'seconds of staggering she, all of a sudden, coilapsed;some man had given her a slight push. Already unsteady, she found herself lying on the T4

"Up! Get pavement. Somewhere in the crowd a husky voice could be heard: uD!". ' Orr." again the little girl rose on her 2 feet, in the middle of the city, agarn ready to rnake other steps on the same road'
I

(Conclusion) I have never met her since.But the toddler passed on more than just a simple story of bravery-her attempts of rgalkin$ Siye more.advic" t\1n any other One shouli alwaysbe ieady to stand againstthe tempestall on his own' teacher. Life itself is harsh and most of the times there is no one there to hold your hand: by Lr.u .nutg" and lead your own way. And that is the knowledge i gained impormost the of is one me, this trust And, being aZi,ear old girl'i apprentice. tantlessonsyou should learn in order to survive'

Example 4.
Describe an event, celebration,festival etc': 'Fireworks'' Essayby Oana Andreescu (Introduction) The colour bornb exploded. Now the darkened skyline is overp-oweredby in the *yriuat of flashing, differently hued rays of light. It truly is a holiday piich dark outskirts of the dormant city' (Body) " The sky is invaded. It is all about the turmoil of firecrackers, the flabbergasting mix of rackets,the deafenilg.luTlu of the rockets.Light overcomesdarkness un? it is, once again,day.Day full of blasung colours: scarlet and bright orange/ ftooay red and"yellow iatch fire on the widely.spread prairies of the closeastrologic rlniverr". 81.r" and red turn into a wild lily mauve that spreads its tentaignite cles over the twinkling stars. Everywhere some mind boggling crackers and leaps. by turn and fade they Then seconds. of every second.Just for i couple of the stronghold turns show and sound light The bounds toward.s the ground. fireplace. a into roofs sloping rotten, the the aquamarine vauf above The performance is stunning, mind twisting. Children stare from skylights turn and doimers, fascinated.ThosJwho were arguing stop. Enchanted, they kiss' Lovers' the of in the excitement take and from their petty arguments iiqlt, roanng ot plethora the but a guardian as moon the Tonight they cio not have celestialflames. (Conclusion) time' As the last fading flames embrace the silent houses,night gives in to but And so do the firewirks. It ends here. Maybe another time it will carry on tonight it's over. Dawn slowly approaches'

Example 5.
'Mind's Build the portrait of an imaginary character integrated into a story: maze' Essavbv Alexandra Baleanu 11thgrade intensive English class

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(Introduction) One indelible memory of that cold, harsh, winter day stiil lingers in my mind! I had been asked, together with another officer, to make a short visit to that house and check whether or not everything was all right.' There had been snow some hours before, lying not particularly deep, but frozen. We walked down the tranquil, narrow street in the suburbs of London as the brisk wind was biting it my face. The place we had to reach was the old housri in the corner of the street, with gables and lattice-windows. I knocked gently at the door and a slender woman, apparently scarcely past girlhood, opened. We explained to her that what we had come for and she asked us to come ln. (Body) which looked even more delicate in the I was impressed by her appearance, comforting glow spread around the living room by the wooden lamps.,Shewore a long green dress and a low, black, silk frock, with short sleeves. She had an admirable form and the most exquisite little face that I had ever had the pleasure of beholding. Moreover, her countenance was absorbing due to the permanent smile playing on her lips. On the other hand, what struck rne was her small, piercing eyes, and thin, hawk-like nose, which gave her an aura of alertness and decision. Even her chin had a square-like prominence that made her a woman of distinction. From the moment we entered the house she proved to be a very welcoming, qentle-pqzpu.with a very considerate way of treating us. She was charming, not only because of her pleasant look,,but also because of her soft voice and her polite manners. In the beginning,I was delighted to have had the opportunity to meet such a brave,young woman.I even appreciated her for the courageousness she displayed while staying home alone during the' old man's absence. , .After having conversed with her, she also proved to be a sensible person. Only later did I realize that she had started to feel nervous and was no longer relaxed, as if a strong and penetrating.imaginary force was haunting her, causing her to burst out and confess her crime. (Conclusion) I used to think that a person's character could be known by his conversa. tions, but that experience made me realize that there is an enormous discrepancy between reality and appearance.'Theangelic look of that'murderer didn't reveal the true demon she was inside. I was shocked to seesomuch cruelty hiddenbehind her immaculate look.

Example 6.
Describe a place you liked very much: 'Spain'. Essay by Ioana Niculescu, 12ft grade intensive English class (Introduction) I went to Spain in the summer of 2005 and since then, all kind of memories corne flashing back, reminding me of the wonderftrl experience that I, together with my parents, have lived. Like the Arabs wisely said, it was heaven on earth.

T6

(Body) we landed in Barcelona, capital of the region of Cataluniar !9re, people always seem to be in a rush. From old men and women, to little children, everybody'has something to do. Nonetheless, its beauty resides in these ever busy streets, with memoiable Ettractions, most of them art of Antonio Gaudi' Both Barcelona and Valencia sebm to attract more and more people, mainly because of the ideal position next to the Mediterranean Sea. But the breeze is best in Palma de Millorca. Here there's always enough inspiration for everyone, like the artists and writers of the past have all found out' As we headed south we hoticed quite a few changes in temperature and atmosphere.In this area, also known as the province.of Andalucia, people tend to be more communicative and polite towards tourists. Moreover, Pe-oPle9l1 find themselves following the same road as Christopher Columbus did in1492. of history's most successful piece of art. The garFirst comes Granada, at'to=ther dens of Alhambra rise frombehind the hills, offering a splendid view, quite similar to the one in "1001 Arabian nights". Second on my list of favourite places comes the city of Tarifa, in the extreme south of Spain..Situated next to the Gibraltar Strait, the area reunites both Spanish and North-African influences, mainly because of the Moroccan shore only a few kilometres away. Tuining north, Castilla-la Mancha welcomes its viewers with large hills covin this area' Going ered in riind-mills, one of the biggest -of enelgy resources through Toledo, the religious centre the country, we finally reached the capital, M;drid. It is famouifor its old neighbourhoods and the perfect blue of the sky. It hosts speakers of all languag!9, so you Tugt not be afraid of not being understood h6re, even if you speak Chinese or Turkish' Once we got out of itsiively air, we turned our eyes_towardswhat historians call "the 8s ionder of the *oild", the EscorialPalace,30km from Madrid' Built while the d 11 by phillip II, the palace also includes large inner courts, _calle !onj\, l'600 over With east and'south wing offer a great panorimic view over Madrid. never and forever paintings, it keeps i"tssimpliiity and makes you want to stay fly back home again. (Conclusion) All in all. it was one great trip I won't forget in the near future. Be sure there is a person out there wf,o is *itting to shar-ewith you-his own experience of spain. And it sure is a place where you want to be 365 days per year.

Example 7.
Describe a character of a book you've recently read or a movie you've seen: by Victor Hugo)'' 'Jean Valjean (LesMiserables grade intensive English class 12tt' Nicolae, Ioana Essayby (Introduction) One of the most remarkable characters ever to leave a writer's Pen/- an impressive person of great moral virtue ull u personality which has marked geierations'of readers-and other writers alike and will continue to do s9 {9_.u iong time still to come, is JeanValjean, the main character of Victo-r !18o's "Les Miserables". From the point of view of both an accurate portrayal of the French
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out that Valjean does not participate in the battle, but instead helps those who have fallen, culminating in his rescue of Marius. Valjean does not have the arrogance to participate in a fight, which would involve the imposition of his will upon others. In the end, unknown and soon forgotten, stepping for a brief moment into the light, and then quickly withdrawing back into the shadows from where he came,like a Specter of divine forces, he is the sole hero of the battle at the barricades, controversial, yet sublime, disputed at first, but indebted in the end, one that is beyond being mere human, but still who thinks, feels and suffers just like a mere human. The tragedy is that Valjean does not appear to recognize the merit of his own actions, or at least that they do not compensate for what he "nearly" became. He is driven by the guilt he felt on stealing from the Bishop and the chimney sweep. He is ashamed not so much of the 19 years he spent in prison, but rather that on his release he was willing to prey upon those who were weaker than him in order to survive. He works endlessly to compensate for his "misdeeds" and shows himself little of the sympathy and understanding he is willing to bestow on others. While he recognizes that the structure of society was partly responsible, he has learned the importance of humility and accepting responsibility for one's actions, learning from it, and then setting about rectifying the situation. At the end of his life Valjean tells Cosette and Marius that the only thing that really matters is love. It is tragic, then, that Valjean appears to have found love and forgiveness in his heart for nearly everyone except himself. More than a tragic romantic hero, ]ean Valjean stands throughout the book as a symbol - a symbol of salvation, of one's ability to liberate one's soul through the sheer power of one's will and of the innei strength that is in each man to choose the path that he will walk and overcome all hardship that he is faced with, so that in the end, he can look back on his life and know that he has made the best of himself that he could. (Conclusion) In conclusion, I can affirm that ]ean Valjean was the voice and means of what Victor Hugo once stated: "I condemn slavery, I banish poverty, I teach ignorance/ I treat disease, I lighten the night, and I hate hatred. That is what I am, and that is why I have written LesMiserables."

3 . Argurnentatio

e EssaY

This type of essay are also called 'for and against' essays as you are to discuss the advaniages and disadvantages of a specific topic. They should be written in formal style, therefore you should avoid using strong language (I know, I am sure), colloquial or idiomatic expressions,

STRUCTURE Introduction:
. paragraph 1.-you present the topic, making a general remark about it without giving your opinion about it. Body: . pa-ragraph2 &3 - the number of paragraphs in the body depends on the word limlt and on how many arguments for/against you may find to bring; each argument or counter argument has to be supported by examples or justifications. Conclusion: . paragraph 4 - includes your opinion or a balanced summary of the topic.

LINK WORDS . to generalise: it isafactthat,it is conlcnowledge thnt, people saythat,it is common

sideredthat . to list points:y'rsf ly, to beginwith, secondly, last but not least . to ad more points: what is more,moreoTJer, in addition to that, besides, furthermore r to show cause / effect:As,becat$e, thus, subsequently since,therefore, . to give examples:/or example, for instance,suchas like, especially o to show contrast: hozaeaer, but, although,on the other hand, in contradictionto . to conclude: to sum up, to conclude, all in all, aII things considered

EXAMPLES OF ARGUMENTATIVE Example 1.

ESSAY

Give arguments for and against the statement: 'Fame - A Blessing or a Curse?' Adapted after Virginia Evens & ]enny Dooly (Introduction) At some point in their lives most people have daydreamed about the joy of being famous. One must wonder, however, if being famous is an achievement o, uirrrre - as Fred Allan said, 'A celebrity is somebne who works hard all his life to become known, then wears dark glassesto avoid being recognised '. (Body) On one hand fame tends to go hand in hand with being rich, and despite the clich6 that money cannot buy happiness, famous people can, at least be miserable in comfort. Moreover, fame also brings adoration, meaning that famous people will always be surrounded by people who want to be with and be seen with them.

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This means that they are welcomed wherever they go, surrounded by the best things in life and protected from the bad. However, there are drawbacks to being famous, the most obvious being a complete lack of privacy. Nowadays, celebrities are followed ever5rwhere they go by photographers, paparazzi, and their lives are scrutinised in detail by newspapers and magazines. Furthermore, a famous person can never be sure whether people like him/her for the persons they are rather than their fame. Consequently, this can lead to a sensebf isolation.(Conclusion) All Jhings qonsidered. as appealing as fame, wealth and adoration may seem, the cost that one has to pay is too great and also involves the people they love.

Example 2.
Give arguments for and against the statement: 'Work can be fun'. 'Work and Entertainment' Essay by Alexandra loan, 12thF intensive English class (Introduction) Work and entertainment have always been the two combined aspects of one's activity,yetthe 21,"t century man is being forced to choosebetween the two time and time again. While some individuals prefer relaxing and derive pleasure from simply taking a long walk, others might choose threading on the pressure the job brings. (Body) To begin with. work generates a senseof achievement and fulfilment which motivates one to keep on developing, both on a personal level and on a professional one. This eagernessto become more accurate in the field leads to an immense satisfaction when succeeding. For instance. Bill Gates is one of the few businessmen who have managed to remain on the market permanently. Not only is windows the most widely used system of operation, but it is also improved regularly introducing revolutionary technology. secondly. one's employment involves a great deal of imagination most of the times, if not for the job itself, at least for tackling problems that might occur. Unexpected situations occur all the time and these are what keep employees on the edge. A good example of innovation might be Madonna, an artist who keeps,reinventing herself in the most unpredictable ways. This is what makes her go on and what makes fans ask for more. However, from a psychological standpoint, people also need some time-off in order to avoid exhaustion. As much as they enjoy their professional ventures, everything has a limit. This was the case of Celine Dion, another well-known singer who decided to have a two-year break from show business so that she could rejoice among her family and friends whom she has missed over the years. Furthermore, one cannot objectively compare the amount of energy and involvement invested in the profession to the time spent in off-work environments. As rewarding as the job might be, one must not overlook the fact

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that it is equally stressful, whereas free time activities are not. For example, Macaulay Culkin is much more in the public eye at the moment due to his eccentric lifestyle rather than to his on-screen performances and he seems to persevere in indulging himself. (Conclusion) All in all, job-related activities cannot make up or replace the free time one justifiably needs and vice-versa. Although fun and work may appear as serving two different purposes, the known fact is that one cannot separate them entirely, nor can one simply disregard one of them. Each individual has the possibility though to establish his or her own limits and decide where the work ends and where the fun begins.

Example 3.
Give arguments for and against Romania's joining the NATO group. 'Romania-NATO Relationship' Essay by Alina Cirstescu, l"1th F intensive English class, member of the Romanian team in NAIO competition 2006 (Introduction) The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) embodies the transatlantic link that binds Europe and North America in a unique defence and security alliance. NATO's essential and enduring purpose, set out in the Washington Tieaty, is to safeguard the freedom and security of all its members by political and military means. To this end, NATO has provided for the collective defence of its members since its foundation in 7949.1t has also acted as an essential forum for consultation on security issues of interest to its members, and as an essential pillar of peace and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area. (Body) Romania joined the Alliance on March 29,2004,following the decision taken during the Prague Summit, in November 2002. For Romania, this has represented a major step forward, with decisive influence on the foreign and domestic policy of the counky. Euro-Atlantic integration has represented an objective of the Romanian foreign policy, which has been pursued steadily by all the governments succeeding as of 1990. In order to become a NATO member state-,Romania joined the Pirtnership for Peace (a programme aimed at EuroAtlantic co-operation on security matters, with a major role in the process of including new members of NATO), drafted its own national annual Plan for (PNA) and cooperated with other candidate states for preparation of accession accession. An outstanding element of the integration was the series of accelerated reforms that Romania has undergone in the following aspects: aspects: Romania continued the fight against Firstly. the political and economic corruption, ensuring the sufficient administrative capacity to sustain reforms. The pbfiUcal aspect focused on taking measures to solve community issues and also on ensuring that public opinion is sufficiently well informed and supportive of NATO membership and the Objectives of the Alliance;

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Romania has undergone military Secondly, the military and defenseissuesz reform and restructuring, improving the interoperability of the Romanian forces participating in NATO or coalition-led operations. Romania ensured a constant percentage (2. 38%) ot Furthermore, resourcesi the GDP for defence until 2007 and is also committed to and interested in contributing and participating in the NATO Investment Security Program (NSIP) Moreovel, security of information: Romania focused on making operational a specialised institution managing NAIO classified information Romania adopted by referendum the Law Last but not least. the legalaspects: on revising the Constitution The successful integration of Romania in NATO was facilitated by aCalendar for finalization of reforms. Another aspect of the topic is representedby the BENEFITS FOR ROMANIA To begin with. NATO membership represents the guarantee for security and external stability, which is vital for ensuring the prosperous development of the country; Secondly. it confirms the place of the Romanian state within the westem family; Thirdly. it ensures the Romanian access to the process of reaching major decision on European and Euro-Atlantic security; Moreover. it gives Romania the opportunity to demonstrate the capacity of coping with the demands required by the member status and to contribute to promoting the values and the objectives of the Alliance by both participating in initiatiaes and missionsof the Alliance and involving in lfs conceptual theoperations and eoolutions; Furthermore, NAIO membership represents an exercise of democratic values; Last but not least. NATO membership also represents an economic boast as it contributes to the development of the Romanian inJrastructure and to the progress and advancement in the technological field. The last aspect that must be mentioned are BENEFITS FOR THE WORLD Firstly. The guarantee for national security also represents the guarantee for the security of the neighbouring countries and therefore stability in the world; Seco4dly, Romania, due to its geographical position and improved capabilities plays a major role in establishing stability at the Eastern borders of Europe contributing to the world's security; Thirdly. NATO membership represents sharing common values, cooperation and joint future plans; Moreover. Romanian prosperity, as a NATO member, may contribute to the prosperity of the neighbouring countries; Furthermore, NATO membership contributes to the spread of democratic values. (Conclusion) Tir sum up. I believe that at the beginning of the 21"tcentury, Romania is part of an Alliance that sustains the fundamental mission of collective defence, permanently improving its capabilities in order to face the new threats of the

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security environment. Being a member of the Alliance representsthe guarantee of security and external stability, in a world where national security is backed by cooperation, common values and active involvement. NATO membership representsa major step forward considering the complex reform process that Romania has undergone and also an important role on the Euro-Atlantic political scene. Romania, due to its geographical position and improved iapabilities plays a major role in establishingstability at the Easternborders of Europe contributing to the world's security.

Example 4.
Comment about the statement: 'If this world is full of beauty - bad, or ugly the man himself will make it so.' (William Saroyan) - give arguments for/against. Essayby Georgia Ciobdnescu ,7/th $ (Introduction) We can comment upon William Saroyan's quotation by observing the relations between man and nature and among people. (Body) First of all lhe man has changed nsture in a bad way causing the in disappearance of some species of plants and animals and putting others_ for a-number endangered become extinct or have danger of extinction. Species of reasons:the destruition of the habitat (ex.: cutting and clearing of forests, Another reason is especiallyin the Tropics),urbanization and subr.rrbanization. the humln actions: the commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products (ex.; the slaughter of great whales for oil and meat, the African ihinoceros, killed for their horns are in danger of extinction; the great auk became extinct in the lgtL century becauseof over huniing). Nevertheless, man has also tried to keep the beauty of nature by the naming national parks and nature reserves.Theseare areasselectedby governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation. They are ihosen for their butstanding natural beauty, as areas of scientific inteiest, or as forming part of a country's cultural heritage, and often also to provide facilities for public recreation.In addition to the original purp.osesof iandscapeconservationand public recreationmany parks have been established to protect endangered species of animals or plants and to promote scierrtific research.Hunting and other disruptive activities are limited or banned and public access is oiten strictly controlled or even forbidden. Ex.: Kanha National i'ark, northern India, in Amazon the National Park, Brazil, Retezat Park in Romania. Secondly man transformed the world into a negative way by polluting it. Pollutionis the contamination of air, water, or soil by materials that interfere with human health, the quality of life, or the natural functioning of ecosystems. For examole air Pollution is the contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes. Each year industrially developed countries generatebi[lions of tons of pollutants. Sourcesof major air pollutants inciude individual actions, such as driving a car, and industrial activities, such as

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manufacturing products or generating electricity. The major effect of air of it the entire fish populations have been pollutants are, tlie acid rain (because destroyed in different lakes from Britain in Norway and Sweden) and "greenhouse effect" (which allows solar energy to enter the atmosphere but reduces the reemission of infrared radiation from the earth). Water Pollution is the contamination of water by substancessuch as microorganisms, chemicals,industrial or other wastes, or sewage.Notable effects of witer pollution include those involved in human health. Chemical polluting that sometimesresults in elementsin drinking water or food can causediseases death. Inorganic substanceshave also a harmful impact on human health and nature. Lakes are especially vulnerable to pollution (when lake water becomes artificially enriched with nutrients, causing abnormal plant growth). Another causeof pollution is the nuclear energy.The principal issue is not so much the present danger as the danger to generationsfar in the future. Many nuclear wistes remain radioactive for thousands of years, beyond the span of any human institution. (Chernobyl) Solid wastes also affect human life and nature. They may be classified as follows: garbage, rubbish, ashes, dead animals, sewage-treatment solids, industrial wastes,mining wastes and agricultural wastes. Thirdly regarding the relationshipsbetween peoples another negative thing except pollution would be the conflicts. The most dramatic conflict is the war (arrned-conflict between two or more governments or states). Wars can be political, religious, civil, etc. When unleashedfrom a various number of reasons: such conflicts expand to global proportions, they are known as world wars: Except the people from and War world lI (7939-7945). World War I (1914-1918) the army, civilians had also suffered.Civilians in the vast war zonesbecamePart of the fighting fronts, and suffered from disease,malnutrition, and often actual starvation, destruction of their towns and cities, and appalling injuries and death. Furthermore, good things for people made by people are the rewards and prizes granted bylaw for their performance. These are giving people-trust and make them huppy and more determined to persevere in their work. Ex.: an important re*Lid is the Nobel prize. Noble prizes are the awards granted annually to people or institutions for outstanding contributions during the previou! year in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, iiterature,- international peace, and economic sciences. (Alfred Bernhard Nobel-1901). ]V[ore.@, another noble attitude of some people is the philanthropy, spirit of goodwill towards humanity, usually expressed in activities that promote. huian welfare. In this spirit there has been founded an elaborate network of almshouses,hospitals, and orphanages for supporting and aiding the infirm, the poor, and the disadvantaged. Also there have been established different institutions like International Red Cross and Red CrescentMovement. In time of war these are alleviating the sufferings of wounded soldiers, civilians, and prisoners of war and in time of peacethey are rendering medical aid and other irelp to people afflicted by major disasters such as floods, earthquakes, epidemici, and famines, and performs other public service functions. Another

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institution is the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (Conclusion) All thing! considered.even though at the beginning man did a positive thing - him by for the induskialization he didn't thinl aboit effects that this woulX causeso it ended in alegative way. But now he has realized and is finally taking care to maintain a balancebetween human life and nature.

Example 5.
Talk about the advantagesand disadvantagesof being A prime Minister. Essayby Ioana Niculescu, 12thgrade intenJive Englisi class (Introduction) Studying politics offers people the chance to understand the mechanism around and behind the powerful leaders of a country and one day even become one of them. But do we-really feel up to it? Is it realiy worth trying to apply for a job such as the Prime Minister? (Body) Tq begin with. the best advantage of being a Prime Minister is the financial one. No more unpaid bills or parking tickets. You can afford buying a new car from your first salary and even face with major help requests froniall of your neighbours. Furthermore, the Prime Minister automatically means that you are !9i.g known to the public and to major institutions Therefore, it can deprive ylu o! "sticky" situations, such as waiting fir line or entering restricted areas. Also, the connections you establish are seitled for life and come in handy whenever you need to have something done before somebody else. However, the feeling of. being on_top of everybody else can have negative repercussionson a person's state of mind. Power attracts even more power, which often leads to^insanityor a society full of chaosand anarchy.The opposite Tgnt happen too. Some might back off and resign, due to lack bf contrbi over the situation. (Conclusion) Tb conclude, being a Prime Minister takes a lot of talent and leadership, combined with confidence in one's own actions, health of mind and bodv and the will to stay on track no matter what.

4. Opinion Essays
the They are a variant of the argumentativeonesin which you can apProach start the topic fiom a personal (not general)angle,being allowed to use from thnt,my opinionis,as strohglybelieae like: I think,I cansider,l for myse,If, expressions the 'for' or the towards incline can atguments Your ttiew etc. point of *V fro* ''againsi''side as long as they are suPportedby examplesor justifications.It's a personalargumentationof a statement.
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EXAMPLES OF OPINION ESSAYS Example 1.

fTpt"l-r your opinion about the staternent:'Things go wrong becausepeople build walls instead of bridses'. Essayby GeorgiaCiobinescu. 12th B grade (Introduction) we can comment upon this ,quotation by observing the diplomatic relationships between countries and personal relationships b"etween people. (Body) Firstly, I conside{ that the diplomatic relationships are among presidents of various countries, between governments, ministers, senatori or different members of parliaments. These are important for all peoples becausethey are influencing their future in different ways from standard of life to a man freedom. or jhe.wly that dipiomatic relationships affected people lives is Beriin wall. The Berlin Wall was a between and East Germanv.^which closed the border between and West Berlin for 28 years.It was built during the post- period of . The purpose was to stop the drain of labor and econ6mic output associatedwith the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from East to West Berlin, and the attendant, *hi"h hurt the economically and politically.It decreased emigration. By the end of 20tLcentury Germany was reunited and the wall was pulled down. 9eeonaty, another reason I believe people had to suffer from was the difference made by the leaders who believed that their races, their religions, their ethnic differencesare the most important factors. For example in Arierica until the l$th 6gnls1y black people were considered inferior 6"curs" of the colour of their skin.'They were disadvantaged,they had no and they were hold against their will. Also they had no individual freedom and they weie exploited for their labor. In the end, slaverv in the United Stateswas ab'olishedaiter the at a cost of millions of lives. Also another discrimination in the past was made especially by the Germans. They thought that |ewish people were inferior to them becauseof their race. The Holocaust is the most ho.iifylr,g event which ended with the deliberate murder of millions of ]ewish men, women, and children. I am slrgngllr coqvincg-dthat,If peopie weren't so selfish,proud and ignorant . they would realizethat all theseactionshave negative effectson themseivesand on their habit. Ali this things make people to suifer frorn diseases, malnutrition, and often actual starvation, destruction of their towns and cities, and appalling injuriesand death. Thudly, as Joseph F. Newton said "People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges." Eor exatnplg if somlone is demanding, criticaljneedy, ungratefui, boastful, nosy, hurtful, spiteful, stingy, and selfish,Is it any wonder that he hasn't friends? oftgn people blame pbverty, lack of educaiion, age, illness, and other whims of fate for their lack oi friends. From m)' point of vilw this is a false charge.Regardless of one's disadvantagesand handicaps, th;re are

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always others that are worse off, yet successful. So, it is not people but their attitude that decidestheir fate. And it is always within circumstances, rich their power, or poor, young or old to change their attitude. If you are good and do good than you will feel good. And feeling good is just a way towards happiness and self-contentment.For exampie volunteering is a wonderful way to end loneliness.There are a lot of lonely people in hospitals and old age homes that would be delighted to spend time with someone. Besides offering the opportunity of making new friends and learning new things, volunteering makes you feel good about yourself. (Conclusion) All things considered I can' but agree with the wise saying the English Mathematician and Physicist Isaac Newton who said that "We build too mantl walls and not enough bridges."

Example 2 on the same topic.

'Things go wrong becausepeople tend to build walls instead of bridges'. Essayby Cristina Coman, 12tLgrade intensive English class (Introduction) Ever since the world began, people have been living together, sharing both huppy and sad moments with each other, laying bridges, setting up walls, constructing shelters or houses, establishing family ties and building their future together. Man was created as a social being that can only evolve by coexisting with the others and basing all his actions on relating to his neighbours. (Body) First of all. the key to every success man has ever achieved is communication. Magnificent and grand things are carried out with talent and team work. It is the law of nature that made man start building bridges and reach out for help. It is the same common sensethat made others hold his hand and respond to his calling by offering their help. Moreover, we all know that a good and healthy social life is based on our own connections with the world outside and that is why people lay bridges in their surroundings - becausethe is by building their own ways towards it. only way they can reach success Second of all. we can see for ourselves that problems tend to occur when, instead of building bridges, people keep back behind high walls and have the wrong belief that isolation can be the answer to whatever is bothering them. By hiding of our problems we hide of ourselves, by building walls we automatically break every single foot bridge that can be built to save us. The higher is the wall, the harder it can be climbed and the thicker is its structure the harder it can be pulled down. Besides,we must remember that people are often selfish when it comes to critical conditions and, just like an innocent child may have an egotistic conduct that can be improved by means of educafiorl, *urlts native selfishnesscan be held under control by interacting with other people and leaming the value of sharing. You can set up a wall by yourself, while building a bridge is a bilateral agreement:it implies piecework and also other person's assenting,

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]Ioweve.t, we should take into consideration the fact that walking on a bridge can be done both ways: if you are too willing to help others and reachfor their hands, they might just invade your privacy. Peoplebuild bridges, but they don't necessarily walk on their owns... Another aspect is that thin or weak bridges can be easily flooded by angry waters, that is why our projects and plans involving the future should be as strong as we can make them, especially if there are also other people depending on our help. (Conclusion) In conclusion. building bridges or walls is a free choice for every single one of us. As moral individuals, we are supposed to look for a certain social stability, we are supposed to combine our forces and build these bridges in order fo establish a better communication among us. what should we do if we are already surrounded by walls?... Some of them may be very difficult to be dealt "But with; we can't always start laying bridges above them. we do have the opportunity to build some door ways for these walls...

Example 3.
Thinking of cultural stereotypes.which, in your opinion, would be three stereotypical features attributed to the Romanians? Give reasons. Essayby Piha Zoia Alexandra, 12tLS (Introduction) During the time, Romanians have created different images among the other nations. Nowadays, at the path between an ex-communist country toa member of European Union, Romania has collectedboth positive and negative opinions regarding us. (Body) First of all, it is important to reveal the approach of foreigners on the process of emigration from Romania to West-European countries or USA. This process causedby the poverty in our country involved incidents and crimes, especially theft. These crimes took place in several countries- like France or Italy- and certain categoriesof people stained this way the image of Romanians. In some newspapers Romanians are even called "thieves". Moreover. a newspaper from italy had an article in October 2006 which presented Romanians like "the most violent and dangerous race, capable of mrrrdering for a handful of change". Romanians monopolize even the cloning of credit cards, among other crimes. In France were also registered a few incidents which causeda negative image: Romanians are again called "thieves". But major parts of the thefts were made by gipsy-people from Romania who were identified with Romanians. Therefore. despite of the fact that Romanian people stole too, I consider there shouldn't exist this bad image at such a big level. Unfortunately, this stereotypical feature exists. On the other hand, Romanians are consideredintelligentpeople. Romanians are known for their abilities in informatics and also for their great results at international contests in general. Not only at this level is the intelligence of our people known, but also the intelligence of our people known, but also in jobs of the ones who emigrated in West and are living and working there, where their

36

work is rewarded properly. The ability in informatics is used both in a positive and negative way. Some of the most known hackers are Romanians. For example, in February 2006 some hackers -who were proved to be from Romania- got into all Apple Macintosh computers from Arizona University, and this is just one small example. But 2006 is also the 4th year when a team of Romanian students wins 1't prize at a NASA project-contest. Moreover, Romanians who emigrate in West of Europe are quickly promoted in important jobs also for their intelligence and perseverance. Therefore,I can say this is another important feature attributed to Romanians and mostly a positive one. Last but not least, Romanians are known for their hospitality. Each year, tourists come in Romania being attracted to the beauties of our country. Although in some hotels, motels and houses there is rough accommodation, tourists are happy about the hospitality and kindness of Romanians. They always said we are friendly and warm people. (Conclusion) To sum up, in my opinion, there are three major stereotypical features attributed to Romanians:on one hand, theft - regarding people from the lower lairs of society, and, on the other hand, intelligence and hospitality. But, it depends on each of us the way we prove our affiliation or not to this features, which are just stereotypicalones.

Example 4.
Expressyour opinion on juvenile delinquency. Essayby Adrian Baciu, llth p infsnsive English class (Introduction) Juvenile delinquency is a massive and growing problem all over the world. A multitude of factors exist thai contribute to the understanding of what leads someoneto engagein delinquent behaviour. While biological and psychological factors hold their own merit when explaining crime and delinquency, perhaps social factors can best explain juvenile delinquency. (Body) To begin with, most adolescentdelinquents are extremely dependent upon their peer groups, primarily becausethey have no functioning families, effective parenting, nurturing, or positive adult role models to rely on. These young people come from all ethnic backgrounds and live in middle- and upper-class neighbourhoods as well as in ghettos. We hear most about black, gipsies, and homelesspeople running drugs, stealing,and mugging; but there are also white gangs, such as neo-Nazis and skin-heads, that for adults may take on the functions of survivalist or paramilitary groups, political parties or lobbying organizations, while still maintaining their essential character and intent. Unfortunately, police alone cannot solve these problems because crime is not their real cause and becausepolice under increasing stress or frustration may contribute to crime with racism and excessiveviolence. Moreover, very little is yet known about biological causes of delinquent behaviour, such as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). How many young people
'a

currently in detention camps, being processed through juvenile courts, or serving time for crimes of violence are actually suffering the results of fetal alcohol syndrome? No one knows. But FAS may be one explanationfor the high incidence of seemingly {'senseless" delinquent behaviour in affluent neighbourhoods; for a pregnant woman in a wealthy suburb can be just as addicted to alcohol as her sister in the slums or working in an office. Furthermore, running away from home is sometimes considered delinquent behaviour in children, but "throwing away" children (not permitting them to live at home while they're still underage) is not considered delinquent behaviour in parent adults. No reparation to the children is required from the parents and no shelter is provided for them by authorities unless they resort to committing crimes in order to support themselves. Last but not least, media, although thought to have a positive effect on... everything, in this case it somehow encourages it by showing more and more violent movies, news related to his subject and so on. (Conclusion) To sum up,I firmly consider that juvenile delinquency has powerfully taken its toll upon today's society especiallybecauseof the social factors such as lack of effective parenting. Dealing with this kind of felonies it shouldn't be only policemen's problem but ours too.

Example 5.
Express your opinion about the statement: 'Violence in the media increases violence in society'. Essayby Ciurescu Sergiu, 12fl'F intensive English class (Introduction) The subject of media influencing people has always been a topic for debate. However, no other topic is as controversial as the one trying to establish whether violence in the media leads to the increaseof violence in society.It is my opinion that media violence does indeed increase violence in society for three strong reasons. (Body) First of all, broadcasting real violence has an emphasising effect to violence in society.People who witness a lot of violence have developed a form of mass paranoia, thinking the world is a much more dangerous place than it really is. This statement is backed up by George Gerbner, whose research shows that people exposed to violence becomemore anxious and fearful. This leads to a lot Thesevery weapons are the means of people buying weapons for self-defence. through which the violence they feared will be increased. Moreover, people become used to violence. Studies in the I970's showed that people exposed to media vioience were less disturbed when wihressing'real violence and had lesssympathy for victims. Although violence is part of our world, seeing it as common is an undesirable effect. Along with the fear of violence, this which implicitly encouragesviolence. indifference leads to passiveness, the most unwanted effect is rendered by fictional violence fuey.g, exposedby the media. People often identify themselveswith main charactersin

3B

movies, the same characters that use violence as a solution for every problern. Fo'r.instance, a research conducted on the inhabitants of an African village told that after children saw a show in which a character joined a gang, students of the local school split into two rival gangs which fought each other. Violence is often presented as a funny way to get what you want, without consequences. What should worry us most is that the most susceptible to this aspect are children who sometimes begin watching television before they can walk, and long befoie they can build aiet of persoial values to filter the.information they receive. A relevant example would be the widely known Tom & ]erry series and a study that showed4l% of the violence in cartoons'is accompanied by humour. (Concldsion) AII thines considered,I believetherecanbe no doubt that media violenceIeads to m" itriGilr" of uioience in society.Perhapsa more suitable topic for debate is not whether this effect exists,but how it can be stopped or at least reduced.

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